Functional Anatomy Articular System

A triaxial joint is a type of joint that allows movement on three different axes. This means that it enables movement in three different directions, providing a greater range of motion compared to other types of joints. The term "triaxial" refers to the three axes of movement that this joint allows.

A biaxial joint is capable of movement in two different directions. This means that it allows for movement along two axes, such as flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. Unlike a nonaxial joint, which allows for gliding movement in any direction, a biaxial joint has a more specific range of motion. A triaxial joint, on the other hand, allows movement along three axes, while a uniaxial joint only allows movement along one axis. Therefore, a biaxial joint is the correct answer as it specifically describes a joint that moves in two different directions.

An uniaxial joint refers to a joint that allows angular motion to occur in one plane around one axis. This means that the joint can move in only one direction, providing rotation along a single axis. This type of joint is commonly found in hinge joints, such as the elbow or knee, where movement is restricted to flexion and extension.

The types of cartilage in the body are hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, and ends of long bones. Fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis, providing support and shock absorption. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis, allowing for flexibility and shape maintenance. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

A break in the continuity of the bony cortex is called a fracture. This occurs when a bone is broken or cracked due to excessive force or trauma. Fractures can range from minor hairline cracks to complete breaks where the bone is separated into two or more pieces. Treatment for fractures may involve immobilization, casting, or surgery depending on the severity of the break.

A complete separation of two articular surfaces of a joint is referred to as a dislocation. This occurs when the bones that form a joint are forced out of their normal position. Dislocations can result from trauma or injury and can cause severe pain, swelling, and immobility of the affected joint. Prompt medical attention is required to properly realign the joint and prevent further damage.

Gomphosis is the correct answer because it is a type of joint that occurs in the dental sockets. The term "gomphosis" comes from the Greek word meaning "bolting together," which accurately describes the way teeth are anchored in their sockets. Synarthrosis and syndesmosis are also types of joints, but they do not specifically occur in dental sockets. Therefore, the correct answer is gomphosis.

The inner layer of the joint capsule is called the synovial membrane. This membrane lines the inside of the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the joint and reduce friction between the bones. It also provides nutrients to the cartilage and other structures within the joint. Ligaments are fibrous bands that connect bones to other bones, while cartilage is a smooth, flexible connective tissue that covers the ends of bones. The labrum is a ring of cartilage that helps deepen the socket of certain joints, such as the shoulder and hip.

The correct answer is "All of these." This is because all three options listed (synarthrosis, syndesmosis, and gomphosis) are types of fibrous joints. A synarthrosis joint is immovable, a syndesmosis joint allows for limited movement, and a gomphosis joint is a specialized type of joint found only in teeth. Therefore, all of these options are correct when discussing the different types of fibrous joints.

Tendons attach muscle to bone. Unlike ligaments, which connect bone to bone, tendons specifically connect muscles to bones. They play a crucial role in movement and provide stability to the skeletal system.

Overstretching of muscle fibers is referred to as a strain. This occurs when the muscle fibers are stretched beyond their normal capacity, leading to injury and pain. Strains can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the stretching and damage to the muscle fibers. Common causes of strains include overexertion, improper lifting techniques, and sudden movements. Symptoms of a strain may include muscle pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), along with pain medication and physical therapy if necessary.

A synovial joint is the correct answer because it is a type of joint where the bones do not have direct contact with each other. Instead, they are separated by a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, which reduces friction and allows for smooth movement between the bones. Examples of synovial joints include the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and allow for very little or no movement, while cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement.

Cartilaginous joints occur between the vertebras. These joints are connected by cartilage, which allows for slight movement and flexibility. The cartilage acts as a cushion and helps absorb shock between the bones. This type of joint provides stability and support to the spine while allowing for limited movement.

Elastic cartilage is designed to maintain the shape of a structure such as the ear or the epiglottis. This type of cartilage contains a high concentration of elastic fibers, which allows it to be flexible and easily return to its original shape after being bent or stretched. Elastic cartilage is found in areas of the body that require both support and flexibility, such as the outer ear and the larynx. Hyaline cartilage, on the other hand, is the most common type of cartilage and is found in areas such as the joints and the nose. Fibrocartilage is found in areas that require both support and shock absorption, such as the intervertebral discs in the spine.

A partial dislocation of a joint, also known as subluxation, occurs when the joint surfaces are partially separated but not completely dislocated. This can cause pain, instability, and limited range of motion in the affected joint. It is a less severe injury compared to a full dislocation, where the joint surfaces are completely separated. Subluxation can occur in various joints of the body, such as the shoulder, knee, or finger. Prompt medical attention is usually required to properly diagnose and treat a subluxation to prevent further damage and promote healing.

A fibrous joint is a type of joint that has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones. This type of joint allows for limited movement and is held together by dense fibrous connective tissue.

A sprain is a partial or complete tearing of fibers of a ligament. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability to joints. When a ligament is stretched beyond its normal range of motion, it can tear, resulting in a sprain. This can happen due to sudden twisting or impact on a joint. Symptoms of a sprain include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected joint.

A syndesmosis joint is characterized by a great deal of fibrous tissue that holds the joint together. This fibrous tissue allows for a small amount of twisting or stretching in the joint. Therefore, the correct answer is Syndesmosis.

Ligaments attach to the bones around a joint. They are strong, fibrous bands that connect bones to each other, providing stability and support to the joint. Ligaments help to prevent excessive movement or dislocation of the joint, allowing for proper function and movement.

Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of opposing bones. This type of cartilage is smooth and provides a cushioning effect, reducing friction between the bones and allowing them to move smoothly against each other. It is found in joints such as the knee and shoulder, where it helps to absorb shock and distribute pressure evenly.

Synarthrosis is the correct answer because it refers to a type of joint that is immovable and lacks any motion. This joint is characterized by a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones and the bones are shaped to interlock with each other, further restricting any movement. Syndesmosis and gomphosis are types of joints that allow limited movement, so they are not the correct answer.

A nonaxial joint tends to be linear instead of angular and relatively flat and glides over one another.

Fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber. It is a type of cartilage that contains both collagen fibers and cartilage cells. It is found in areas of the body that experience high amounts of stress and pressure, such as the intervertebral discs in the spine and the menisci in the knees. The collagen fibers provide strength and stability, while the cartilage cells help to absorb and distribute the shock that occurs during movement or impact. Elastic cartilage, on the other hand, is more flexible and is found in areas that require elasticity, such as the outer ear. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage and is found in joints, the nose, and the trachea.

The term "degrees of freedom" is commonly used in mechanics and robotics to describe the number of independent parameters or variables that define the position or configuration of a system. In the context of joints, the number of degrees of freedom refers to the number of independent directions or axes along which the joint can move. Therefore, "degrees of freedom" accurately describes the number of axis a joint can move upon.

A cartilaginous joint connects directly to the bones and allows bending, twisting, and some compression. This type of joint is made up of cartilage, which acts as a cushion between the bones and allows for smooth movement. Unlike synovial joints, which have a fluid-filled cavity, and fibrous joints, which are connected by fibrous tissue, cartilaginous joints do not have a cavity and are connected by cartilage. Therefore, the correct answer is Cartilaginous joint.

Aponeurosis is a sheetlike fibrous membrane that resembles a flattened tendon and serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or connect muscle to bone. It is different from tendons, which connect muscle to bone directly, and bursae, which are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tendons and bones. Tendon sheath is a protective covering around tendons. Therefore, the correct answer is Aponeurosis.