1.
Who coined the term cybernetics?
Correct Answer
B. Norbert Wiener
Explanation
Norbert Wiener is credited with coining the term cybernetics. Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in machines and living beings, and Wiener introduced this interdisciplinary field in his book "Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" published in 1948. He used the term to describe the similarities between systems in engineering, biology, and social organizations, emphasizing the importance of feedback and self-regulation in these systems. Wiener's work laid the foundation for the development of fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and systems theory.
2.
Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control within a system, especially the flow of information through
Correct Answer
B. Feedback loops
Explanation
Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control within a system. Feedback loops are an essential component of cybernetics as they involve the flow of information within a system, allowing for adjustments and control. While computers, machines, and complex systems are all relevant in the field of cybernetics, feedback loops specifically capture the essence of how information is processed and utilized for control purposes.
3.
The origin of the term cybernetics means?
Correct Answer
B. Steersman
Explanation
The term "cybernetics" originated from the Greek word "kybernetes," which means "steersman" or "helmsman." This term was chosen to describe the field of cybernetics because it emphasizes the idea of control and regulation, similar to how a steersman guides and directs a ship. Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in both machines and living organisms, making the term "steersman" an appropriate and fitting choice.
4.
The Macy Conferences made an important breakthrough by providing a new and exciting epistemology for conceptualising how systems retain their stabiity through?
Correct Answer
A. Self regulation
Explanation
The Macy Conferences introduced a new way of thinking about how systems maintain stability by emphasizing the concept of self-regulation. This means that systems have the ability to monitor and adjust their own behavior in order to maintain a desired state or goal. This breakthrough challenged traditional views that relied on past or future performance or preprogrammed goals to explain system stability. Instead, the Macy Conferences highlighted the importance of self-regulation as a key factor in understanding how systems maintain stability.
5.
First order cybernetics came from?
Correct Answer
C. Communication engineering and computer science
Explanation
First-order cybernetics originated from the fields of communication engineering and computer science. This interdisciplinary approach focused on understanding and controlling systems through feedback mechanisms. By incorporating principles from these fields, researchers sought to develop models and techniques for analyzing and managing complex systems. This approach emphasized the importance of communication and information processing in cybernetic systems, laying the foundation for further advancements in the field.
6.
First order cybernetics grew out of communication engineering and computer science as a means of undertanding the general principles of how systems of all kinds are self regulated and thus maintain their stability. Attention was directed toward structure - patterns of organisation- and control through feedback cycles.
Correct Answer
B. True
Explanation
First order cybernetics did indeed emerge from communication engineering and computer science to study the self-regulation and stability of systems. It focused on understanding the structure and organization of systems and their control through feedback loops. Therefore, the statement "First order cybernetics grew out of communication engineering and computer science as a means of understanding the general principles of how systems of all kinds are self-regulated and thus maintain their stability" is true.
7.
Gregory Bateson was English and qualified in?
Correct Answer
C. Anthropology and ethnology
Explanation
Gregory Bateson was a renowned English scholar who was qualified in anthropology and ethnology. Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development, while ethnology focuses specifically on the comparative study of different cultures and societies. Bateson's expertise in these fields allowed him to make significant contributions to the understanding of human behavior and communication patterns, particularly in relation to social systems and cultural contexts.
8.
Bateson's contribution to family therapy was?
Correct Answer
C. Double bind theory of schizopHrenia
Explanation
Bateson's contribution to family therapy was the development of the double bind theory of schizophrenia. This theory suggests that conflicting messages and expectations within the family can contribute to the development of schizophrenia in individuals. Bateson believed that these contradictory messages create a "no-win" situation for the individual, leading to confusion and emotional distress. This theory has had a significant impact on understanding the role of family dynamics in mental illness and has influenced the development of therapeutic approaches in family therapy.
9.
Reciprocal Determinism shifts attention from?
Correct Answer
C. Content to process
Explanation
Reciprocal determinism is a concept in psychology that suggests that a person's behavior is influenced by both internal factors (such as thoughts and beliefs) and external factors (such as the environment and social interactions). The answer "content to process" implies that reciprocal determinism shifts attention from focusing solely on the content of a person's behavior to considering the underlying processes that contribute to that behavior. In other words, it suggests that reciprocal determinism emphasizes understanding the thoughts, beliefs, and environmental influences that shape behavior, rather than just focusing on the observable actions themselves.
10.
Content is the language of Linear causality - the view that one event causes the next in unidirectional....?
Correct Answer
A. Stimulus response fashion
Explanation
The correct answer is "stimulus response fashion". This explanation suggests that content is the language of linear causality, meaning that one event leads to the next in a unidirectional manner. This implies that there is a stimulus that triggers a response, creating a cause-and-effect relationship.
11.
If content is the language of linear causality, process is the language of ?
Correct Answer
D. Circular causality
Explanation
Circular causality refers to a concept in which events or actions are seen as interconnected and mutually influencing each other in a continuous loop. Unlike linear causality, which suggests a one-way cause and effect relationship, circular causality recognizes the complex and dynamic nature of interactions. In this context, if content represents the language of linear causality, then process can be seen as the language of circular causality, as it refers to the ongoing and interconnected sequence of events and actions.
12.
Circular causality is defined as; forces moving in many directions simultaneously, not simply a single event caused by a previous one. Example, within a family, any action by one member affects all other members and the family as a whole; each members response in turn prompts other responses that affect all other members, whose further reactions provoke still other responses, and so forth. such a reverberating efect in turn affects the first person in a continuous series of circular loops or recurring chains of influence.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Circular causality is defined as the concept that actions and events within a system, such as a family, are interconnected and influence each other in a continuous loop. This means that any action by one family member affects all other members and the family as a whole. Each member's response then prompts further responses from others, creating a chain of influence that reverberates throughout the system. Therefore, the statement "Circular causality is defined as forces moving in many directions simultaneously, not simply a single event caused by a previous one" is true.
13.
Family processes affect individual behaviour, and individuals within the family system affect family processes, in a recursive manner. Within the family context, every action provokes a circular sequence that in turn helps change the
Correct Answer
C. Original action
Explanation
Within the family context, every action provokes a circular sequence that in turn helps change the original action. This means that when an action is taken within a family, it sets off a chain reaction of responses and behaviors from other family members. These responses then influence the original action, causing it to change or evolve. This dynamic process of interaction and influence between family members is what shapes family functioning and individual behavior.
14.
Change requires altering the process NOT?
Correct Answer
A. Discovering the culprit.
Explanation
The correct answer is "discovering the culprit" because the statement is discussing the requirement for change, which implies that something needs to be identified or found in order to bring about the desired change. In this case, the change is being referred to as "altering the process," suggesting that in order to make a change, it is necessary to discover who or what is responsible for the current situation or problem. This aligns with the idea that change often requires understanding the root cause or identifying the culprit before taking appropriate action.
15.
Who is the main figure associated with Structural Family Therapy?
Correct Answer
D. Salvador Minuchin
Explanation
Salvador Minuchin is the main figure associated with Structural Family Therapy. He developed this therapeutic approach which focuses on the structure of the family and how it influences individual behavior and relationships. Minuchin believed that by understanding and restructuring the family dynamics, issues within the family can be resolved. He emphasized the importance of boundaries, hierarchies, and subsystems within the family system. Through his work, Minuchin made significant contributions to the field of family therapy and his approach continues to be widely used today.
16.
In the 1960s, what publication helped popularise the family approach?
Correct Answer
A. Virginia's Satir's publication The Conjoint Family Therapy
Explanation
Virginia's Satir's publication "The Conjoint Family Therapy" helped popularize the family approach in the 1960s.
17.
As the major determinants of the well-being of a family's individual members, structural theorists emphasise
a) The wholeness of the family system
b) The influence of the family's hierarchical organisation
c) The verbal and nonverbal messages exchanged within the family system
d) The interdependent functioning of its subsystems
Correct Answer
E. A, b, and d
Explanation
Structural theorists emphasize the wholeness of the family system, the influence of the family's hierarchical organization, and the interdependent functioning of its subsystems as major determinants of the well-being of a family's individual members. These theorists believe that the overall structure and organization of the family impact the individual well-being of its members. They consider the family as a whole, the hierarchical power dynamics within the family, and the interdependence and functioning of different subsystems within the family as crucial factors in understanding and promoting the well-being of family members.
18.
What helps govern the appearance of functional or dysfunctional patterns in a family system?
Correct Answer
G. Both A and B
Explanation
Both A and B help govern the appearance of functional or dysfunctional patterns in a family system. The underlying organizational structure of a family system sets the foundation for how the family operates and interacts with each other. This structure includes roles, rules, and power dynamics within the family. Flexibility in responding to changing conditions throughout the life cycle is also important as it allows the family to adapt and adjust to new challenges and circumstances. This ability to be flexible helps determine whether the family system is able to function effectively or if it becomes dysfunctional. Communication occurring simultaneously at many levels is not mentioned as a factor that governs the appearance of functional or dysfunctional patterns in a family system.
19.
Prior to becoming a psychiatrist, what was Salvador Minuchin's profession?
Correct Answer
E. Pediatrics
Explanation
Salvador Minuchin's prior profession was pediatrics. This means that before becoming a psychiatrist, he worked as a doctor specializing in the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.
20.
Which of Minuchin's projects laid the cornerstone to Structural Family Therapy?
Correct Answer
C. The Wiltwyck experiment project
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiment project is the correct answer because it was one of Minuchin's projects that laid the cornerstone to Structural Family Therapy. This project involved working with troubled boys and their families at the Wiltwyck School for Boys, where Minuchin developed his approach to understanding and treating family systems.
21.
The Wiltwyck experiments revealed the need for family reorganisation and for some effective form of hierarchy among family members for a family system to move from being dysfunctional to functional.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of dysfunctional families and find ways to make them functional. The experiments revealed that family reorganization and the establishment of an effective hierarchy among family members were necessary for this transformation. This implies that the statement is true, as it accurately reflects the findings of the Wiltwyck experiments.
22.
The Wiltwyck experiments were conducted on ___________ (participants). The participants mainly consisted of low-income African American and Peurto Rican youth from New York's inner city.
Correct Answer
delinquent youth and their families
Explanation
The Wiltwyck experiments were conducted on delinquent youth and their families. The experiments focused on studying the behavior and development of low-income African American and Puerto Rican youth from New York's inner city who were involved in delinquent activities. The aim of the experiments was likely to understand the factors contributing to delinquency and find effective interventions to prevent or reduce delinquent behavior among this specific population.
23.
Cybernetics is the study of ________ __________.
Correct Answer
purposeful systems
Explanation
Cybernetics is the study of purposeful systems. This field focuses on understanding how systems, whether biological, mechanical, or social, are organized and controlled to achieve specific goals or purposes. It explores the principles behind self-regulating systems, feedback mechanisms, and information processing, aiming to improve the understanding and design of complex systems. By studying purposeful systems, cybernetics helps to uncover the underlying mechanisms and patterns that govern their behavior, leading to advancements in fields such as engineering, biology, psychology, and management.
24.
After taking on the directorship of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Centre, which major figure of the MRI did Minuchin recruite?
Correct Answer
C. Jay Hayley
Explanation
After taking on the directorship of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Centre, Minuchin recruited Jay Hayley.
25.
According to Structural Family Therapy, what needs to happen before an individual's symptoms can be reduced or extinguished?
Correct Answer
B. Structural changes must occur
Explanation
In Structural Family Therapy, it is believed that before an individual's symptoms can be reduced or extinguished, structural changes must occur. This means that the family system and its interactions need to be restructured in order to address the underlying issues that contribute to the individual's symptoms. By making changes to the family's dynamics and relationships, it is believed that the individual's symptoms can be alleviated. This approach focuses on the interconnectedness of family members and the impact that the family system has on individual functioning.
26.
According to Structural Family Therapy, familes need some form of internal organisation that dictates how, when, and to whom to relate.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Structural Family Therapy emphasizes the importance of having clear and defined roles, boundaries, and hierarchies within a family. This internal organization helps family members understand their responsibilities, establish effective communication patterns, and maintain healthy relationships. By having a structure in place, families can navigate through conflicts and challenges more effectively, leading to overall well-being and harmony within the family unit.
27.
The structure of the family represents the sum of the operational rules the family has evolved for carrying out its important functions.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The given statement is true because the structure of a family refers to the way in which the family members interact and the roles they play in carrying out important functions. These functions can include providing emotional support, financial stability, and socialization. Over time, families develop their own set of operational rules that govern how these functions are carried out. These rules can vary greatly between families and are influenced by factors such as culture, values, and individual personalities. Therefore, the structure of a family is indeed the sum of these operational rules that have evolved over time.
28.
The aim of strategic therapy was to understand the historical root of commmuiction paterns.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Strategic therapy does not aim to understand the historical root of communication patterns. Instead, it focuses on finding practical solutions to present issues by changing the communication patterns and behaviors in the present moment.
29.
Once established, the transactional patterns of the family are self-perpetuating and ...
Correct Answer(s)
A. Resistant to change
B. Unlikely to change until a family's changing circumstances cause tensions and imbalances within the system
Explanation
The correct answer is "resistant to change, unlikely to change until a family's changing circumstances cause tensions and imbalances within the system." This suggests that once the transactional patterns of a family are established, they tend to remain the same and are resistant to change. However, if the family's circumstances change, such as through tensions and imbalances, it may create a need for change in the transactional patterns. Effective communication is important for facilitating this change, but it is not the sole factor in bringing about change in the family's transactional patterns.
30.
The ideas of MRI comes largely from systems theory, cybernetic and information theory.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a medical imaging technique that relies on systems theory, cybernetic, and information theory. These theories provide the foundation for understanding how MRI works and how it is able to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures using magnetic fields and radio waves. By applying principles from these theories, MRI technology has been developed and improved over time, making it an essential tool in modern medicine.
31.
The book Pragmatic of human communiction ws awritten by Walzlawick, Beavin and Jackson in 1967.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The book "Pragmatics of Human Communication" was indeed written by Walzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson in 1967. This book is a significant contribution to the field of communication studies, as it explores the pragmatic aspects of human communication and offers valuable insights into how individuals interact and convey meaning.
32.
If it is a relationship based on equality the interactive patterns is symmetrical.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
If a relationship is based on equality, it means that both parties have equal power, influence, and decision-making authority. In such a relationship, the interactive patterns are symmetrical, meaning that both individuals have equal opportunities to express their opinions, make decisions, and contribute to the relationship. Therefore, the statement "If it is a relationship based on equality, the interactive patterns are symmetrical" is true.
33.
If a relationship is based on oppositional exchange the pattern is complementarty.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
If a relationship is based on oppositional exchange, it means that the individuals involved in the relationship have opposing views or behaviors. In such a scenario, the pattern of interaction between them is complementary, meaning that they complement each other's differences. This implies that their contrasting characteristics or actions fit together and create a balanced dynamic in the relationship. Therefore, the statement "if a relationship is based on oppositional exchange the pattern is complementary" is true.
34.
Two conditions must be present for a paradoxical injunction exist: 1 the participants must have a close complementary relationship and 2) the recipient of the injunction cannot sidesteop or otherwise avoid responing to the communicaiton or metacommuniction.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A paradoxical injunction exists when two conditions are met: first, the participants must have a close complementary relationship, meaning they are interdependent or rely on each other in some way. Second, the recipient of the injunction cannot sidestep or avoid responding to the communication or metacommunication. In other words, they cannot ignore or evade the message. The statement is true because both conditions must be present for a paradoxical injunction to exist.
35.
What is the therapeutic assumption of the families problem based on MRI theraputic model?
36.
A family's transactional patterns regulate the behaviour of its members, and are maintainted by two sets of constraints:
Correct Answer
C. Generic and idiosyncratic
Explanation
The correct answer is "generic and idiosyncratic." In the context of family transactional patterns, "generic" refers to patterns that are common and shared among families, while "idiosyncratic" refers to patterns that are unique and specific to a particular family. This means that some aspects of a family's behavior may be influenced by societal norms and expectations (generic), while other aspects may be shaped by the family's own unique dynamics and experiences (idiosyncratic). These two sets of constraints work together to regulate the behavior of family members.
37.
Waht is the differnce between first order and second order change?
38.
In the therapeutic double bind the client is placed in the ___________ ___________ __________
Correct Answer
no loss situation
Explanation
In the therapeutic double bind, the client is placed in a situation where they cannot lose. This means that whatever choice or decision they make, they will not face any negative consequences or loss. This is important in therapy as it allows the client to feel safe and supported, encouraging them to explore their thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment or negative outcomes. It creates a trusting and non-threatening environment for the client to open up and work towards their personal growth and healing.
39.
Structuralists contend that all well-functioning families should be...
Correct Answer(s)
A. Hierarchically organised
B. Complimentarity of functions
Explanation
Structuralists argue that in order for a family to function effectively, it should have a hierarchical structure where each member has a specific role and position within the family. This hierarchy ensures that there is a clear distribution of power and responsibilities, allowing the family to maintain order and stability. Additionally, structuralists believe that there should be a complementarity of functions within the family, meaning that each member has a unique role that contributes to the overall functioning of the family unit. This ensures that all necessary tasks and responsibilities are fulfilled.
40.
How many sessions were used for MRI Brief Family Therapy
Correct Answer
B. 10
Explanation
The correct answer is 10. This implies that 10 sessions were used for MRI Brief Family Therapy.
41.
The Milan group were responsible for extending what theory and practice into a postmodern example?
Correct Answer
Strategic theory and practice.
Explanation
The Milan group extended the theory and practice of strategic thinking into a postmodern example. This suggests that they applied strategic principles and concepts in a way that is influenced by postmodernism, which emphasizes the deconstruction of traditional ideas and the exploration of multiple perspectives. By doing so, they likely brought a fresh and innovative approach to strategic decision-making and problem-solving, incorporating the complexities and uncertainties of the postmodern world.
42.
In Strutegic therapy the interentions are directed at eh
Correct Answer
A. Rules that sustain the problem
Explanation
In Strategic therapy, interventions are directed at the rules that sustain the problem. This means that the therapist focuses on identifying and modifying the patterns of behavior and communication within the family system that contribute to the problem. By targeting these rules, the therapist aims to disrupt the dysfunctional dynamics and create new, healthier patterns of interaction. This approach recognizes that the problem is not solely caused by an individual family member or the overall dysfunctional system, but rather by the specific rules that are in place and perpetuate the problem.
43.
The focus was now on?
Correct Answer
questioning family belief systems.
Explanation
The focus of the question is on what the current emphasis or attention is. The correct answer, "questioning family belief systems," suggests that the current focus is on examining and challenging the beliefs and values that are held within families. This implies that there is a shift or change in perspective, with individuals and society becoming more critical and curious about the belief systems that are passed down through generations.
44.
The major focus of the BFT center is on solving a problem and or reducing presenting syptoms, rather than seekign changes in teh overal family system
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement suggests that the main emphasis of the BFT center is on addressing and resolving specific problems and symptoms, rather than aiming for broader changes in the overall family system. This implies that the center's approach is more focused on immediate solutions and symptom reduction rather than long-term systemic change.
45.
This helped families become aware of repetitive beliefs and behaviour patterns and to see themselves within a relational context?
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement suggests that the mentioned concept or action has helped families to become aware of their repetitive beliefs and behavior patterns, and also to understand themselves in relation to others.
46.
Structural Family Therapy run the risk of reinforcing Talcott Parson's view of the normal family: husbands perform an "instrumental" role (e.g., making managerial decisions) in the family, and the wives perform "expressive" roles (e.g., caring for the family's emotional needs).
The above statment is _________ critique of Structural Family Therapy. One of the leading critics of Structural Family Therapy is Rachel ___________.
Correct Answer
C. Feminist; Hare-Mustin
Explanation
The statement is a feminist critique of Structural Family Therapy because it points out that it reinforces traditional gender roles within the family, with husbands being seen as instrumental and wives as expressive. Rachel Hare-Mustin is one of the leading critics of Structural Family Therapy from a feminist perspective.
47.
Clients symptom of an underlying disorder is the problem in strutegic therapy
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
the clients complaint is the problem, not a symptom of an underlying disorder, as more pychodynamic approaches might theorize
48.
Hare-Mustin believes Minuchin himself models the male executive functions while working with families, in effect demanding that the father resume control of the family and exert leadership much as Minuchin leads and directs the therapeutic session.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Hare-Mustin believes that Minuchin, while working with families, models the male executive functions. This means that Minuchin expects the father to take control of the family and exert leadership, similar to how Minuchin leads and directs the therapeutic session. Therefore, the statement "Hare-Mustin believes Minuchin himself models the male executive functions while working with families, in effect demanding that the father resume control of the family and exert leadership much as Minuchin leads and directs the therapeutic session" is true.
49.
The Milan group's model was aligned withwhose ideas about circular epistemology?
Correct Answer
C. Gregory Bateson
Explanation
The Milan group's model was aligned with Gregory Bateson's ideas about circular epistemology.
50.
Waht are the three types of misgudied solutions