Glomerulonephritis

1.

Glomerulonephritis is a renal disease characterized by:

A.

Inflammation of the glomeruli.
B.

Stricture of the glomeruli.
C.

Destruction of the glomeruli.
D.

Hypertension.

Correct Answer
A. Inflammation of the glomeruli.

Explanation
Glomerulonephritis is a renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli. The glomeruli are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that help filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Inflammation of the glomeruli can impair their function, leading to problems with urine production and filtration. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. Symptoms of glomerulonephritis may include blood in the urine, proteinuria, swelling, and high blood pressure. Treatment aims to manage the underlying cause and reduce inflammation to preserve kidney function.

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2.

In acute Glomerulonephritis the most common cause of infection is:

A.

Syphilis
B.

Measles
C.

Steptococcus
D.

Toxoplasmosis

Correct Answer
C. Steptococcus

Explanation
In acute Glomerulonephritis, the most common cause of infection is Streptococcus. This bacterium is known to cause various infections, including strep throat and skin infections. In the case of Glomerulonephritis, it can lead to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. This can result in symptoms such as blood in the urine, high blood pressure, and swelling. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is important to prevent further kidney damage and complications.

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3.

Patients with acute glomerulonephritis may have mild hypertension due to:

A.

Increased intravascular pressure.
B.

Retention of sodium and fluid.
C.

Increased heart rate due to fever.
D.

Elevated liver enzymes.

Correct Answer
B. Retention of sodium and fluid.

Explanation
Patients with acute glomerulonephritis may have mild hypertension due to the retention of sodium and fluid. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can lead to impaired filtration and increased reabsorption of sodium and fluid. This retention of sodium and fluid can cause an increase in blood volume and subsequently result in hypertension. The other options, such as increased intravascular pressure, increased heart rate due to fever, and elevated liver enzymes, are not directly related to the development of hypertension in acute glomerulonephritis.

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4.

Common symptoms seen with glomerulonephritis include all of the following:

A.

Hematuria
B.

Decreased GFR.
C.

Fatigue
D.

Elevated LFTs.

Correct Answer(s)
A. Hematuria
B. Decreased GFR.
C. Fatigue

Explanation
Glomerulonephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood. Hematuria, or the presence of blood in the urine, is a common symptom of glomerulonephritis due to damage to the glomeruli. Decreased GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is another common symptom, as it indicates a decrease in the kidney's ability to filter waste products. Fatigue is also seen in glomerulonephritis, likely due to the body's immune response and the buildup of waste products in the blood. Elevated LFTs (liver function tests) are not typically associated with glomerulonephritis and may indicate a different underlying condition.

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5.

In a patient diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis the presence of nausea, vomiting, or anorexia may indicate what complication.

A.

Acute Renal Failure
B.

Uremia
C.

Sepsis
D.

Wenckebach periodicity

Correct Answer
B. Uremia

Explanation
Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are common symptoms of uremia, which is a complication that can occur in a patient diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Uremia is a condition where waste products normally excreted by the kidneys build up in the bloodstream. This can lead to various symptoms, including gastrointestinal disturbances like nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Therefore, the presence of these symptoms in a patient with acute glomerulonephritis may indicate the development of uremia.

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6.

A patient discharged with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis should be instructed to call the doctor if they gain how much weight?

A.

2 pounds in a day.
B.

2 pounds in a week.
C.

10 pounds in a day.
D.

2 kilograms in a day.

Correct Answer
A. 2 pounds in a day.

Explanation
Patients with glomerulonephritis may experience fluid retention and edema, which can lead to rapid weight gain. A weight gain of 2 pounds in a day is significant and may indicate worsening of the condition. It is important for the patient to notify their doctor if they experience this level of weight gain in order to receive appropriate medical attention and management.

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7.

Glomeular damage allows what substance to enter the urine?

A.

Protein
B.

Bile
C.

Neutrophils
D.

Lipids

Correct Answer
A. Protein

Explanation
Glomerular damage refers to damage to the glomeruli, which are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. When the glomeruli are damaged, they may become permeable to substances that are normally not filtered, such as proteins. As a result, proteins can enter the urine, leading to a condition called proteinuria. This can be an indication of kidney dysfunction or disease.

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8.

The diagnostic test that allows for precise diagnosis and planning of treatment for glomerulonephritis is a renal biopsy.

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
A renal biopsy is a diagnostic test that involves taking a small sample of kidney tissue to examine it under a microscope. In the case of glomerulonephritis, which is an inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, a renal biopsy is crucial for precise diagnosis and treatment planning. By analyzing the kidney tissue, doctors can determine the specific type and severity of glomerulonephritis, which helps in developing an appropriate treatment plan tailored to the individual patient's needs. Therefore, the statement that a renal biopsy allows for precise diagnosis and planning of treatment for glomerulonephritis is true.

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9.

Having an incidence of acute glomerulonephritis is less common after having a systemic streptococcal infection.

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
The given statement is false. Acute glomerulonephritis is actually more common after having a systemic streptococcal infection. This is because certain strains of streptococcus bacteria can trigger an immune response that causes inflammation in the glomeruli of the kidneys. This inflammation can lead to symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis, such as blood in the urine, swelling, and high blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

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10.

On discharge a patient diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis should be taught about the following topics:

A.

Fluid and sodium restriction.
B.

Daily weights and blood pressures.
C.

Antibiotic dosage and regimen.
D.

Uremic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or anorexia.

Correct Answer(s)
A. Fluid and sodium restriction.
B. Daily weights and blood pressures.
C. Antibiotic dosage and regimen.
D. Uremic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or anorexia.

Explanation
After being diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis, it is important for the patient to be educated about various topics to manage their condition effectively. Fluid and sodium restriction is crucial to prevent fluid overload and manage blood pressure. Monitoring daily weights and blood pressures helps in assessing fluid status and detecting any changes. Knowledge about antibiotic dosage and regimen is necessary to ensure proper treatment of the underlying infection. Lastly, being aware of uremic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or anorexia helps the patient identify and report any worsening of their condition.

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