Fluoride Fill In The Blank

Explanation
Dr. McKay first described fluorosis as Colorado brown stain. This suggests that Dr. McKay observed and documented cases of fluorosis in Colorado where individuals had brown stains on their teeth. This description highlights the visual manifestation of fluorosis, indicating that it is characterized by the presence of brown stains on the teeth.

Explanation
Fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development. This condition occurs when the enamel of the teeth is exposed to too much fluoride, resulting in white or brown stains on the teeth. The excessive fluoride disrupts the normal mineralization process of the enamel, leading to its discoloration and weakening. Fluorosis can occur due to various factors, such as drinking water with high fluoride content or using excessive fluoride toothpaste during childhood.

Explanation
The EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, is the agency responsible for the safety and quality of drinking water in the USA. They regulate fluoride levels to ensure that the water is safe for consumption.

Explanation
Defluoridation is needed in areas where there is a high concentration of naturally occurring fluoride in the water. This process helps to reduce the fluoride levels to prevent fluorosis, a condition caused by excessive fluoride intake. Fluorosis can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis, which can cause tooth decay, brittle bones, and joint pain. Therefore, implementing defluoridation methods is necessary to ensure the safety and well-being of the population in these areas.

Explanation
Before the Jan. 7, 2011 revision, the optimum level of fluoridation in the water supply in a temperate climate was 1 ppm.

Explanation
Fluoride is primarily absorbed in the stomach and then filtered out by the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and filtering waste products from the blood, including fluoride. They help regulate the levels of various substances in the body, ensuring that necessary nutrients are retained while excess or harmful substances, like fluoride, are eliminated through urine. Therefore, the kidneys are responsible for removing most of the absorbed fluoride from the body.

Explanation
Fluorapatite is the form of hydroxyapatite in which fluoride ions have replaced some of the hydroxyl ions. This substitution results in a more stable and resistant mineral structure. Fluorapatite is commonly found in teeth and bones, where it helps to strengthen and protect them against decay and erosion. It is also used in dental products, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, to enhance the remineralization of tooth enamel and prevent tooth decay.

Explanation
Fluoride aids in desensitization by blocking the dentinal tubules. Dentinal tubules are tiny channels that connect the outer surface of the tooth to the nerve endings inside. When these tubules are exposed, it can cause tooth sensitivity. By blocking these tubules, fluoride helps to reduce the transmission of pain signals from the tooth's surface to the nerves, thus reducing sensitivity.

Explanation
Fluoride helps remineralization by helping precipitation of calcium and phosphate. Phosphate is an essential component of hydroxyapatite, which is the main mineral in tooth enamel. When fluoride is present, it attracts calcium and phosphate ions, facilitating their deposition onto the tooth surface. This process helps strengthen and rebuild the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks and tooth decay.

Explanation
Fluoride inhibits bacterial activity by inhibiting the enzyme enolase. Enolase is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which is essential for the metabolism of glucose in bacteria. By inhibiting enolase, fluoride disrupts the bacteria's ability to generate energy, leading to a decrease in bacterial activity. This inhibition of enolase by fluoride has been shown to be an effective mechanism for preventing dental caries and controlling bacterial growth in the oral cavity.

Explanation
The US agency, CDC, recognized fluoridation of water as one of the 10 most important public health measures of the 20th century.

Explanation
The fluoride concentration in enamel is highest at the outer surface because fluoride ions from sources like toothpaste or water are able to penetrate the enamel and accumulate on the outer layer. This outer layer of enamel is constantly exposed to saliva and oral fluids, which helps to maintain and increase the fluoride concentration. As a result, the outer surface of enamel has the highest concentration of fluoride compared to the inner layers.

Explanation
Within the 2 years before eruption, developing teeth acquire the greatest amount of fluoride.

Explanation
Trendley Dean is the correct answer because he conducted a study on the relationship between water fluoride levels and dental health, known as the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. This study found that communities with water fluoride levels greater than 1 ppm had lower rates of dental caries and better oral health. Therefore, it can be inferred that Trendley Dean found healthy people with long lifespans in communities with water fluoride levels greater than 1 ppm.

Explanation
The new optimal level of fluoride in drinking water for ALL communities is 0.7 ppm. This means that for all communities, it is recommended to have a fluoride concentration of 0.7 parts per million in their drinking water. This level has been determined as the ideal amount to promote dental health without causing any adverse effects.