1.
Which age group has the greatest potential to demonstrate regression when they are sick?
Correct Answer
C. Infant
Explanation
Infants have the greatest potential to demonstrate regression when they are sick. This is because infants are in the early stages of development and have not yet fully developed their skills and abilities. When they are sick, their bodies and immune systems are still developing, making them more vulnerable to illness and its effects. Additionally, infants rely heavily on their caregivers for support and may regress in their development or behavior when they are unwell.
2.
Which is a major concern when providing drug therapy for older adults?
Correct Answer
B. Hepatic clearance is reduced in older adults
Explanation
As people age, their liver function tends to decline, leading to a reduction in hepatic clearance. This means that drugs are metabolized and eliminated from the body at a slower rate in older adults. This can result in a buildup of drugs in the body, increasing the risk of adverse effects and drug interactions. Therefore, the reduced hepatic clearance is a major concern when providing drug therapy for older adults.
3.
One of the participants attending a parenting class asks the teacher “what is the leading cause of death during the first month of life?
Correct Answer
C. SIDS
Explanation
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is considered the leading cause of death during the first month of life. It is a sudden and unexplained death of an otherwise healthy baby. SIDS typically occurs during sleep, and the exact cause is still unknown. It is important for parents to follow safe sleep practices, such as placing babies on their backs to sleep, to reduce the risk of SIDS.
4.
Which stage of development is most unstable and challenging regarding development of personal identity?
Correct Answer
A. Adolescent
Explanation
During adolescence, individuals go through significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes. This stage is marked by the search for personal identity, which involves exploring different roles, values, and beliefs. Adolescents often experience confusion, conflicts, and a sense of instability as they try to establish their own identity separate from their family and peers. They may experiment with different identities, leading to a challenging and unstable period of development.
5.
Which age group would have a tendency towards eating disorders?
Correct Answer
A. Adolescent
Explanation
Adolescents are more likely to have a tendency towards eating disorders compared to other age groups. During this stage of development, individuals may experience body image dissatisfaction, peer pressure, and societal influences that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. Additionally, adolescents may face stress related to school, relationships, and identity formation, which can further increase the risk of developing unhealthy eating habits. Therefore, the answer is Adolescent.
6.
When assessing an older adult. The nurse may expect an increase in:
Correct Answer
C. Urine residual
Explanation
As individuals age, their bladder muscles may weaken, leading to a decrease in the ability to fully empty the bladder. This can result in urine residual, which is the amount of urine that remains in the bladder after urination. Therefore, when assessing an older adult, the nurse may expect an increase in urine residual.
7.
A maternity nurse is providing instruction to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, the nurse would instruct the mother to
Correct Answer
A. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need
Explanation
A. According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant’s needs at all times but must allow the newborn infant to signal needs. If a newborn is not allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment. Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn’s signal would inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.
8.
A mother of a 3-year-old tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling constantly and having temper tantrums. The nurse most appropriately tells the mother to:
Correct Answer
C. Set limits on the child’s behavior
Explanation
C. According to Erikson, the child focuses on independence between ages 1 and 3 years. Gaining independence often means that the child has to rebel against the parents’ wishes. Saying things like “no” or “mine” and having temper tantrums are common during this period of development. Being consistent and setting limits on the child’s behavior are the necessary elements.
9.
The parents of a 2-year-old arrive at a hospital to visit their child. The child is in the playroom when the parents arrive. When the parents enter the playroom, the child does not readily approach the parents. The nurse interprets this behavior as indicating that:
Correct Answer
D. This is a normal pattern
Explanation
D. The phases through which young children progress when separated from their parents include protest, despair, and denial or detachment. In the stage of protest, when the parents return, the child readily goes to them. In the stage of despair, the child may not approach them readily or may cling to a parent. In denial or detachment, when the parents return, the child becomes cheerful, interested in the environment and new persons (seemingly unaware of the lost parents), friendly with the staff, and interested in developing superficial relationships.
10.
The mother of a 3-year-old is concerned because her child still is insisting on a bottle at nap time and at bedtime. Which of the following is the most appropriate suggestion to the mother?
Correct Answer
D. Allow the bottle if it contains water
Explanation
D. A toddler should never be allowed to fall asleep with a bottle containing milk, juice, soda, or sweetened water because of the risk or nursing caries. If a bottle is allowed at nap time or bedtime, it should contain only water.
11.
A nurse is evaluating the developmental level of a 2-year-old. Which of
the following does the nurse expect to observe in this child?
Correct Answer
B. Uses a cup to drink
Explanation
B. By age 2 years, the child can use a cup and can use a spoon correctly but with some spilling. By ages 3 to 4, the child begins to use a fork. By the end of the preschool period, the child should be able to pour milk into a cup and begin to use a knife for cutting.
12.
The nurse is providing an educational session to new employees, and the topic is abuse to the older client. The nurse tells the employees that which client is most characteristic of a victim of abuse
Correct Answer
A. A 90-year-old woman with advanced Parkinson’s disease
Explanation
A. The typical abuse victim is a woman of advanced age with few social contacts and at least one physical or mental impairment that limits the ability to perform activities of daily living. In addition, the client usually lives alone or with the abuser and depends on the abuser for care.
13.
The home care nurse is visiting an older female client whose husband
died 6 months ago. Which behavior, by the client, indicates ineffective
coping?
Correct Answer
D. Neglecting her personal grooming
Explanation
D. Coping mechanisms are behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety. In response to a death, ineffective coping is manifested by an extreme behavior that in some instances may be harmful to the individual physically or psychologically. Option D is indicative of a behavior that identifies an ineffective coping behavior in the grieving process.
14.
A clinic nurse assesses the communication patterns of a 5-month-old
infant. The nurse determines that the infant is demonstrating the
highest level of developmental achievement expected if the infant:
Correct Answer
B. Uses monosyllabic babbling
Explanation
B. Using monosyllabic babbling occurs between 3 and 6 months of age. Using simple words such as “mama” occurs between 9 and 12 months. Linking syllables together when communicating occurs between 6 and 9 months. Cooing begins at birth and continues until 2 months.
15.
A nurse is preparing to care for a 5-year-old who has been placed in
traction following a fracture of the femur. The nurse plans care,
knowing that which of the following is the most appropriate activity for
this child?
Correct Answer
C. Crayons and coloring book
Explanation
C. In the preschooler, play is simple and imaginative and includes activities such as crayons and coloring books, puppets, felt and magnetic boards, and Play-Doh. Large picture books are most appropriate for the infant. A radio and a sports video are most appropriate for the adolescent.
16.
A 16-year-old is admitted to the hospital for acute appendicitis, and an
appendectomy is performed. Which of the following nursing
interventions is most appropriate to facilitate normal growth and
development?
Correct Answer
D. Allow the child to participate in activities with other individuals in the same age group when the condition permits
Explanation
D. Adolescents often are not sure whether they want their parents with them when they are hospitalized. Because of the importance of the peer group, separation from friends is a source of anxiety. Ideally, the members of the peer group will support their ill friend. Options a, b, and c isolate the child from the peer group.
17.
The mother of a toddler asks a nurse when it is safe to place the car
safety seat in a face-forward position. The best nursing response is
which of the following?
Correct Answer
A. When the toddler weighs 20 lbs
Explanation
A. The transition point for switching to the forward facing position is defined by the manufacturer of the convertible car safety seat but is generally at a body weight of 9 kg or 20 lb and 1 year of age. Convertible car safety seats are used until the child weighs at least 40 lb. Options b, c, and d are incorrect
18.
The nurse is caring for an agitated older client with Alzheimer’s
disease. Which nursing intervention most likely would calm the client?
Correct Answer
C. Putting an arm around the client’s waist
Explanation
C. Nursing interventions for the client with Alzheimer’s disease who is angry, frustrated, or hostile include decreasing environmental stimuli, approaching the client calmy and with assurance, not demanding anything from the client, and distracting the client. For the nurse to reach out, touch, hold a hand, put an arm around the waist, or in some way maintain physical contact is important. Playing a radio may increase stimuli, and turning the lights out may produce more agitation. The client with Alzheimer’s disease would not be a candidate for group work if the client is agitated.
19.
The nurse who volunteers at a senior citizens center is planning
activities for the members who attend the center. Which activity would
best promote health and maintenance for these senior citizens?
Correct Answer
D. Walking 3 to 5 times a week for 30 minutes
Explanation
D. Exercise and activity are essential for health promotion and maintenance in the older adult and to achieve an optimal level of functioning. About half of the physical deterioration of the older client is caused by disuse rather that by the aging process or disease. One of the best exercises for an older adult is walking, progressing to 30 minutes session 3 to 5 times each week. Swimming and dancing are also beneficial.
20.
Children generally double their birth weight by 5 months of age. This is an example of:
Correct Answer
D. pHysical growth
Explanation
Growth encompasses physical changes that occur from the prenatal period through older adulthood. Development refers to the patterns of change that begin at conception and continue through life. Heredity refers to genetic inheritance. State of health is a subjective condition.
21.
Development of the ability of an individual to distinguish right from
wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions
is termed
Correct Answer
A. Moral development
Explanation
Moral development is the process by which the individual learns to distinguish right from wrong and acquires ethical values on which to base his or her actions. Cognitive development concerns knowledge and learning, whereas psychosocial development refers to the role of the individual in society. Psychoanalytic development is not correct.
22.
Which of the developmental stages defined by Freud is a time of
turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed
to an individual outside the family circle?
Correct Answer
B. Genital
Explanation
The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development and is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family. The anal stage is the second stage in which the focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. The phallic or oedipal stage is the third stage in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure. The latency stage is the fourth stage during which sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.
23.
The nurse teaches parents how to help their children learn impulse
control and cooperative behaviors. This would occur during which of the
stages of development defined by Erikson?
Correct Answer
B. Initiative versus guilt
Explanation
The stage of initiative versus guilt occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, during which children develop direction and purpose. Teaching impulse control and cooperative behaviors during this stage help the child to avoid risks of altered growth and development. In the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage, toddlers learn to achieve self-control and willpower. Trust versus mistrust is the first stage, during which children develop faith and optimism. During the industry versus inferiority stage, children develop a sense of competency.
24.
A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult
children are unemployed. Her husband is working and near retirement. She
is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is
experiencing which of Erikson's stages of development?
Correct Answer
D. Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation
Explanation
The stage of generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation occurs in middle age, and represents a time when individuals want to play a role in the development of the next generation. In the stage of integrity versus despair, during older adulthood, the individual either views life with despair and regret or acquires wisdom. Intimacy versus isolation is a stage seen in young adults. Identify versus confusion is the stage seen during puberty.
25.
Which of the following is the developmental theorist who believed his
research describes a sequential process that occurs through interactions
between the internal life (personality) of adults and their outer world
(culture, lifestyle)?
Correct Answer
B. Gould
Explanation
The development themes identified by Gould start when individuals are in their twenties and are seeking to get away from their parents. Gould believed his research describes a sequential process that occurs through interactions between the internal life (personality) of adults and their outer world (culture, lifestyle). Erikson focused on psychosocial development, Freud on psycho-sexual development, and Thomas on temperament.
26.
"The die is cast" is consistent with Gould's theme for which age group?
Correct Answer
B. Forties
Explanation
"The die is cast" is identified as a development theme in the forties and indicates resignation and the recognition that possibilities are limited. In the thirties, the theme is "Is what I am the only way for me to be?" The theme for the fifties is a realization of mortality and a concern for one's state of health. There is no specific theme for the seventies.
27.
During which stage of cognitive development does the individual's
thinking move to abstract and theoretical subjects and possibly venture
into such topics as achieving world peace, finding justice, and seeking
meaning in life?
Correct Answer
C. Formal Operations
Explanation
During the formal operations stage of development, the individual's thinking moves from abstract to theoretical subjects. During the concrete operations stage, children achieve the ability to perform mental operations. During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the schemas or action patterns for dealing with the environment. During the pre-operational stage, children learn to think using symbols and mental images.
28.
During which stage of moral developmental identified by Kohlberg is the individual's moral reasoning based on personal gain?
Correct Answer
A. Postconventional
Explanation
At the preconventional stage of moral development, the person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain. An individual with the instrumental relativist orientation recognizes that there is more than one right view. At the conventional stage of moral development, the person's moral reasoning is based on his or her personal internalization of societal and others' expectations. Postconventional reasoning focuses on social orientation and ethical principles.
29.
A 10-year-old fifth-grader enjoys having his artwork displayed on the
family refrigerator. This behavior is indicative of which developmental
stage as described by Erikson?
Correct Answer
C. Industry versus inferiority
Explanation
School children 6 to 10 years old are eager to work and play and thrive on their accomplishments and praise, a characteristic of the industry versus inferiority stage. The initiative versus guilt stage applies to children 3 to 6 years of age, when children begin to develop a conscience. The identity versus role confusion stage applies to young people at the time of puberty. The intimacy versus isolation stage applies to young adults, who begin to develop close meaningful relationships.
30.
According to Havighurst, the achievement of developmental tasks that are
necessary for later adult development is greatly affected by
Correct Answer
B. Success in school
Explanation
Havighurst, as an educator, believed that schools have a lot of responsibility in helping a child attain the success needed for later development. Achievement affects preparation for a career rather than the reverse. Acceptance by peers, not parents, is stressed in Havighurst's theory. The temperament of the child is a factor emphasized in the theory of Stella Chess and Alex Thomas.
31.
Which of the following is a statement about normal growth and development on which effective nursing care is based?
Correct Answer
D. Success in one pHase of growth and development affects the ability to complete later pHases successfully.
Explanation
Repeated developmental failures can result in deficiencies in subsequent stages. The nurse should be alert to these developmental stages. Patterns of growth and development are predictable. The rate varies, but the pattern does not. Development progresses from simple to complex. Growth occurs at different rates in different individuals in the same developmental stage.
32.
Physical growth involves:
Correct Answer
B. Strengthening of skeletal structures
Explanation
Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on. Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill. Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation. Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development.
33.
Which of the following is an example of development?
Correct Answer
C. The birth weight of an infant doubles by 6 months of age.
Explanation
An infant's pulling up to a standing position demonstrates the change in skill and function that is development. It occurs in a predictable manner (i.e., the child sits up, then pulls up, then stands). Changes in height and weight illustrate growth. Changes in teeth are also the result of growth. Finding new ways of dealing with situations represents maturation.
34.
The parents of a 2-year-old child are concerned that the child wants to
do everything by himself and seems to be rejecting their authority. The
nurse's response should be based on which of the following?
Correct Answer
D. The independence displayed by the child is a normal result of maturation.
Explanation
The child in this stage of development learns self-care activities and develops autonomy as part of the maturation process. Limiting choices or punishing the child can cause feelings of shame and doubt. Two-year-olds need supervision rather than strict control. The need for autonomy is typical of the 1- to 3-year-old child.
35.
The nurse caring for a hospitalized adolescent can best meet the adolescent's developmental needs by:
Correct Answer
D. Explaining procedures and including the adolescent in decision making
Explanation
Adolescents need to participate in decisions regarding their care. They need to understand and are capable of understanding treatment issues. Providing diversions would be more appropriate for a school-aged child at the industry versus inferiority stage. Adolescents need parental presence but are also moving toward independence and separation from the family. A significant other is more relevant for a young adult, who is developmentally ready for intimacy.
36.
The despair associated with old age, as described by Erikson, is related to:
Correct Answer
B. pHysical changes that alter older adults' perception of self-worth
Explanation
Persons of all ages need to feel valued. Loss of function due to physical changes can decrease self-esteem. Involvement in activities appropriate to one's age can increase the sense of belonging and self-worth. Participation in family activities leads to feelings of being needed. Although mistakes can cause feelings of failure, generally people learn and grow after making them.
37.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the child aged 7
to 11 years demonstrates concrete operations when he or she:
Correct Answer
D. Recognizes that friends may perceive things differently
Explanation
The concrete operations stage from 7 to 11 years is characterized by the child's ability to think through things without performing them and mentally understand a viewpoint different from his or her own. Parallel play is characteristic of a younger child, 2 to 7 years of age. Simple communication skills are typical up to 7 years of age. Then the child begins to add a mental element that shows further development of communication. Abstract thinking is typical of an older child, 11 years to adulthood.
38.
Moral development theory differs from cognitive development theory in what way?
Correct Answer
D. Moral development theory characterizes the value system of people and their respect for others.
Explanation
Moral development theory describes values and the way people act toward one another. There is no effective way to predict a person's behavior or reaction in unknown situations. Cognitive development focuses on the thinking or intellectual aspect of development, not physical growth and development. Personality is related to moral development.