Crime In Society Exam 2

A college education lessens the amount of violence perpetuated by officers onto their intimate partners. This statement is not one of the advantages discussed in class regarding college-educated police officers. The advantages discussed in class include helping officers handle difficult situations, becoming better communicators, and promoting responsibility.

A subpoena is a written order issued by a court that requires a person to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony. It can also require that documents and objects be made available for examination by the court.

The exclusionary rules were originally established to prevent police misconduct, protect individual rights from police misconduct, and maintain judicial integrity. However, deterring the police from violating people's 5th Amendment rights is not listed as one of the primary purposes of the exclusionary rules.

The question "Can you tell someone is a criminal by the way she behaves in private?" was not asked in the move The Bad Seed. The other questions were all asked, exploring different aspects of crime theory such as the influence of genetics, environment, and moral capacity on criminal behavior.

Recruitment criteria is not set by a merit system. A merit system of police employment focuses on establishing standards for employment qualifications, discipline procedures, and performance standards. Recruitment criteria, on the other hand, typically involves determining the specific requirements, preferences, and processes for attracting and selecting potential candidates for a job. While a merit system may influence recruitment criteria indirectly by setting standards for employment qualifications, it does not directly establish the specific criteria used to recruit candidates.

A crime is considered a violation of the penal code, which refers to the set of laws and regulations that define and prohibit criminal behavior within a specific political jurisdiction. The penal code outlines the various offenses and their corresponding punishments, ensuring that individuals are held accountable for their actions and maintaining order in society.

The 6th Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial. This means that individuals accused of a crime have the right to a trial that is conducted promptly and in an open courtroom. This amendment ensures that defendants are not subjected to unnecessary delays and that their trial is conducted in a transparent manner, allowing the public to observe the proceedings. This right is crucial in protecting the rights of individuals and ensuring fair and just trials.

Miranda v. Arizona is the correct answer because in this case, the US Supreme Court expanded the protection against compelled self-incrimination to include nearly all custodial police interrogations. The court ruled that suspects must be informed of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning. This landmark decision established the famous "Miranda rights" that are now read to individuals upon arrest.

Conflict theory assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competing interest groups. This theory suggests that social order is maintained through power struggles and conflicts between different social groups, such as the rich and the poor, management and labor, Whites and people of color, men and women, and adults and children. Conflict theory emphasizes the role of power and inequality in shaping social relationships and structures. It focuses on how these conflicts and power dynamics influence social change and shape the overall structure of society.

Wincelowicz was considered a "stand up guy" when he worked undercover with the Mafia because he was vouched for by organized crime members who were "made" or had high standing in the Family. This means that respected members of the Mafia trusted Wincelowicz and vouched for his credibility, which is a significant achievement and a testament to his ability to gain the trust of the criminal organization.

The PATRIOT Act does not prohibit the government from initiating surveillance or prosecution of US citizens who only provide lodging to "terrorists". The Act actually grants the FBI the power to conduct wiretaps without probable cause, allows them to search private records without a warrant or probable cause, and creates the crime of "domestic terrorism".

The Chicago School theorists define social disorganization by several characteristics, including the absence of usual controls over delinquents, the presence of many opportunities for delinquent behavior, and the lack of employment and training opportunities. However, the absence of gangs and gang-related behavior is not one of the characteristics of social disorganization according to the Chicago School theorists.

Dr. Wincelowicz did not work on White Supremacist crimes as an undercover FBI agent. This means that he may have worked on Confidence Schemes, Public Corruption, and Organized crime, but not specifically on cases related to White Supremacist crimes.

Early US citizens resisted the formation of the first police departments. This suggests that they were opposed to the idea of having a centralized law enforcement agency. The reasons for this resistance could vary, but it may stem from a distrust of government power, concerns about potential abuse of authority, or a desire to maintain individual freedoms and self-governance. Overall, this resistance indicates a reluctance to accept the establishment of formal policing institutions in the early stages of the United States.

The correct answer is the 4th amendment. The 4th amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by requiring that law enforcement have a warrant based on probable cause before conducting a search or seizure. This amendment aims to protect people's privacy and prevent arbitrary invasions by the government.

Reasonable suspicion is the correct answer because it is a legal standard that requires more than just a gut feeling. It involves having specific and articulable reasons to suspect that a person has committed a crime. This standard is used by law enforcement officers to justify certain actions, such as conducting a brief stop and frisk. Unlike probable cause, preponderance of evidence, and beyond a reasonable doubt, reasonable suspicion does not require as high of a level of certainty or proof.

Hawaii does not have a "state police force" because it has a unique law enforcement system. The state does not have a centralized police force like other states. Instead, law enforcement responsibilities are divided among different agencies, such as the Hawaii Department of Public Safety, the Honolulu Police Department, and the Hawaii County Police Department. Therefore, Hawaii does not have a single "state police force" like the other options listed.

Emile Durkheim believed that crime served a social function by uniting the community through shared disapproval for actions considered inappropriate. He argued that some level of crime was normal and necessary for maintaining social order and cohesion. By collectively condemning certain behaviors, society establishes and reinforces its moral boundaries, strengthening the bonds among its members. Durkheim's perspective suggests that crime is not solely negative but can also have positive effects on social integration and solidarity.

The correct answer is doubled. This means that since the 1970s, the percentage of women and people of color on police forces has increased by two times. This suggests that there has been a significant increase in the representation of women and people of color within police forces over the years.

In this statement, Chief Roy is referencing Sir Robert Peel's perspective on policing. Peel believed that the police should be seen as part of the community they serve, and that the public should also take responsibility for maintaining law and order. By stating "the police are the public and the public are the police," Chief Roy is emphasizing the idea that the police and the public should work together and have a mutual understanding and trust. This aligns with Peel's principles of community policing and highlights the importance of collaboration between law enforcement and the community.

Psychoanalytic theories of crime causation are associated with Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that criminal behavior stems from unresolved conflicts and unconscious desires in an individual's psyche. He argued that criminal behavior could be understood and treated through psychoanalysis, a method that explores the unconscious mind and its impact on behavior. Freud's theories revolutionized the field of psychology and greatly influenced our understanding of human behavior, including criminal behavior.

The correct answer is "Abolition of patriarchy" because it is not a general solution to women's subordinate position in society for liberal feminists. While equal rights, freedom of choice, and equal opportunity are all commonly advocated for by liberal feminists, the abolition of patriarchy is a more radical and comprehensive approach that seeks to dismantle the entire system of male dominance and power in society.

Protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and building is usually NOT a county law enforcement function because it falls under the jurisdiction of state law enforcement agencies, such as the state police or capitol police. County law enforcement agencies typically focus on serving summonses, warrants, and various writs; providing courtroom security and confining and transporting prisoners; and investigating crimes and enforcing the criminal and traffic laws of the state within their jurisdiction.

During the early days of policing in the Southern U.S., slave patrols were established as a means to control and monitor enslaved individuals. These patrols were responsible for maintaining order, preventing slave rebellions, and capturing and returning escaped slaves. They operated under the authority of local sheriffs and were comprised of white men who were tasked with enforcing strict regulations on enslaved individuals. The establishment of slave patrols highlights the oppressive nature of slavery and the role that law enforcement played in maintaining the institution.

The correct answer is 8. The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that excessive bail shall not be required. This means that the government cannot set an unreasonably high amount of bail that would be difficult for the accused to pay. The purpose of this amendment is to prevent the government from using excessive bail as a form of punishment or to unfairly keep individuals in jail before their trial.

The social control/bonding theory suggests that people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so. This theory posits that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior when their bonds to society are weak or broken. These bonds include attachment to others, commitment to conventional activities, involvement in social institutions, and belief in moral values. When these bonds are strong, individuals are less likely to engage in criminal behavior as they feel a sense of responsibility and obligation to conform to societal norms.

The three listed practices are all proactive methods of recruiting potential police officers. They involve actively seeking out and reaching out to potential candidates. However, waiting for ideal job applicants to gravitate toward a particular department is a passive approach and does not fit with the other proactive methods.

The basic concepts of US law enforcement originated in England. The American legal system is based on English common law, which was brought over by the early colonists. Many fundamental legal principles, such as the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial, can be traced back to English legal traditions. Additionally, the structure and organization of law enforcement agencies in the United States, including the use of sheriffs and constables, have their roots in England.

Biological positivism is a theory that is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals. This theory suggests that certain biological factors, such as genetics or brain abnormalities, contribute to criminal behavior. It argues that individuals who possess these biological traits are more likely to engage in criminal activities. Biological positivism focuses on understanding the biological basis of criminal behavior and seeks to explain criminality through scientific and physiological factors.

In a criminal trial, the standard of proof required to find a defendant guilty is "beyond a reasonable doubt." This means that the evidence presented must be so strong and convincing that there is no reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors or judge that the defendant committed the crime. This standard is the highest level of proof and ensures that the defendant's guilt is established with a very high degree of certainty, protecting individuals from being wrongfully convicted based on insufficient evidence.

New York was the first US city to create a paid and unified municipal police force. This means that New York established a police force that was both organized and funded by the city government. This development in law enforcement marked a significant step forward in maintaining public safety and order in urban areas.

According to Merton's strain theory, a conformist is someone who pursues the cultural goal of wealth but does so through legitimate institutional means. This means that they accept and strive for society's goals of financial success and material wealth, and they also adhere to the approved means of achieving these goals, such as getting a good education, working hard, and following the rules and laws. Conformists do not resort to illegal or deviant behavior to attain wealth, but rather they conform to societal norms and values in their pursuit of economic success.

Cesare Lombroso argues that criminal offenders are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as an enormous jaw, high cheekbones, and insensitivity to pain.

The Police Athletic Leagues is not one of the successful police recruitment programs mentioned in the textbook. The other three programs, namely high school tech prep programs, police cadet programs, and public safety officer programs, are listed as successful recruitment initiatives.

W.E.B. Du Bois recognized that race discrimination played a central role in relation to crime in the black community. Du Bois was a prominent African-American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and author who focused on the experiences of African Americans in the United States. He highlighted the systemic racism and social inequalities faced by black individuals, including the disproportionate criminalization and discrimination they faced within the criminal justice system. Du Bois's work shed light on the intersection of race, crime, and social inequality, making him an important figure in the study of race and crime.

CompStat is a technological and management system that aims to make the police better organized and more effective crime fighters. It utilizes data analysis and mapping to identify crime patterns, allocate resources efficiently, and hold police departments accountable for their performance. By tracking crime trends in real-time and implementing proactive strategies, CompStat helps police agencies to prevent and respond to crime more effectively, leading to improved public safety outcomes.

In case law, the decision becomes a potential basis, or precedent, for deciding that outcomes of similar cases in the future. A precedent is a legal principle or rule established in a previous case that is used as a guide for deciding similar cases in the future. It provides consistency and predictability in the legal system and ensures that similar cases are treated similarly. By following precedents, courts can maintain fairness and promote stability in the interpretation and application of the law.

The correct answer is the 5th Amendment. The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides protection against double jeopardy, which means that an individual cannot be tried twice for the same offense. This amendment also guarantees other important rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to due process of law.

The correct answer is "Highway patrols" because they are not typically considered state-level law enforcement officers. While they do enforce traffic laws and patrol highways, they are usually a division of the state police or state highway department rather than a separate law enforcement agency. Crime laboratory and criminalistics services, sheriffs, watercraft officers, and park rangers are all examples of state-level law enforcement officers who perform different roles in maintaining public safety and enforcing the law.

The Classical School of criminology assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality. This theory suggests that individuals make a rational choice to commit a crime based on the potential benefits and costs involved. It emphasizes the importance of punishment as a deterrent and believes that individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions about their actions.

The first Black police officers in the US were not slaves. They were "free men of color" who were hired around 1805 to serve as members of the New Orleans city watch system. They were not hired primarily because other people did not want the job.

The Positivist theory of criminality can be seen as an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers because it focuses on understanding the causes of criminal behavior rather than solely blaming individuals for their actions. Positivists believe that factors such as genetics, biology, and social environment play a significant role in shaping criminal behavior, shifting the focus from moral judgment to scientific analysis. This approach challenges the Enlightenment thinkers' emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment, instead advocating for a more holistic understanding of crime.

The correct answer is "anomie; collective conscience." According to Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is anomie, which refers to a state of normlessness or a lack of moral regulation in society. This occurs when individuals are not properly integrated into the collective conscience, which represents the shared beliefs, values, and norms of a society. When individuals are disconnected from the collective conscience, they may feel a sense of purposelessness and confusion, leading to deviant behavior and crime.

The correct answer is "local" because most law enforcement agencies in the United States operate at the local level. These agencies are responsible for maintaining law and order within a specific jurisdiction, such as a city or county. They are typically funded and overseen by local governments and work closely with the community they serve. While there are also multi-jurisdictional, state-level, and federal law enforcement agencies in the U.S., the majority of law enforcement functions are carried out by local agencies.

The correct answer is "Have at least 5 years of work experience." This is because the other options are all listed as requirements for someone applying for a special agent position in the FBI. However, having at least 5 years of work experience is not mentioned as a requirement.

Feminist theory focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because historically, men's experiences have been considered the norm and generalized to the entire population. Feminist theory seeks to challenge and deconstruct patriarchal norms and systems that oppress and marginalize women, aiming to bring about gender equality and social justice. It recognizes the importance of centering women's voices and perspectives in understanding social issues and shaping policies.

The shooters in the video about Columbine were motivated by suicide, fame, anger, and revenge. This can be inferred from the context of the video, which likely discussed the motives behind the tragic event. The shooters' desire for fame and notoriety, coupled with their anger and desire for revenge, ultimately led them to carry out the act of suicide.

An innovator, according to Merton, is someone who pursues the cultural goal of wealth through legitimate means. This means that they strive to achieve financial success and accumulate wealth, but they do so by following the established rules and norms of society. They may come up with new ideas, methods, or products that enable them to achieve their goal, but they do not resort to illegal or deviant means to attain wealth.

Sir Robert Peel, considered the father of modern policing, believed that the main function of the police was to prevent crime. He emphasized the importance of a proactive approach to policing, rather than simply reacting to crimes after they occur. Peel advocated for preventative patrol, which involves police officers actively patrolling communities to deter criminal activity and maintain public order. This approach aims to prevent crime from happening in the first place, rather than solely focusing on solving crimes that have already occurred.

Field training refers to the police training program where new officers are paired with experienced or veteran officers to gain practical, hands-on experience in real-world situations. This type of training allows new officers to apply the knowledge and skills they learned in the Police Academy to actual scenarios they may encounter on the job. It provides them with the opportunity to learn from experienced officers, observe their techniques, and receive feedback and guidance. Field training is an essential part of preparing new officers for the challenges they will face in their law enforcement careers.