Endocrine Review Exam 2 Questions
Questions and Answers
- 1.
________ promotes growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication, and cell differentation
Explanation
Growth hormone is responsible for promoting growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication, and cell differentiation. It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in the liver, which in turn promotes bone and tissue growth. Growth hormone also plays a role in regulating metabolism, increasing muscle mass, and reducing body fat. Overall, it is a crucial hormone for normal growth and development in humans.Rate this question:
- 2.
_____ controls the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones.
Explanation
Adrenocorticotropin controls the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones. Adrenocorticotropin, also known as ACTH, is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol, a stress hormone, as well as other hormones such as aldosterone and androgens. ACTH acts as a regulator of the adrenal cortex, influencing its hormone production and maintaining homeostasis in the body.Rate this question:
- 3.
______ controls the rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland.
Explanation
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) controls the rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are hormones that regulate metabolism and growth in the body. When the levels of T4 and T3 in the blood are low, the pituitary gland releases TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce and release more hormones. Conversely, when the levels of T4 and T3 are high, the pituitary gland reduces the secretion of TSH to decrease thyroid hormone production.Rate this question:
- 4.
______ promotes mammary gland development and milk production.
Explanation
Prolactin is a hormone that promotes mammary gland development and milk production in females. It is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in lactation. Prolactin levels increase during pregnancy and after childbirth, stimulating the growth and development of the mammary glands. It also stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands, allowing for breastfeeding and nourishment of the newborn.Rate this question:
- 5.
Two separate gonadotropic hormones, _____ and _____ control growth of the ovaries and testes, as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities.(put comma between answers)
Explanation
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are two separate gonadotropic hormones that control the growth of the ovaries and testes, as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities. FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. LH is responsible for triggering ovulation in females and stimulating the production of testosterone in males. Together, FSH and LH play crucial roles in regulating the reproductive system and maintaining fertility.Rate this question:
- 6.
_____ controls the rate of water excretion into the urine, thus helping to control the concentration of water in the body fluid.
Explanation
ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, controls the rate of water excretion into the urine. It does this by acting on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thus reducing the amount of water excreted in the urine. This helps to control the concentration of water in the body fluid, ensuring that the body maintains the appropriate balance of water and electrolytes.Rate this question:
- 7.
_____ helps express milk from the glands of the breast to the nipples during sucking and possibly helps in the delivery of the baby.
Explanation
Oxytocin is a hormone that helps in the process of expressing milk from the glands of the breast to the nipples during sucking. It also plays a role in the delivery of the baby, possibly by stimulating contractions of the uterus. Oxytocin is released in response to nipple stimulation and helps facilitate breastfeeding and the bonding between mother and baby.Rate this question:
- 8.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone has a _____ effect on TSH
Explanation
Thyrotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on TSH. This means that it stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland. TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones.Rate this question:
- 9.
Corticotropin releasing hormone has a _____ effect on ACTH.
Explanation
Corticotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on ACTH. This means that the hormone stimulates the release of ACTH, which in turn stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.Rate this question:
- 10.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone has a _____ effect on LH and FSH.
Explanation
Gonadotropin releasing hormone has a positive effect on LH and FSH. This means that it stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. LH and FSH are essential hormones for the regulation of reproductive function in both males and females. They play a crucial role in the development and maturation of the gonads, as well as the production of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Therefore, the positive effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone on LH and FSH is necessary for proper reproductive function.Rate this question:
- 11.
Growth hormone releasing hormone has a _____ effect on growth hormone.
Explanation
Growth hormone releasing hormone has a positive effect on growth hormone. This means that the hormone stimulates the release and production of growth hormone in the body.Rate this question:
- 12.
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone has a _____ effect on growth hormone.
Explanation
The growth hormone inhibitory hormone has a negative effect on growth hormone. This means that it suppresses or inhibits the production or release of growth hormone in the body.Rate this question:
- 13.
Prolactin inhibitory hormone has a _____ effect on prolactin.
Explanation
Prolactin inhibitory hormone has a negative effect on prolactin. This means that it suppresses or decreases the production or release of prolactin.Rate this question:
- 14.
Sleep, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise, and hypoglycemia have an ____ regulation of growth hormone secretion.
Explanation
Sleep, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise, and hypoglycemia all have a stimulatory effect on the regulation of growth hormone secretion. These factors increase the release of growth hormone, leading to an "up" regulation.Rate this question:
- 15.
Somatostatin, somatiomedins, obesity, ageing, hyperglycemia, and pregnancy has an ____regulation of growth hormone secretion.
Explanation
The given correct answer is "down." This suggests that the mentioned factors, such as somatostatin, somatiomedins, obesity, ageing, hyperglycemia, and pregnancy, have a regulatory effect on the secretion of growth hormone, specifically causing a decrease or inhibition in its secretion.Rate this question:
- 16.
Sucking, dilation of the cervix and orgasm causes an _____ regulation of oxytocin secretion.
- 17.
Prolactinomas: too much prolactin causes _________
Explanation
Prolactinomas are benign tumors of the pituitary gland that cause excessive production of prolactin hormone. This leads to a condition called hyperprolactinemia. Hyperpituitarism, on the other hand, refers to the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland. Since prolactinomas specifically cause an excess of prolactin, it can be considered a form of hyperpituitarism. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperpituitarism.Rate this question:
- 18.
Acromegaly or Giantism: too much growth hormone causes _____
Explanation
Hyperpituitarism refers to the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland, including growth hormone. In the case of acromegaly or giantism, there is an overproduction of growth hormone, leading to abnormal growth and enlargement of body parts. Therefore, hyperpituitarism is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition caused by the excessive growth hormone production.Rate this question:
- 19.
Cushings disease: too much ACTH causes ______
Explanation
Hyperpituitarism is the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland. In the case of Cushing's disease, too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release excessive cortisol. This overproduction of cortisol leads to various symptoms associated with Cushing's disease, such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and changes in the appearance of the face and body. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperpituitarism, as it accurately describes the condition caused by the excessive production of ACTH in Cushings disease.Rate this question:
- 20.
Pituitary dwarfism: deficiency in the production of GH causes _____
Explanation
Hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the production of hormones by the pituitary gland. In the case of pituitary dwarfism, there is a specific deficiency in the production of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland. This results in stunted growth and development, leading to the characteristic short stature seen in individuals with pituitary dwarfism. Therefore, hypopituitarism is the correct answer as it accurately describes the deficiency in GH production that causes pituitary dwarfism.Rate this question:
- 21.
Sheehan syndrome: caused by the necrosis due to blood loss and hypoveolemic shock during and after childbirth causes _____
Explanation
Sheehan syndrome is a condition that occurs due to severe blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. This leads to the necrosis (death) of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing several hormones. As a result, the pituitary gland is unable to function properly, leading to hypopituitarism. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency in one or more pituitary hormones, which can cause various symptoms and complications. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is hypopituitarism.Rate this question:
- 22.
PROP 1: related combine pituitary hormone deficiency causes
Explanation
Hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by the deficiency or absence of one or more pituitary hormones. This condition can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, tumors, infections, or trauma to the pituitary gland. Therefore, it is likely that the given proposition states that related factors can cause hypopituitarism.Rate this question:
- 23.
Deficiency of GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and ocassionally ACTH will cause _________
Explanation
Deficiency of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, and occasionally adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can result in hypopituitarism. This condition occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce adequate amounts of one or more of these hormones. Symptoms may include growth failure, low energy levels, infertility, menstrual irregularities, and decreased libido. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore normal hormone levels and manage the associated symptoms.Rate this question:
- 24.
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones _____ and ______ (put comma between answers) which increase the metabolic rate of the body.
Explanation
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase the metabolic rate of the body. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, energy production, and growth. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine help to control the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, impacting various bodily functions such as heart rate, body temperature, and digestion.Rate this question:
- 25.
The thyroid gland secretes ____ an important hormone for calcium metabolism.
Explanation
The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which is an important hormone for calcium metabolism. Calcitonin helps regulate the levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. This hormone also promotes the uptake of calcium by the bones, reducing its concentration in the blood. Therefore, calcitonin plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body.Rate this question:
- 26.
Thyroid hormones _____ the metabolic activities of almost all of the tissues of the body.
Explanation
Thyroid hormones have the ability to increase the metabolic activities of almost all of the tissues in the body. This means that they can enhance the rate at which these tissues utilize energy and carry out various biochemical reactions. By increasing the metabolic activities, thyroid hormones can have a wide range of effects on the body, including regulating body temperature, promoting growth and development, and maintaining overall metabolic balance.Rate this question:
- 27.
In those that are ______ the rate of growth is greatly retarded.
Explanation
In individuals who are hypothyroid, the rate of growth is significantly slowed down.Rate this question:
- 28.
______ increases thyroid secretion
Explanation
TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones. Therefore, TSH increases thyroid secretion.Rate this question:
- 29.
TSH is controlled by a hypothalamic hormone, _____
Explanation
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is controlled by a hypothalamic hormone called TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). TRH is released by the hypothalamus and acts on the pituitary gland to stimulate the production and release of TSH. TSH, in turn, regulates the function of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormones. Therefore, TRH plays a crucial role in the regulation of TSH and the overall functioning of the thyroid gland.Rate this question:
- 30.
_______ is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine
Explanation
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroxine hormone. This can lead to various symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. The overproduction of thyroxine disrupts the normal functioning of the body, affecting metabolism, heart rate, and other bodily functions. Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.Rate this question:
- 31.
_______ significantly accelerates the body's metabolism, causing sudden weight loss, a rapid irregular heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness or irritability.
Explanation
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. When there is an excess of these hormones, it significantly accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to symptoms such as sudden weight loss, a rapid irregular heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness or irritability. Therefore, hyperthyroidism is the correct answer for the given symptoms.Rate this question:
- 32.
__________ is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thryroid to produce too much thyroid hormone
Explanation
Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. This overproduction of thyroid hormone leads to hyperthyroidism, causing symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, tremors, and anxiety. It is characterized by the presence of these specific antibodies, known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to and activate the thyroid gland.Rate this question:
- 33.
In ______ disease antibodies mistakenly attach the thyroid and occasionally the tissue behind the eyes and skin and often in the lower legs and shins.
Explanation
Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This can result in the overproduction of thyroid hormones and lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and bulging eyes. In some cases, the antibodies responsible for attacking the thyroid can also affect the tissue behind the eyes and skin, as well as the lower legs and shins.Rate this question:
- 34.
________ is a condition that affects infants from birth and results from a partial or complete loss of thyroid function.
Explanation
Congenital Hypothyroidism is a condition that affects infants from birth and is characterized by a partial or complete loss of thyroid function. This means that the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones, which are essential for the normal growth and development of the body. Without these hormones, infants with congenital hypothyroidism may experience symptoms such as slow growth, developmental delays, and intellectual disability. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and ensure proper thyroid hormone levels in affected infants.Rate this question:
- 35.
Adrenal cortex secretes _____
Explanation
The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a group of hormones that are involved in regulating various processes in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. These hormones are essential for maintaining homeostasis and play a crucial role in the body's overall functioning.Rate this question:
- 36.
Which of the following are symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?
- A.
Puffy Face
- B.
Dull look
- C.
Thick protruding tongue
- D.
All the above
Correct Answer
D. All the aboveExplanation
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone from birth. Symptoms of this condition include a puffy face, a dull look, and a thick protruding tongue. Therefore, the correct answer is "all the above."Rate this question:
-
- 37.
Corticosteroids are synthesized from the steroid _______
Correct Answer
cholesterolExplanation
Corticosteroids are synthesized from the steroid cholesterol. Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is found in high amounts in animal tissues. It serves as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of various hormones, including corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a class of hormones that are involved in regulating a wide range of physiological processes, such as immune response, metabolism, and stress response. Therefore, cholesterol acts as a starting material for the production of corticosteroids in the body.Rate this question:
- 38.
Two main adrenaocortical hormones are ________ and _______ (put comma between) and are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer
mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoidsExplanation
The two main adrenaocortical hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mineralcorticoids, such as aldosterone, regulate the balance of minerals, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. These hormones are essential for maintaining proper bodily functions and overall health.Rate this question:
- 39.
Adrenal glands secrete small amounts of _____ hormones; sex hormones
Correct Answer
androgenicExplanation
The adrenal glands secrete small amounts of sex hormones, specifically androgenic hormones. Androgenic hormones are responsible for the development and maintenance of male characteristics, such as facial hair growth and deepening of the voice. They also play a role in female reproductive health. Therefore, the correct answer is androgenic.Rate this question:
- 40.
_______ affect the electrolytes of the extracellular fluids-sodium and potassium.
Correct Answer
MineralcorticoidsExplanation
Mineralcorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that regulate the balance of electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium, in the extracellular fluids. They are produced by the adrenal glands and act on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the proper balance of these electrolytes in the body, which is essential for normal cell function and overall health.Rate this question:
- 41.
______ exhibit important effects that increase blood glucose concentration.
Correct Answer
GlucocorticoidsExplanation
Glucocorticoids are a type of hormone that is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. These hormones play a crucial role in increasing blood glucose concentration by promoting gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fats. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the uptake and utilization of glucose by various tissues, thereby increasing its availability in the bloodstream. This effect is important for providing the body with a quick source of energy during times of stress or fasting.Rate this question:
- 42.
Zona Glomerulosa (15%) secretes ____ and is controlled by _____
- A.
Aldosterone
- B.
Angiotensin II
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Androgens
- E.
ACTH
Correct Answer(s)
A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin IIExplanation
The Zona Glomerulosa is a region in the adrenal cortex that secretes aldosterone, a hormone involved in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. It is controlled by angiotensin II, a hormone that is produced in response to low blood pressure and stimulates the release of aldosterone.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Zona Fasciculate (75%) secretes ____ and is controlled by _____
- A.
Aldosterone
- B.
Angiotensin II
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Androgens
- E.
ACTH
Correct Answer(s)
C. Cortisol
D. Androgens
E. ACTHExplanation
The Zona Fasciculate is responsible for secreting cortisol, androgens, and ACTH. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress levels. Androgens are a group of hormones that includes testosterone and play a role in the development of male characteristics. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Zona Reticularis secretes ____ and is controlled by _____
- A.
Aldosterone
- B.
Angiotensin II
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Androgens
- E.
ACTH
Correct Answer(s)
C. Cortisol
D. Androgens
E. ACTHExplanation
The Zona Reticularis is a layer of the adrenal cortex that secretes cortisol, androgens, and is controlled by ACTH. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates metabolism and immune response. Androgens are male sex hormones that play a role in the development of male sexual characteristics. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of cortisol and androgens from the adrenal glands.Rate this question:
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