1.
Which of the following changes characterizes the institution of economics?
Correct Answer
C. Globalization
Explanation
Globalization is the correct answer because it refers to the increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies around the world. It has led to the expansion of international trade, investment, and the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. This has had a profound impact on the field of economics, as it has necessitated the study of global markets, international finance, and the effects of trade policies on national economies. Additionally, globalization has also influenced economic theories and models, as economists strive to understand and predict the complex dynamics of a globalized world.
2.
Which of the following is not one of the fastest-growing religious affiliations in the United States?
Correct Answer
B. Judaism
Explanation
Judaism is not one of the fastest-growing religious affiliations in the United States. This means that the number of people identifying themselves as Jewish is not increasing at a rapid rate compared to other religious groups.
3.
With respect to demographics and language, the following statements are true, except
Correct Answer
C. More than 50 percent of students with limited English proficiency are in grades 7–9.
Explanation
The correct answer is more than 50 percent of students with limited English proficiency are in grades 7–9. This statement is not true because the passage does not provide any information about the distribution of students with limited English proficiency across different grade levels. Therefore, we cannot conclude that more than 50 percent of these students are in grades 7-9.
4.
Most teachers in the United States
Correct Answer
B. Are of European descent.
Explanation
The correct answer is "are of European descent." This suggests that the majority of teachers in the United States have European ancestry. This could be due to historical factors, such as European colonization and immigration patterns, which have influenced the demographics of the country. It is important to note that this answer does not imply that all teachers in the United States are of European descent, but rather that it is the largest ethnic group among teachers.
5.
Which of the following shifts characterize schools in transition?
Correct Answer
A. A shift from teaching to learning
Explanation
This answer suggests that schools in transition are moving away from a traditional model of teaching, where the focus is on the delivery of information by the teacher, to a more student-centered approach that emphasizes active learning and student engagement. This shift recognizes the importance of learners taking ownership of their education and actively participating in the learning process.
6.
It is often said that Americans have been "different from the beginning" because
Correct Answer
B. On their arrival, early colonists met highly developed civilizations that were already here.
Explanation
The given correct answer states that Americans have been "different from the beginning" because on their arrival, early colonists met highly developed civilizations that were already here. This suggests that the presence of these civilizations influenced and shaped the culture and history of America, making it unique compared to other countries. The encounter with these civilizations likely had a significant impact on the development of American society, economy, and cultural practices.
7.
The common school emerged largely in response to
Correct Answer
C. Differences in social class.
Explanation
The common school emerged largely in response to differences in social class. This means that the establishment of common schools was primarily driven by the need to provide education to children from all social classes, regardless of their socioeconomic background. The aim was to create a more equal educational opportunity for all children, regardless of their social standing, and to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. By addressing differences in social class, common schools sought to promote social cohesion and equal access to education for all.
8.
The religious difference brought to the United States by large numbers of immigrants in the first half of the nineteenth century was
Correct Answer
A. Catholicism.
Explanation
Large numbers of immigrants in the first half of the nineteenth century brought Catholicism to the United States. This is evident from historical records which show a significant influx of Irish and German immigrants during this period, many of whom were Catholic. These immigrants played a crucial role in shaping the religious landscape of the country and establishing Catholicism as a prominent religious group in the United States.
9.
Anglo-conformity, or the assimilationist model, emerged in response to
Correct Answer
D. The influx of large numbers of immigrants between 1870 and 1920.
Explanation
Anglo-conformity, or the assimilationist model, emerged in response to the influx of large numbers of immigrants between 1870 and 1920. This model aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the customs, language, and values of the dominant Anglo-Saxon culture in order to assimilate into American society. The influx of immigrants during this time period created a need for a model that would promote social cohesion and unity among diverse groups of people. Anglo-conformity was seen as a way to maintain cultural homogeneity and ensure the integration of immigrants into American society.
10.
The pluralist model, on the other hand, asserts that
Correct Answer
B. Immigrant groups are entitled to maintain their distinctions within the larger society
Explanation
The correct answer is "immigrant groups are entitled to maintain their distinctions within the larger society." The pluralist model believes that immigrant groups should be allowed to preserve their cultural and ethnic identities while still being a part of the larger society. This perspective recognizes the value of diversity and promotes the idea that different groups can coexist and contribute to the overall strength of the nation.
11.
In the nineteenth century, the race was the first form of difference to become a stimulus for school reform.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
In the nineteenth century, race was not the first form of difference to become a stimulus for school reform. Other factors such as social class and gender were actually the initial driving forces behind educational reform during this time period. Therefore, the statement is false.
12.
During school reform movements in the 1960s, access and equity in public schooling were the chief concerns of school reformers.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
During the 1960s, school reform movements aimed to address the issues of access and equity in public schooling. This means that the reformers were primarily concerned with ensuring that all students, regardless of their background or socioeconomic status, had equal opportunities to receive a quality education. They sought to eliminate any barriers or inequalities that prevented certain groups of students from accessing educational resources and opportunities. Therefore, the statement "During school reform movements in the 1960s, access and equity in public schooling were the chief concerns of school reformers" is true.
13.
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1976 established the principle of "least restrictive environment" for children with disabilities.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1976 was a federal law that aimed to ensure that children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education. One of the key principles established by this act was the concept of "least restrictive environment." This means that children with disabilities should be educated in settings that are as inclusive as possible and provide them with the necessary support and accommodations, rather than automatically being placed in separate special education classrooms. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct as it accurately reflects the establishment of the principle of "least restrictive environment" by the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1976.
14.
In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that educating different races in separate schools was constitutional.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The given statement is false. In the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregating students based on race in public schools was unconstitutional. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision was a significant step towards desegregation and promoting equal educational opportunities for all races.
15.
The Freedman's Bureau was established to regulate interstate commerce among blacks and whites after the Civil War.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Freedman's Bureau was indeed established after the Civil War, but its purpose was not to regulate interstate commerce among blacks and whites. Instead, it was created to provide assistance to newly freed African Americans and help them transition to freedom. The bureau aimed to provide education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for freed slaves, as well as protect their civil rights. Its primary focus was on providing humanitarian aid and ensuring the welfare of former slaves, rather than regulating commerce.
16.
One of the ways that issues of separation of church and state play out in schools is on the question of school prayer.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement is true because the issue of school prayer is often seen as a conflict between the establishment clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits the government from promoting or endorsing any religion, and the free exercise clause, which protects individuals' right to practice their religion. The debate around school prayer centers on whether allowing or promoting prayer in public schools violates the separation of church and state. This issue has been the subject of numerous legal cases and controversies in the United States.
17.
The Court decisions on school prayer emphasize that religion should never be discussed in schools.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because the Court decisions on school prayer do not emphasize that religion should never be discussed in schools. The decisions instead focus on the separation of church and state, ensuring that schools do not promote or favor any particular religion. While schools cannot endorse or impose religious practices, they can still provide education on religion in an objective and academic manner. This allows for the discussion of religion in a way that respects the diverse beliefs of students.
18.
____________is credited with designing and putting into place the framework of courses needed to graduate with a degree in Anthropology at Oxford University
Correct Answer
A. Edward Burnett Tylor
Explanation
Edward Burnett Tylor is credited with designing and implementing the framework of courses required to obtain a degree in Anthropology at Oxford University. Tylor was a prominent anthropologist and is often referred to as the founder of cultural anthropology. He contributed significantly to the development of the discipline and his work laid the foundation for the study of human culture and society. Tylor's efforts in establishing the curriculum for Anthropology at Oxford University demonstrate his influential role in shaping the field and his dedication to advancing anthropological education.
19.
Culture, according to ______________, "taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
Correct Answer
B. Edward Burnett Tylor
Explanation
Edward Burnett Tylor is the correct answer because he is the one who defined culture in the given quote. He describes culture as a comprehensive concept that encompasses various aspects such as knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and acquired capabilities and habits. Tylor's definition highlights the complexity and inclusiveness of culture, emphasizing its role in shaping individuals as members of society.
20.
Culture, according to ______________, is "the love of perfection" and the "study of perfection"; and that the cultured person is one who knows "the best that has been said and thought in the world."
a.
Edward Burnett Tylor
Correct Answer
D. Matthew Arnold
Explanation
Matthew Arnold is the correct answer for this question. He is known for his definition of culture as "the love of perfection" and "the study of perfection." According to Arnold, a cultured person is someone who is familiar with "the best that has been said and thought in the world." This definition emphasizes the importance of intellectual and artistic achievements in shaping a person's cultural understanding.
21.
His definition of culture is reflective of the values of the Victorian era, particularly it social elitism.
Correct Answer
E. Matthew Arnold
Explanation
Matthew Arnold's definition of culture reflects the values of the Victorian era, specifically its social elitism. During this time, there was a strong emphasis on social class and the belief that certain individuals and groups were superior to others. Arnold's definition of culture likely aligns with this ideology, emphasizing the refinement and cultivation of the elite class while disregarding the experiences and perspectives of those outside of it. This reflects the social elitism prevalent in the Victorian era.
22.
It is from ___________'s definition that we get notion of "high culture" where culture is used to describe elitist consumption of goods and activities such as fine cuisine, art, and music.
Correct Answer
D. Charles Frédéric Worth
Explanation
Charles Frédéric Worth is the correct answer because he is known as the father of haute couture and is credited with establishing the concept of high fashion. He revolutionized the fashion industry by creating luxurious and exclusive designs that were only accessible to the elite. The notion of "high culture" mentioned in the question, which refers to the elitist consumption of goods and activities like fine cuisine, art, and music, aligns with Worth's influence in the world of fashion and his association with high society.
23.
___________originally a medical doctor, was trained as an ethnographer under the influence of the brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, the linguist and the geographer who revolutionized humanistic and social thought in Germany during the first half of the 1800's.
Correct Answer
A. Adolf Bastien
24.
Known as the father of ethnography,____________rejected the simplistic evolutionary ideas of culture and human origins inspired by Morgan and certainly influenced by Spencer.
Correct Answer
D. Adolf Bastien
25.
American anthropologist ________________, influenced by Bastian, also argued against the evolutionary theories advocated by Spencer, Morgan and Tylor.
Correct Answer
B. Franz Boaz
Explanation
Franz Boaz, an American anthropologist, was influenced by Bastian and argued against the evolutionary theories advocated by Spencer, Morgan, and Tylor. Boaz is known for his cultural relativism approach, which emphasized the importance of studying cultures in their own context rather than ranking them on a linear evolutionary scale. He believed that each culture should be understood and appreciated on its own terms, rather than being judged by Western standards. Boaz's ideas had a significant impact on the field of anthropology and challenged the prevailing theories of his time.
26.
American Anthropologist, _________________rejected the notion that cultures could be evaluated according to "the broad theorizing characteristic of evolutionary 'laws' of developing culture.
Correct Answer
D. Franz Boas
Explanation
Franz Boas rejected the idea that cultures could be evaluated based on evolutionary laws of developing culture. He believed that each culture should be studied and understood in its own unique context, rather than being compared or judged against a universal standard. Boas emphasized the importance of cultural relativism and the need to respect and appreciate the diversity of human cultures. His ideas greatly influenced the field of anthropology and challenged the prevailing ethnocentric views of his time.
27.
Albert Kroeber, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict and Zora Neale Hurston were all students of _____________.
Correct Answer
C. Franz Boas
Explanation
Albert Kroeber, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Zora Neale Hurston were all students of Franz Boas. Franz Boas was a prominent anthropologist known for his contributions to the field of cultural anthropology. He emphasized the importance of studying cultures in their own context and challenged the prevailing theories of biological determinism. Boas' ideas and teachings greatly influenced his students, who went on to become influential anthropologists in their own right.
28.
_____________ is the overall capability of an individual to manage key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group dynamics, and the tensions and conflicts that can accompany this process
Correct Answer
intercultural competence
Explanation
Intercultural competence refers to the overall capability of an individual to effectively manage the challenging aspects of intercultural communication. This includes being able to navigate and understand cultural differences and unfamiliarity, as well as effectively handle inter-group dynamics. It also involves being able to identify and address the tensions and conflicts that can arise during the process of intercultural communication. In other words, intercultural competence encompasses the skills and knowledge needed to successfully interact and communicate with individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
29.
_____________refer to the way cultures regulate the display of emotion. Some cultures tolerate and even encourage dramatic displays of emotional expression .
Correct Answer
emotional constraints
Explanation
The term "emotional constraints" refers to the limitations or restrictions placed on the display of emotions within different cultures. Some cultures may have strict rules or norms regarding the expression of emotions, while others may be more accepting or even encourage dramatic displays of emotional expression. Therefore, the given answer, "emotional constraints," accurately describes the way cultures regulate the display of emotion.
30.
_____________ refer to cultural rules about proper behavior which affect verbal and nonverbal communication.
Correct Answer
behavioral constraints
Explanation
Behavioral constraints refer to cultural rules about proper behavior which affect verbal and nonverbal communication. These constraints dictate how individuals should act and interact in social situations, shaping their communication style and expressions. They provide guidelines on what is considered appropriate or inappropriate behavior in a particular culture or context. By adhering to these constraints, individuals can navigate social interactions effectively and avoid misunderstandings or conflicts.
31.
_____________ can best be described as the worldviews or paradigms which filter, organize and incorporate all new information. Sunday O's reaction to the electronic doors in the Murtula Muhammad airport is an example of this
Correct Answer
cognitive constraints
Explanation
Cognitive constraints refer to the mental frameworks or filters through which individuals perceive and interpret new information. These constraints shape our understanding of the world and determine how we incorporate new knowledge into our existing beliefs and paradigms. In the given scenario, Sunday O's reaction to the electronic doors in the airport exemplifies cognitive constraints as he may have had preconceived notions or expectations about how doors should function based on his previous experiences. His reaction, whether positive or negative, reflects the influence of his cognitive constraints on his interpretation of the new information.
32.
Low-context cultures tend to be traditional and collectivist.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because low-context cultures are typically characterized as individualistic and modern, rather than traditional and collectivist. In low-context cultures, communication is explicit and relies on explicit verbal messages, with less emphasis on nonverbal cues and shared cultural understanding. These cultures value individualism, personal achievement, and direct communication. Collectivism and traditional values are more commonly associated with high-context cultures, where communication relies heavily on nonverbal cues and shared cultural understanding.
33.
High-context cultures are present or future-oriented and individualistic.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
High-context cultures are actually past-oriented and collectivistic. In high-context cultures, people rely heavily on nonverbal communication, implicit messages, and shared cultural knowledge. These cultures prioritize group harmony and cooperation over individualism. Additionally, high-context cultures tend to value tradition and the wisdom of the past, rather than focusing on the present or future. Therefore, the statement that high-context cultures are present or future-oriented and individualistic is false.