1.
It is very important to make ensure mops and cleaning cloths are clean and dry prior to use
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
It is important to make sure that mops and cleaning cloths are clean and dry before using them because using dirty or wet cleaning tools can spread dirt, bacteria, and other contaminants instead of effectively cleaning the surface. This can lead to ineffective cleaning and potential health hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that mops and cleaning cloths are clean and dry prior to use.
2.
Tick the categories of micro-organisms
Correct Answer(s)
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa
Explanation
The correct answer includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. These are all categories of micro-organisms. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments. Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms. Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in water and soil. Anaerobes, although mentioned in the question, are not included in the correct answer as they are a type of bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen.
3.
The most common known type of micro-organism ______?
Correct Answer
A. Bacteria
Explanation
Bacteria are the most common known type of micro-organism. They are single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and even inside the human body. Bacteria play a crucial role in many biological processes and can have both positive and negative effects on other organisms. They are responsible for various diseases but also contribute to important functions such as digestion and nutrient cycling. Bacteria are easily recognizable under a microscope and can be classified into different shapes and arrangements.
4.
Bacteria can form a ____________ to protect themselves?
Correct Answer
A. Capsule
Explanation
Bacteria can form a capsule to protect themselves. A capsule is a protective layer that surrounds the bacterial cell, providing it with additional defense against the host immune system and other environmental factors. The capsule helps bacteria to evade phagocytosis by immune cells, preventing them from being engulfed and destroyed. It also acts as a barrier against desiccation, toxins, and antimicrobial agents, enhancing the survival and virulence of the bacteria. Capsules are composed of polysaccharides or proteins and vary in thickness and composition among different bacterial species.
5.
Bacteria require all of the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Human host
Explanation
Bacteria require various factors to survive and thrive, such as food, water or moisture, comfortable temperatures, and certain pH levels. However, the exception in this case is a human host. While some bacteria are capable of living in and causing infections in humans, many bacteria can also survive and reproduce outside of a human host. Therefore, a human host is not a requirement for bacteria, making it the correct answer.
6.
Bacteria that require oxygen to survive are known as _______?
Correct Answer
A. Aerobes
Explanation
Bacteria that require oxygen to survive are known as aerobes. These bacteria have the ability to use oxygen for their metabolic processes, such as respiration. They rely on oxygen to generate energy and carry out their life functions. Anaerobes, on the other hand, are bacteria that can survive and grow without oxygen. Streptococcus mutans is a specific type of bacteria that is known for causing dental cavities. Aerobatics is not a term used to describe bacteria.
7.
Bacterial disease include the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Influenza
Explanation
The given question is asking for a bacterial disease that is not included in the options provided. Influenza is caused by a viral infection, not bacteria, so it is the correct answer as it does not belong to the category of bacterial diseases.
8.
Fungi are known as all of the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Slime
Explanation
Fungi are known for their diverse forms and characteristics, including mushrooms, yeast, and molds. However, slime is not typically associated with fungi. Slime molds, although sometimes referred to as fungi, are not true fungi but rather belong to a separate group of organisms called protists. Slime molds exhibit unique characteristics and behaviors that differentiate them from fungi, such as their ability to move and their role in decomposition. Therefore, slime is not considered a characteristic of fungi.
9.
The following are all fungi diseases, except?
Correct Answer
A. Periodontal disease
Explanation
Periodontal disease is not a fungal disease, but rather a bacterial infection that affects the gums and surrounding structures of the teeth. It is caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth, leading to inflammation and damage to the gums. On the other hand, candidiasis, ringworm, and athlete's foot are all fungal infections caused by different species of fungi. Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused by the Candida fungus, ringworm is a skin infection caused by various types of fungi, and athlete's foot is a fungal infection that affects the feet.
10.
True or False?Viruses are not necessary classified as micro-organisms
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Viruses are not classified as micro-organisms because they lack certain characteristics that define micro-organisms. While micro-organisms are living organisms that can reproduce and carry out metabolic processes, viruses are considered non-living entities that require a host cell to replicate. Therefore, viruses are not necessary classified as micro-organisms.
11.
Tick the three (3) categories of the modes of transmission
Correct Answer(s)
A. Contact
B. Droplet
C. Airborne
Explanation
The correct answer is Contact, Droplet, Airborne. These three categories represent different modes of transmission of diseases. Contact transmission occurs when a person directly touches an infected individual or contaminated object. Droplet transmission happens when respiratory droplets from an infected person are inhaled or come into contact with the mucous membranes of another person. Airborne transmission occurs when infectious particles are suspended in the air and can be inhaled by others. These modes of transmission play a crucial role in understanding how diseases spread and implementing appropriate prevention measures.
12.
Transfer of micro organisms results from direct physical contact is known as ________?
Correct Answer
A. Direct transmission
Explanation
Direct transmission refers to the transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through direct physical contact. This can occur through activities such as touching, kissing, or sexual contact. In direct transmission, the microorganisms are directly transferred from the infected individual to the susceptible individual without any intermediate objects or vectors involved. This mode of transmission is common for contagious diseases like the common cold, flu, or sexually transmitted infections.
13.
The passive transfer of an infectious agent to a susceptible host via an intermediate object is known as ________?
Correct Answer
A. Indirect transmission
Explanation
Indirect transmission refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a source to a susceptible host through an intermediate object, such as contaminated surfaces or fomites. This mode of transmission does not involve direct contact between the source and the host. Instead, the infectious agent is transferred indirectly through the intermediate object.
14.
Tick the correct definition of 'formites'
Correct Answer
A. Anything that can carry infectious germs
Explanation
The correct definition of 'formites' is anything that can carry infectious germs. This term refers to inanimate objects or substances that can become contaminated with pathogens and transmit them to humans or animals. It can include items such as clothing, utensils, furniture, or any other surface that can harbor and transfer infectious agents. Understanding the concept of formites is crucial in preventing the spread of diseases and implementing proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
15.
Tick from the list below that generates droplets (more than one permitted)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Coughing
B. Sneezing
C. Spitting
Explanation
The activities of coughing, sneezing, and spitting can generate droplets. When a person coughs or sneezes, they forcefully expel air from their respiratory system, along with small droplets of saliva or mucus. These droplets can contain infectious pathogens if the person is sick. Similarly, spitting can also release droplets of saliva. These droplets can potentially spread diseases if they come into contact with another person's eyes, nose, or mouth. Therefore, coughing, sneezing, and spitting are all activities that can generate droplets.
16.
True or False?Airborne organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Airborne organisms are capable of surviving outside the body and can remain suspended in the air for extended periods. This means that they can be transmitted through the air and potentially infect individuals who come into contact with them. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects this characteristic of airborne organisms.
17.
From the statements below, which statement is true?
Correct Answer
A. Respiratory droplets are large and are not able to remain suspended in the air thus they are usually dispersed over short distances
Explanation
Respiratory droplets are large and heavy, which means they cannot stay in the air for long periods of time. Due to their size and weight, they tend to fall to the ground or surfaces relatively quickly. As a result, they are usually dispersed over short distances, typically within a few feet from the person who expelled them. This is an important factor to consider in understanding the transmission of respiratory illnesses, as it highlights the importance of maintaining physical distance from others to minimize the risk of infection.
18.
True or False?A droplet nuclei is residue from evaporated droplets suspended in air, containing infective microorganisms
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Droplet nuclei are small particles that remain suspended in the air after a droplet containing infectious microorganisms has evaporated. These droplet nuclei can be inhaled by individuals and can transmit infectious diseases. Therefore, the statement "A droplet nuclei is residue from evaporated droplets suspended in air, containing infective microorganisms" is true.
19.
Please tick the components of the "Chain of Infection"
Correct Answer(s)
A. Source of infectious agent
B. Mode of transmission
C. Susceptible host
Explanation
The chain of infection is a model that explains how infectious diseases are transmitted from one person to another. It consists of several components, including the source of the infectious agent (the person or object that carries the pathogen), the mode of transmission (how the pathogen is spread), and the susceptible host (the person who can become infected). These three components work together to allow the infectious disease to spread and cause illness. The fourth component, infectious disease, is not part of the chain itself but rather the outcome of the transmission process.
20.
True or False?Standard precautions are applied to those individuals where a risk is identified
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Standard precautions are not applied only to individuals where a risk is identified. Instead, they are applied to all individuals as a routine part of infection prevention and control measures. Standard precautions include practices such as hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of sharps. These precautions are implemented regardless of whether an individual is known to have an infection or not, as they aim to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Therefore, the correct answer is False.
21.
Standard precautions are not required if you follow transmission-based precautions.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Standard precautions are always required, regardless of whether transmission-based precautions are being followed or not. Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include practices such as hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, and respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette. Transmission-based precautions, on the other hand, are additional precautions that are used when a patient is known or suspected to be infected or colonized with certain infectious agents, such as airborne, droplet, or contact precautions. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that standard precautions are not required if transmission-based precautions are followed.
22.
Tick the three (3) most common sources of aerosols produced in a clinical environment
Correct Answer(s)
A. Triplex
B. Handpiece
C. Water from the tap
Explanation
The three most common sources of aerosols produced in a clinical environment are the triplex, handpiece, and water from the tap. The triplex is a dental instrument that uses air and water to create a spray, which can generate aerosols. The handpiece is another dental instrument that uses air and water to create a high-speed spray, also producing aerosols. Water from the tap can contain microorganisms and particles that can become aerosolized during dental procedures. These three sources are commonly found in dental clinics and can contribute to the spread of airborne particles.
23.
To minimise the effect of aerosols produced from a triplex includes:
Correct Answer
A. Using a high volume suction
Explanation
Using a high volume suction is an effective way to minimize the effect of aerosols produced from a triplex. This is because the high volume suction can quickly and efficiently remove the aerosols from the air, reducing the risk of them being inhaled or spreading in the environment. The other options mentioned, such as not using water on the triplex, covering it with barriers, and not spraying it within the patient's mouth, may also help in reducing aerosol production to some extent, but using a high volume suction is likely to be the most effective measure.
24.
To minimise the effect of aerosols produced from a hand piece includes all of the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Not spaying the triplex within the patient's mouth
Explanation
The correct answer is "not spaying the triplex within the patient's mouth". This means that one should not spray the triplex (a type of hand piece) within the patient's mouth in order to minimize the effect of aerosols. The other options mentioned, such as using a high volume suction, using barriers, and removing unneeded items from the bracket-table, are all effective measures to reduce the spread of aerosols.
25.
True or False?Hands should be washed low as possible within a sink.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement suggests that hands should be washed as low as possible within a sink. This is incorrect because hands should actually be washed under running water, and not as low as possible within a sink. Washing hands under running water helps to effectively remove dirt, germs, and bacteria from the hands.
26.
The acronym for the organisation that produces the Australian Guidelines that we must follow regarding infection control is ______?
Correct Answer
A. NHMRCA
Explanation
The correct answer is NHMRCA. This acronym stands for the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. This organization is responsible for producing the Australian Guidelines that outline the necessary protocols and procedures for infection control. These guidelines are essential for ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals in healthcare settings and help to prevent the spread of infections.
27.
Prior to setting up for a patient, it is not necessary to know which procedure is being performed.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
It is necessary to know which procedure is being performed before setting up for a patient. This is because different procedures require different equipment, instruments, and preparations. Knowing the specific procedure allows healthcare professionals to ensure they have everything they need ready and in place, promoting efficiency and patient safety.
28.
Pre-dispensing assists with limiting cross-infection.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Pre-dispensing refers to the practice of preparing medication doses in advance, usually in a pharmacy or healthcare setting. This process helps to limit cross-infection by reducing the need for multiple individuals to handle medication containers and potentially spread germs or contaminants. By pre-dispensing medications, healthcare professionals can ensure that each dose is properly sealed and labeled, minimizing the risk of contamination. Therefore, the given statement is true.
29.
Dental chairs only need to be disinfected at the end of the day.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Dental chairs need to be disinfected after each patient, not just at the end of the day. This is because dental chairs come into direct contact with patients' mouths, which can harbor bacteria and viruses. Disinfecting the chairs after each use helps prevent the spread of infections and maintains a clean and safe environment for patients.
30.
All of the following statements are true regarding suction units, except?
Correct Answer
A. Replace annually
Explanation
All of the statements provided are true regarding suction units except for "Replace annually". While it is important to regularly check for wear and clean suction hoses, the frequency of replacing the suction unit may vary depending on factors such as usage, maintenance, and manufacturer recommendations. Therefore, the statement "Replace annually" is not universally applicable and may not be true for all suction units.
31.
True or FalseItems that can cut or penetrate the skin, and in doing so, potentially cause cross-infection of micro-organisms are referred to as sharps
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Items that can cut or penetrate the skin, such as needles, scalpels, or broken glass, have the potential to introduce microorganisms into the body, leading to cross-infection. These items are commonly known as sharps. Therefore, the statement that sharps are items that can cut or penetrate the skin and potentially cause cross-infection of microorganisms is true.
32.
Tick all of the following items included in sharps:
Correct Answer(s)
A. Disposable needle syringes
B. Scalpel blades
C. Suture needles
D. Dental probes, e.g. root files
E. Sharp electrosurgical tips
F. Glass vials
G. Matrix bands
H. Dental wedges
Explanation
The items included in sharps are disposable needle syringes, scalpel blades, suture needles, dental probes (such as root files), sharp electrosurgical tips, glass vials, matrix bands, dental wedges.
33.
All of the following statements are true, except?
Correct Answer
A. Needles maybe recapped
Explanation
The given answer states that needles may be recapped, but this is not true. Recapping needles is unsafe and increases the risk of needlestick injuries. It is recommended to dispose of needles immediately after use in a puncture-resistant sharps container. Therefore, the correct answer is "needles may be recapped."
34.
True or False?The person who uses a disposable sharp must be responsible for its safe management and immediate disposal after use
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the person who uses a disposable sharp, such as a needle or a blade, should be responsible for its safe management and immediate disposal after use. This is important to prevent any potential injuries or infections to themselves or others. Proper disposal methods, such as using sharps containers or puncture-proof containers, should be followed to ensure the safe handling and disposal of these sharps.
35.
Tick the following requirements of the appropriate container for the safe disposal of sharps
Correct Answer(s)
A. Clearly labelled
B. Puncture and leak proof
C. Conform to AS4031 or AS/NZ4261 code
E. Must have lid if transported
F. Out of reach of children
G. Secure position- prevented from tipping
Explanation
The appropriate container for the safe disposal of sharps must be clearly labelled to ensure that it is easily identifiable. It should also be puncture and leak proof to prevent any potential injuries or contamination. The container should conform to AS4031 or AS/NZ4261 code, which sets the standards for sharps disposal. If the container needs to be transported, it must have a lid to prevent any spills or accidents. It should be out of reach of children to avoid any accidental injuries. Additionally, the container should be securely positioned to prevent tipping, and it should not be filled to the very top to allow for proper disposal.
36.
When managing small blood and fluid spills, you must always follow standard precautions and __?
Correct Answer
D. Manage with detergent solutions
Explanation
When managing small blood and fluid spills, it is important to follow standard precautions to prevent the spread of infection. One of these precautions is to manage the spill with detergent solutions. Detergents are effective in breaking down organic matter and can help in disinfecting the area. They can also help in removing any potential pathogens present in the spill. Therefore, using detergent solutions is a recommended method for managing small blood and fluid spills.
37.
True or false?After an exposure to blood, you should wash with alcohol rub
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
After an exposure to blood, you should not wash with alcohol rub. Instead, you should wash your hands with soap and water as alcohol rub may not effectively remove bloodborne pathogens. Soap and water are more effective in removing any potential contaminants and reducing the risk of infection.
38.
All of the following are included in the 5 Moments for hand hygiene, except?
Correct Answer
A. After touching a patient's records
Explanation
The 5 Moments for hand hygiene are a set of guidelines developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. These moments include before touching a patient, before a procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient, and after touching a patient's surroundings. However, after touching a patient's records is not included in the 5 Moments for hand hygiene.
39.
True or false?Once an item is within a dirty zone, it then becomes dirty
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Once an item is within a dirty zone, it is exposed to dirt and contaminants, which can lead to it becoming dirty. The statement implies that being in a dirty zone is a sufficient condition for an item to become dirty, and this is true.
40.
It is always best to use an alcohol based hand rub over hand washing with soap and water
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is incorrect. It is not always best to use an alcohol-based hand rub over hand washing with soap and water. While alcohol-based hand rubs are effective in killing many types of germs, they may not be as effective in removing certain types of contaminants like chemicals or dirt. Hand washing with soap and water is still the preferred method in situations where hands are visibly dirty or contaminated.
41.
All of the following statements are true for ABHR, except?
Correct Answer
A. ABHR are first choice if visible blood is present
Explanation
ABHR are not the first choice if visible blood is present. This is because ABHR are not effective in removing visible blood from hands. In such cases, it is recommended to wash hands with soap and water.
42.
Using hot water is a causal factor increase hand dermatitis
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Using hot water can indeed be a causal factor in increasing hand dermatitis. Hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to dryness and irritation. This can weaken the skin's protective barrier and make it more susceptible to dermatitis. Additionally, hot water can also cause blood vessels in the skin to dilate, which can further aggravate inflammation and contribute to the development of dermatitis. Therefore, it is important to avoid using hot water excessively and to opt for lukewarm or cool water instead to prevent hand dermatitis.
43.
All of the following statements are true relating to a contamination zone, except ?
Correct Answer
B. Drawers and cupboards maybe open
Explanation
In a contamination zone, all of the following statements are true except for "Drawers and cupboards may be open." This implies that in a contamination zone, drawers and cupboards should not be left open. This is likely because open drawers and cupboards can increase the risk of contamination by allowing pathogens or other contaminants to enter and contaminate the contents inside. Therefore, it is important to keep drawers and cupboards closed in order to maintain a clean and safe environment within the contamination zone.
44.
Tick the following items where there would likely be the use of barriers
Correct Answer(s)
A. Light handle
B. Tubing for suction
C. Triplex syringe
D. Bracket table handle
Explanation
Barriers are typically used in areas or objects that require protection or separation. In this case, the items that are likely to have barriers are the light handle, tubing for suction, triplex syringe, and bracket table handle. These items may need barriers to prevent contamination or to maintain hygiene standards in a dental setting. The door knob and dental handpiece are not mentioned to require barriers in the given options.
45.
When retrieving items in the middle of the procedure you may use which instrument?
Correct Answer
B. Transfer tweezers
Explanation
Transfer tweezers are the appropriate instrument to use when retrieving items in the middle of a procedure. Unlike dental probes, which are used to explore and examine dental structures, transfer tweezers are designed specifically for grasping and transferring small objects. Forceps, although similar to tweezers, are typically used for larger objects and may not be as precise. Dental mirrors, on the other hand, are used for visualization and cannot be used to retrieve items. Therefore, transfer tweezers are the most suitable instrument for this purpose.
46.
True or false?Hands must be washed immediately after removing gloves
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
It is important to wash hands immediately after removing gloves because gloves can become contaminated during use. Washing hands helps to remove any potential pathogens or contaminants that may have been transferred from the gloves. This is especially important in healthcare settings or when handling food to prevent the spread of infections. Therefore, the statement "Hands must be washed immediately after removing gloves" is true.
47.
this symbol is for?
Correct Answer
A. Radioactive Waste
Explanation
This symbol represents radioactive waste. It is commonly used to indicate materials that are radioactive and pose a threat to human health and the environment. The symbol consists of a black trefoil on a yellow background, which is internationally recognized as a warning sign for radioactive substances. This symbol is used to ensure that people are aware of the presence of radioactive waste and take appropriate precautions when handling or disposing of it.
48.
this symbol is for?
Correct Answer
D. Clinical Waste
Explanation
The given symbol represents clinical waste. Clinical waste refers to waste generated from healthcare facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, and laboratories, that may contain infectious or hazardous materials. The symbol typically consists of a black bag with a red cross on it, indicating that the waste should be handled and disposed of properly to prevent any potential risks to public health and the environment.
49.
Tick the following waste streams that are hazardous waste
Correct Answer(s)
A. Clinical waste
B. Radioactive waste
C. pHarmaceutical
D. Chemical waste
E. Cytotoxic
Explanation
Clinical waste, radioactive waste, pharmaceutical waste, chemical waste, and cytotoxic waste are all considered hazardous waste. These waste streams have the potential to cause harm to human health or the environment if not properly managed and disposed of. Recyclables, organic waste, and general waste do not necessarily pose the same level of risk and may be managed differently.
50.
True or false?Carpets are permitted within the clinical area of a dental surgery.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Carpets are not permitted within the clinical area of a dental surgery. Carpets can harbor bacteria and other pathogens, making it difficult to maintain proper cleanliness and hygiene in a clinical setting. Additionally, carpets can be more difficult to clean and disinfect compared to other types of flooring. Therefore, it is important to avoid using carpets in dental surgeries to ensure a safe and sterile environment for patients and staff.