Food And Nutrition 3rd Edition - Chapter 30 Testbank

Visceral fat is considered to be more of a health risk than subcutaneous fat. This is because visceral fat is located deep within the abdominal cavity, surrounding vital organs such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines. It has been linked to various health problems, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. In contrast, subcutaneous fat is located just beneath the skin and is generally considered to be less harmful. While both types of fat play a role in energy storage, visceral fat is associated with a higher risk of metabolic complications and overall poor health.

Artificially sweetened foods may have a negative effect on weight loss because they often contain artificial sweeteners, which can increase cravings for sugary foods and lead to overeating. Additionally, some studies have suggested that artificial sweeteners may disrupt the body's natural ability to regulate calorie intake, potentially leading to weight gain. Therefore, consuming artificially sweetened foods may hinder weight loss efforts.

For an 80-year-old individual like Frank, a BMI of 26kg/m2 would be considered healthy. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight, and it is used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is generally considered healthy for adults, but as people age, a slightly higher BMI may be more appropriate to account for factors such as muscle loss and decreased bone density. Therefore, a BMI of 26kg/m2 falls within the healthy range for Frank's age.

When advising individuals on weight control, it is important to remember that advice should address all aspects of diet, exercise, and health. This means that weight control is not just about focusing on weight loss alone, but also considering overall well-being and adopting a balanced approach that includes a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining good health. It is also important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and individual needs may vary. Therefore, addressing all aspects of diet, exercise, and health is essential for effective weight control.

The correct answer is BMI 23, waist measurement of 105cm. This combination indicates a higher health risk for a Caucasian male because a waist measurement above 102cm is considered high risk for cardiovascular diseases and other health issues. Even though the BMI is lower compared to other options, the high waist measurement suggests a higher accumulation of abdominal fat, which is associated with increased health risks.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because genetic and hormonal factors play a significant role in the development of obesity. Leptin resistance refers to the body's inability to respond to the hormone leptin, which regulates appetite and metabolism. The thrifty genotype hypothesis suggests that certain genetic traits related to energy storage and metabolism contribute to obesity. Elevated adipokines, which are hormones secreted by fat cells, can also contribute to obesity by affecting appetite and metabolism. Finally, spontaneous activity, or the lack thereof, can be influenced by genetic and hormonal factors and contribute to weight gain.

The normal body fat for a young adult male is usually around 10-18% of their body weight. This range is considered healthy and is necessary for various bodily functions. Having too little body fat can lead to health issues, while having too much can increase the risk of obesity-related diseases. Therefore, maintaining a body fat percentage within the 10-18% range is ideal for a young adult male.

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and body impedance analysis (BIA) are both indirect laboratory methods used for estimating body composition. These methods have a greater degree of uncertainty compared to other methods mentioned in the options. DEXA measures bone mineral density and can also estimate fat and lean mass, while BIA measures the resistance of electrical current through the body to estimate body fat percentage. Both methods have limitations and can provide varying results depending on factors such as hydration levels and body positioning. Therefore, they are considered to have a greater degree of uncertainty in estimating body composition.

This statement suggests that when someone restricts their energy intake without engaging in exercise, they will experience a loss of both fat and lean mass. This means that their body will not only lose stored fat but also muscle mass. This is important to consider because losing muscle mass can have negative effects on overall health and metabolism. Therefore, it is recommended to combine energy restriction with exercise to promote fat loss while preserving lean muscle mass.

High protein foods have the lowest satiety value because they are quickly digested and absorbed by the body, leading to a rapid decrease in hunger and a shorter feeling of fullness. This is because protein stimulates the release of satiety hormones, such as peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1, which help to regulate appetite and reduce food intake. In contrast, high fat foods, carbohydrate foods with a low glycaemic index, high fibre foods, and carbohydrate foods with a high glycaemic index tend to have a higher satiety value as they take longer to digest and provide a longer-lasting feeling of fullness.

Skinfold measurements are used to measure body fat by measuring the thickness of skinfolds at different areas of the body. This method is more accurate than BMI for individuals who are body building because BMI does not take into account muscle mass. Body builders often have high muscle mass and low body fat, so using skinfold measurements provides a more accurate assessment of their body composition.