1.
Who coined the term cybernetics?
Correct Answer
B. Norbert Wiener
Explanation
Norbert Wiener is credited with coining the term "cybernetics." He introduced the term in his book "Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" published in 1948. Wiener's work in the field of mathematics and engineering laid the foundation for the study of cybernetics, which focuses on the control and communication systems in both living organisms and machines. His contributions to the field have greatly influenced various disciplines, including computer science, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
2.
Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control within a system, especially the flow of information through
Correct Answer
B. Feedback loops
Explanation
Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control within a system. Feedback loops are an essential aspect of cybernetics as they allow for the flow of information within a system. These loops enable the system to receive input, process it, and produce an output based on that input. By studying feedback loops, cybernetics aims to understand how systems can be controlled and regulated effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is feedback loops.
3.
The origin of the term cybernetics means?
Correct Answer
B. Steersman
Explanation
The term "cybernetics" originates from the Greek word "kybernetes," which means "steersman" or "pilot." This term was chosen by mathematician Norbert Wiener to describe the interdisciplinary field that deals with control and communication in both living organisms and machines. Just as a steersman guides and controls the direction of a ship, cybernetics focuses on understanding and controlling systems, whether they are biological, mechanical, or informational, to achieve desired outcomes.
4.
The Macy Conferences made an important breakthrough by providing a new and exciting epistemology for conceptualising how systems retain their stabiity through?
Correct Answer
A. Self regulation
Explanation
The Macy Conferences introduced a significant advancement by proposing the concept of self-regulation as a means for understanding how systems maintain stability. This suggests that systems have the ability to regulate themselves and maintain their equilibrium without external intervention. This idea challenges the traditional belief that stability is achieved through past or future performance or by following preprogrammed goals. Instead, self-regulation implies that systems have inherent mechanisms that allow them to adapt and adjust internally to maintain stability.
5.
First order cybernetics came from?
Correct Answer
C. Communication engineering and computer science
Explanation
First order cybernetics originated from the fields of communication engineering and computer science. These disciplines provided the foundational concepts and theories that formed the basis of first order cybernetics. By studying communication systems and the use of computers in information processing, researchers were able to develop the principles and techniques used in first order cybernetics. This field focuses on understanding and controlling complex systems, and it has applications in various areas such as control systems, artificial intelligence, and information theory.
6.
First order cybernetics grew out of communication engineering and computer science as a means of undertanding the general principles of how systems of all kinds are self regulated and thus maintain their stability. Attention was directed toward structure - patterns of organisation- and control through feedback cycles.
Correct Answer
B. True
Explanation
First order cybernetics did indeed emerge from communication engineering and computer science to study the self-regulation and stability of systems. It focused on understanding the structure and control of systems through feedback cycles. Therefore, the answer "true" is correct.
7.
Gregory Bateson was English and qualified in?
Correct Answer
C. Anthropology and ethnology
Explanation
Gregory Bateson was an English scholar who specialized in anthropology and ethnology. This means that he studied the social and cultural aspects of different societies, as well as the customs, beliefs, and practices of various ethnic groups. His qualifications in anthropology and ethnology allowed him to conduct research and contribute to the understanding of human behavior and cultural diversity.
8.
Bateson's contribution to family therapy was?
Correct Answer
C. Double bind theory of schizopHrenia
Explanation
Bateson's contribution to family therapy was the development of the double bind theory of schizophrenia. This theory suggests that conflicting messages and expectations from caregivers can contribute to the development of schizophrenia in individuals. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the family dynamics and communication patterns in order to effectively treat and support individuals with schizophrenia.
9.
Reciprocal Determinism shifts attention from?
Correct Answer
C. Content to process
Explanation
Reciprocal determinism is a concept in psychology that suggests that a person's behavior is influenced by both their personal characteristics and the environment in which they interact. The correct answer, "content to process," refers to a shift in focus from the specific content of a person's behavior to the underlying processes that drive that behavior. This means that instead of solely examining what a person is doing, reciprocal determinism encourages the examination of why they are doing it and the various factors that contribute to their behavior.
10.
Content is the language of Linear causality - the view that one event causes the next in unidirectional....?
Correct Answer
A. Stimulus response fashion
Explanation
The correct answer is stimulus response fashion. This answer aligns with the concept of linear causality, which suggests that one event (stimulus) leads to a specific response. In this context, content can be seen as the language that follows a linear cause-and-effect pattern, where each event triggers the next one in a unidirectional manner.
11.
If content is the language of linear causality, process is the language of ?
Correct Answer
D. Circular causality
Explanation
Circular causality refers to a concept in which cause and effect are seen as interconnected and mutually influencing each other in a continuous loop. It suggests that events and actions are not linear but rather circular, with each action having both a cause and an effect. In the context of the question, if content is the language of linear causality, then process, which implies circular causality, would be the language that describes the interconnected and mutually influencing nature of events and actions.
12.
Circular causality is defined as; forces moving in many directions simultaneously, not simply a single event caused by a previous one. Example, within a family, any action by one member affects all other members and the family as a whole; each members response in turn prompts other responses that affect all other members, whose further reactions provoke still other responses, and so forth. such a reverberating efect in turn affects the first person in a continuous series of circular loops or recurring chains of influence.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Circular causality refers to a situation where multiple forces or events interact with each other in a continuous loop, rather than a linear cause and effect relationship. In the context of a family, this means that any action by one family member will have an impact on all other members, and their responses will in turn affect the initial person, creating a chain of influence. This concept highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence within a family system. Therefore, the given answer, "true," accurately reflects the definition of circular causality.
13.
Family processes affect individual behaviour, and individuals within the family system affect family processes, in a recursive manner. Within the family context, every action provokes a circular sequence that in turn helps change the
Correct Answer
C. Original action
Explanation
Family processes and individual behavior have a reciprocal relationship, meaning that they both influence and are influenced by each other. This means that any action taken within the family system can set off a circular sequence of events that ultimately leads to changes in individual behavior. Therefore, the original action is the correct answer as it initiates this process of reciprocal influence within the family context.
14.
Change requires altering the process NOT?
Correct Answer
A. Discovering the culprit.
Explanation
The correct answer is "discovering the culprit" because the statement is discussing the concept of change and how it requires altering the process. Discovering the culprit is not related to changing a process, but rather to finding someone responsible for a certain action or event. Therefore, it is not a relevant option in the context of the statement.
15.
Who is the main figure associated with Structural Family Therapy?
Correct Answer
D. Salvador Minuchin
Explanation
Salvador Minuchin is the main figure associated with Structural Family Therapy. He developed this approach which focuses on the structure of the family and how it influences individual behavior and interactions within the family system. Minuchin emphasized the importance of boundaries, hierarchies, and subsystems within the family, and he used techniques such as joining, enactment, and restructuring to help families create healthier patterns of interaction. His work has had a significant impact on the field of family therapy and has helped many families improve their relationships and functioning.
16.
In the 1960s, what publication helped popularise the family approach?
Correct Answer
A. Virginia's Satir's publication The Conjoint Family Therapy
Explanation
Virginia's Satir's publication The Conjoint Family Therapy helped popularize the family approach in the 1960s. This publication likely provided valuable insights and techniques for working with families, making it influential in the field of family therapy during that time period.
17.
As the major determinants of the well-being of a family's individual members, structural theorists emphasise
a) The wholeness of the family system
b) The influence of the family's hierarchical organisation
c) The verbal and nonverbal messages exchanged within the family system
d) The interdependent functioning of its subsystems
Correct Answer
E. A, b, and d
Explanation
Structural theorists emphasize the wholeness of the family system, the influence of the family's hierarchical organization, and the interdependent functioning of its subsystems as the major determinants of the well-being of a family's individual members.
18.
What helps govern the appearance of functional or dysfunctional patterns in a family system?
Correct Answer
G. Both A and B
Explanation
The appearance of functional or dysfunctional patterns in a family system is governed by both the underlying organizational structure and the flexibility in responding to changing conditions throughout the life cycle. The organizational structure of a family system sets the foundation for how the family functions and interacts with one another. Flexibility in responding to changing conditions allows the family to adapt and adjust to various challenges and transitions that occur throughout their life cycle. Both of these factors play a significant role in shaping the patterns and dynamics within a family system.
19.
Prior to becoming a psychiatrist, what was Salvador Minuchin's profession?
Correct Answer
E. Pediatrics
Explanation
Salvador Minuchin's prior profession was Pediatrics. This means that before becoming a psychiatrist, he was a medical doctor specializing in the care of children.
20.
Which of Minuchin's projects laid the cornerstone to Structural Family Therapy?
Correct Answer
C. The Wiltwyck experiment project
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiment project laid the cornerstone to Structural Family Therapy.
21.
The Wiltwyck experiments revealed the need for family reorganisation and for some effective form of hierarchy among family members for a family system to move from being dysfunctional to functional.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiments demonstrated that in order for a dysfunctional family system to become functional, there is a need for family reorganization and the establishment of an effective hierarchy among family members. This suggests that without these changes, the family system is likely to remain dysfunctional. Therefore, the statement is true.
22.
The Wiltwyck experiments were conducted on ___________ (participants). The participants mainly consisted of low-income African American and Peurto Rican youth from New York's inner city.
Correct Answer
delinquent youth and their families
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiments were conducted on delinquent youth and their families. The experiments focused on studying the behavior and development of low-income African American and Puerto Rican youth from New York's inner city who were involved in delinquent activities. The aim of the experiments was to understand the factors contributing to delinquency and to develop effective interventions and support systems for these youth and their families.
23.
Cybernetics is the study of ________ __________.
Correct Answer
purposeful systems
Explanation
Cybernetics is the study of purposeful systems. This field focuses on understanding and analyzing systems that have a goal or purpose, such as biological systems, technological systems, and social systems. It explores how these systems function, interact, and adapt to achieve their objectives. By studying purposeful systems, cybernetics aims to develop principles and methodologies that can be applied to improve the design and control of various complex systems in different domains.
24.
After taking on the directorship of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Centre, which major figure of the MRI did Minuchin recruite?
Correct Answer
C. Jay Hayley
Explanation
After taking on the directorship of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Centre, Minuchin recruited Jay Hayley.
25.
According to Structural Family Therapy, what needs to happen before an individual's symptoms can be reduced or extinguished?
Correct Answer
B. Structural changes must occur
Explanation
In Structural Family Therapy, it is believed that before an individual's symptoms can be reduced or extinguished, structural changes must occur. This means that the family system and its dynamics need to be addressed and modified in order to create a healthier environment for the individual. By making changes to the family structure and interactions, it is believed that the individual's symptoms will naturally decrease. This approach focuses on the importance of understanding and addressing the underlying systemic issues rather than solely focusing on the individual's symptoms.
26.
According to Structural Family Therapy, familes need some form of internal organisation that dictates how, when, and to whom to relate.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Structural Family Therapy emphasizes the importance of clear roles, boundaries, and hierarchies within a family system. This internal organization helps family members understand their roles and responsibilities, as well as how to interact with each other. It provides a framework for effective communication and problem-solving within the family. Therefore, it is true that families need some form of internal organization to determine how, when, and with whom they should relate.
27.
The structure of the family represents the sum of the operational rules the family has evolved for carrying out its important functions.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the structure of a family refers to the way in which the family organizes and carries out its important functions. These functions can include things like communication, decision-making, and roles within the family. Over time, families develop their own set of rules and patterns to effectively fulfill these functions. Therefore, the structure of the family is indeed the sum of the operational rules that the family has evolved.
28.
The aim of strategic therapy was to understand the historical root of commmuiction paterns.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Strategic therapy does not focus on understanding the historical root of communication patterns. Instead, it focuses on finding practical solutions to the present problems and changing the communication patterns in the present moment.
29.
Once established, the transactional patterns of the family are self-perpetuating and ...
Correct Answer(s)
A. Resistant to change
B. Unlikely to change until a family's changing circumstances cause tensions and imbalances within the system
Explanation
Transactional patterns in a family refer to the habitual ways in which family members interact and communicate with each other. These patterns are often deeply ingrained and resistant to change, meaning that they tend to persist over time. However, these patterns are also unlikely to change unless there are significant changes in the family's circumstances that create tensions and imbalances within the system. In other words, it takes a disruption or a crisis within the family for the transactional patterns to be challenged and potentially change. Effective communication is necessary for facilitating this change, but it alone cannot bring about a shift in the transactional patterns.
30.
The ideas of MRI comes largely from systems theory, cybernetic and information theory.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technology is based on the principles of systems theory, cybernetics, and information theory. Systems theory helps in understanding the complex interactions within the human body and how different systems work together. Cybernetics focuses on feedback mechanisms and control systems, which are essential for the functioning of MRI machines. Information theory deals with the encoding, transmission, and decoding of information, which is fundamental to the data acquisition and image reconstruction process in MRI. Therefore, the ideas behind MRI do indeed draw heavily from these theories.
31.
The book Pragmatic of human communiction ws awritten by Walzlawick, Beavin and Jackson in 1967.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The book "Pragmatics of Human Communication" was indeed written by Walzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson in 1967. This book is a seminal work in the field of communication theory and is widely recognized for its contribution to understanding human communication patterns and interactions. It explores the concept of pragmatics and how it influences communication processes.
32.
If it is a relationship based on equality the interactive patterns is symmetrical.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
If a relationship is based on equality, it means that both parties involved have equal power, influence, and decision-making abilities. In such a scenario, the interactive patterns between them would be symmetrical, meaning that both individuals would have equal opportunities to initiate, respond, and maintain the communication within the relationship. Therefore, the statement "If it is a relationship based on equality, the interactive patterns are symmetrical" is true.
33.
If a relationship is based on oppositional exchange the pattern is complementarty.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
If a relationship is based on oppositional exchange, it means that the individuals involved in the relationship engage in a pattern of exchanging opposing or contrasting behaviors, ideas, or actions. This creates a complementary pattern where each person complements or balances out the other by providing the opposite perspective or behavior. Therefore, the statement "if a relationship is based on oppositional exchange the pattern is complementary" is true.
34.
Two conditions must be present for a paradoxical injunction exist: 1 the participants must have a close complementary relationship and 2) the recipient of the injunction cannot sidesteop or otherwise avoid responing to the communicaiton or metacommuniction.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A paradoxical injunction occurs when two conditions are met: 1) the participants have a close complementary relationship, and 2) the recipient of the injunction cannot avoid responding to the communication or metacommunication. In other words, for a paradoxical injunction to exist, there must be a close relationship between the participants, and the recipient must be unable to ignore or avoid the communication. This statement is true as it accurately describes the necessary conditions for a paradoxical injunction to occur.
35.
What is the therapeutic assumption of the families problem based on MRI theraputic model?
36.
A family's transactional patterns regulate the behaviour of its members, and are maintainted by two sets of constraints:
Correct Answer
C. Generic and idiosyncratic
Explanation
In the context of the given statement, "generic" refers to patterns of behavior that are common and shared among family members, while "idiosyncratic" refers to patterns that are unique and specific to each individual. These two sets of constraints, generic and idiosyncratic, work together to regulate the behavior of family members. The generic patterns provide a foundation and structure for the family's interactions, while the idiosyncratic patterns allow for individuality and personal expression within the family system.
37.
Waht is the differnce between first order and second order change?
38.
In the therapeutic double bind the client is placed in the ___________ ___________ __________
Correct Answer
no loss situation
Explanation
The therapeutic double bind is a technique used in therapy where the client is presented with two options, both of which are desirable and advantageous for their well-being. In this case, the client is placed in a "no loss situation," meaning that regardless of which option they choose, they will not experience any negative consequences or losses. This creates a safe and empowering environment for the client to make choices without fear of making the wrong decision.
39.
Structuralists contend that all well-functioning families should be...
Correct Answer(s)
A. Hierarchically organised
B. Complimentarity of functions
Explanation
The correct answer is hierarchically organized and complimentarity of functions. Structuralists believe that in a well-functioning family, there should be a clear hierarchical structure where each member has a specific role and position. This hierarchy ensures order, stability, and effective decision-making within the family. Additionally, complimentarity of functions refers to the idea that each family member should have different roles and responsibilities that complement and support each other. This ensures that all necessary tasks and functions are fulfilled within the family unit.
40.
How many sessions were used for MRI Brief Family Therapy
Correct Answer
B. 10
Explanation
The correct answer is 10. This suggests that 10 sessions were used for MRI Brief Family Therapy.
41.
The Milan group were responsible for extending what theory and practice into a postmodern example?
Correct Answer
Strategic theory and practice.
Explanation
The Milan group extended the theory and practice of strategic thinking into a postmodern example. This suggests that they applied strategic concepts and techniques in a way that was influenced by postmodern ideas and principles. By doing so, they likely incorporated elements such as deconstruction, multiple perspectives, and a focus on context and complexity into their strategic approach. This extension of strategic theory and practice into a postmodern framework would have allowed the Milan group to adapt and innovate in a rapidly changing and uncertain environment.
42.
In Strutegic therapy the interentions are directed at eh
Correct Answer
A. Rules that sustain the problem
Explanation
In Strategic therapy, the interventions are focused on the rules that sustain the problem. This means that the therapist identifies and targets the specific patterns of behavior or communication within the family system that contribute to the issue. By addressing and modifying these rules, the therapist aims to bring about positive change and resolution to the problem at hand. This approach recognizes that problems are often maintained by certain rules or dynamics within the family, and by altering these rules, the therapist can help the family create new, healthier patterns of interaction.
43.
The focus was now on?
Correct Answer
questioning family belief systems.
Explanation
The passage suggests that the focus has shifted to questioning family belief systems. This implies that there was a previous focus on something else, which is not mentioned in the given information. The answer is derived from the context provided and the mention of the new focus on questioning family belief systems.
44.
The major focus of the BFT center is on solving a problem and or reducing presenting syptoms, rather than seekign changes in teh overal family system
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement suggests that the main emphasis of the BFT center is on addressing and resolving specific issues or symptoms, rather than attempting to bring about changes in the overall family system. This implies that the center's primary goal is to provide problem-solving and symptom reduction interventions, rather than focusing on broader systemic changes within the family.
45.
This helped families become aware of repetitive beliefs and behaviour patterns and to see themselves within a relational context?
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement is true because when families become aware of their repetitive beliefs and behavior patterns, they can start to understand how these patterns impact their relationships. By recognizing these patterns and seeing themselves within a relational context, families can begin to make changes and improve their dynamics. This awareness allows them to break free from negative cycles and develop healthier ways of relating to one another.
46.
Structural Family Therapy run the risk of reinforcing Talcott Parson's view of the normal family: husbands perform an "instrumental" role (e.g., making managerial decisions) in the family, and the wives perform "expressive" roles (e.g., caring for the family's emotional needs).
The above statment is _________ critique of Structural Family Therapy. One of the leading critics of Structural Family Therapy is Rachel ___________.
Correct Answer
C. Feminist; Hare-Mustin
Explanation
The given statement is a feminist critique of Structural Family Therapy. It suggests that this therapy approach may reinforce traditional gender roles within the family, with husbands taking on instrumental roles and wives taking on expressive roles. One of the leading critics of Structural Family Therapy from a feminist perspective is Rachel Hare-Mustin.
47.
Clients symptom of an underlying disorder is the problem in strutegic therapy
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
the clients complaint is the problem, not a symptom of an underlying disorder, as more pychodynamic approaches might theorize
48.
Hare-Mustin believes Minuchin himself models the male executive functions while working with families, in effect demanding that the father resume control of the family and exert leadership much as Minuchin leads and directs the therapeutic session.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that Hare-Mustin believes that Minuchin, while working with families, models the male executive functions. This means that Minuchin expects the father to take control of the family and exert leadership, similar to how Minuchin leads and directs the therapeutic session. Therefore, it is true that Hare-Mustin believes Minuchin demands the father to resume control of the family.
49.
The Milan group's model was aligned withwhose ideas about circular epistemology?
Correct Answer
C. Gregory Bateson
Explanation
The Milan group's model was aligned with Gregory Bateson's ideas about circular epistemology.
50.
Waht are the three types of misgudied solutions