Human Anatomy & Physiology: All About Blood 2
I created this quiz to help me study for my A&P exam. This quiz deals with red blood cells.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Red blood cells are also known as what?
- A.
Thrombocytes
- B.
Leukocytes
- C.
Monocytes
- D.
Erythrocytes
- E.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer
D. ErythrocytesExplanation
Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. They contain a protein called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the tissues. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and have a unique biconcave shape that allows for flexibility and increased surface area for oxygen exchange. They lack a nucleus and other organelles, allowing more space for hemoglobin. Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days and are constantly being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The shape of red blood cells plays a very important role in their function. The centers are _____ than the edges which makes them look like ___________.
Correct Answer
thinner, biconcave discs
thinner, biconcave disksExplanation
The shape of red blood cells is biconcave, meaning that they are thinner in the center compared to the edges. This shape allows for increased flexibility and surface area, which is crucial for their function of carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The term "discs" or "disks" refers to their flat, round shape.Rate this question:
- 3.
The ______ the surface area of a red blood cell, the faster gasses can diffuse.
Correct Answer
largerExplanation
The larger the surface area of a red blood cell, the faster gases can diffuse. This is because a larger surface area provides more space for gas molecules to interact with the cell membrane, allowing for a greater rate of diffusion.Rate this question:
- 4.
_________ allows red blood cells to form stacks like dinner plates which allows them to pass through a vessel not much larger than the diameter of the red blood cell.
- A.
Deformability
- B.
Osmosis
- C.
Diffusion
- D.
Rouleaux
Correct Answer
D. RouleauxExplanation
Rouleaux is the correct answer because it refers to the phenomenon where red blood cells stack together like dinner plates, allowing them to pass through narrow vessels. This stacking is facilitated by the unique shape and flexibility of the red blood cells, allowing them to deform and form these stacks. Osmosis and diffusion are not relevant to this process, and while deformability is important, it does not specifically refer to the stacking of red blood cells.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Red blood cells are quite elastic and flexible which enables them to bend and flex when entering small capillaries. This is known as what?
- A.
Rouleaux
- B.
Osmosis
- C.
Deformability
- D.
Diffusion
- E.
Morphing
Correct Answer
C. DeformabilityExplanation
Red blood cells are able to bend and flex when entering small capillaries due to their elasticity and flexibility. This ability is known as deformability.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The average size of a red blood cell is about _____ micrometers in diameter.
- A.
7.5
- B.
8
- C.
6
- D.
8.5
- E.
5
Correct Answer
A. 7.5Explanation
The average size of a red blood cell is about 7.5 micrometers in diameter.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Each red blood cell is about ____ hemoglobin by volume.
- A.
2/3
- B.
1/2
- C.
1/4
- D.
1/8
- E.
1/3
Correct Answer
E. 1/3Explanation
Each red blood cell contains about 1/3 hemoglobin by volume. Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. This means that approximately one-third of the volume of a red blood cell is occupied by hemoglobin molecules, allowing for efficient oxygen transport throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The normal values of hemoglobin in an adult female are ______ gm per 100 ml of whole blood.
- A.
14-18
- B.
12-16
- C.
10-14
- D.
16-20
- E.
18-24
Correct Answer
B. 12-16Explanation
The normal values of hemoglobin in an adult female are 12-16 gm per 100 ml of whole blood. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. The range of 12-16 gm per 100 ml is considered normal for adult females, indicating the amount of hemoglobin present in their blood.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The normal values of hemoglobin in an adult male are _____ gm per 100 ml of whole blood.
- A.
14-18
- B.
12-16
- C.
18-22
- D.
10-14
- E.
16-20
Correct Answer
A. 14-18Explanation
The normal values of hemoglobin in an adult male are 14-18 gm per 100 ml of whole blood. This range represents the typical amount of hemoglobin found in the blood of adult males. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. These values indicate the normal range for hemoglobin levels in adult males and can be used as a reference for diagnosing any abnormalities or deficiencies in hemoglobin levels.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Red blood cell counts equal the number of cells per cubic millimeter of bloods the normal values (average) for an adult female are ________ million cells per cubic millimeter.
- A.
4.8-6.2
- B.
4.6-6.2
- C.
4.2-5.4
- D.
4.4-5.4
- E.
4.2-6.2
Correct Answer
C. 4.2-5.4Explanation
The correct answer is 4.2-5.4 million cells per cubic millimeter. This range represents the normal values for an adult female's red blood cell count.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Hemoglobin is responsible for the red blood cell's ability to transport ________ and _________.
Correct Answer
oxygen, carbon dioxide
O2 and CO2
oxygen and carbon dioxide
O2, CO2Explanation
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues, while it binds to carbon dioxide in the tissues and releases it in the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is oxygen, carbon dioxide or O2 and CO2.Rate this question:
- 12.
_______ is a compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin which causes the blood to be bright red in color.
Correct Answer
OxyhemoglobinExplanation
Oxyhemoglobin is a compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin. This combination causes the blood to be bright red in color.Rate this question:
- 13.
_______ is the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells responsible for the color of blood.
Correct Answer
Hemoglobin
hemoglobinExplanation
Hemoglobin is the correct answer for this question. It is an iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells that is responsible for the red color of blood. Hemoglobin binds and transports oxygen throughout the body, allowing it to be delivered to tissues and organs.Rate this question:
- 14.
________ refers to hemoglobin that has released its oxygen which gives the blood a bluish appearance.
Correct Answer
DeoxyhemoglobinExplanation
Deoxyhemoglobin refers to hemoglobin that has released its oxygen, resulting in a bluish appearance of the blood. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, it forms oxyhemoglobin, which gives blood its bright red color. However, as oxygen is delivered to tissues throughout the body, hemoglobin releases the oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin, causing the blood to appear bluish.Rate this question:
- 15.
__________ is the result of an increase in the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin which causes a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
Correct Answer
CyanosisExplanation
Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs as a result of an increase in the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen, and when its concentration increases, it causes the skin to appear bluish. This can happen when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood, such as in cases of respiratory or cardiovascular problems. Cyanosis is a visual indicator that there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen being delivered to the tissues.Rate this question:
- 16.
A mature red blood cell lacks a ________.
Correct Answer
nucleusExplanation
A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. This is because during the process of maturation, the nucleus is expelled from the cell. This allows the red blood cell to have more space to carry oxygen and other essential molecules. The absence of a nucleus also gives the red blood cell its characteristic biconcave shape, which helps in its function of transporting oxygen throughout the body.Rate this question:
- 17.
Mature red blood cells depend only on _______ to meet their energy needs.
- A.
Protein Synthesis
- B.
ATP
- C.
Diffusion
- D.
Glycolysis
- E.
Osmosis
Correct Answer
D. GlycolysisExplanation
Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, including mitochondria, which are responsible for ATP production. Therefore, they rely solely on glycolysis, a process that occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen, to generate ATP for their energy needs. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP in the process. This allows red blood cells to efficiently produce energy without the need for protein synthesis, diffusion, or osmosis.Rate this question:
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- 18.
A single round trip from the heart, through the peripheral tissues and back to the heart usually takes less than a minute. With all this wear and tear and no repair mechanisms the average circulating life span of a red blood cell is about ______ days.
- A.
60
- B.
30
- C.
90
- D.
45
- E.
120
Correct Answer
E. 120Explanation
Red blood cells do not have a nucleus and cannot repair themselves, which leads to a limited lifespan. The given statement mentions that a single round trip from the heart to the peripheral tissues and back takes less than a minute. Considering the wear and tear during this process, the average circulating life span of a red blood cell is about 120 days.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Macrophages in the ______ and the _______ phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells.
Correct Answer
liver, spleenExplanation
Macrophages in the liver and spleen are responsible for phagocytizing and destroying damaged red blood cells. The liver and spleen are major organs involved in the filtration and removal of old or damaged blood cells from circulation. Macrophages, which are immune cells specialized in engulfing and breaking down cellular debris, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and engulf the damaged red blood cells, breaking them down and recycling their components. Therefore, the liver and spleen act as important sites for the clearance of damaged red blood cells from the body.Rate this question:
- 20.
What two subunits are hemoglobin molecules that have been liberated from destroyed red blood cells break down into?
Correct Answer
Heme and Globin
heme and globin
heme, globinExplanation
When red blood cells are destroyed, the hemoglobin molecules within them break down into two subunits: heme and globin. Heme is the iron-containing component of hemoglobin, responsible for carrying oxygen, while globin is the protein component. These subunits are then further processed and recycled by the body.Rate this question:
- 21.
Heme is further broken down into _______ and ________.
Correct Answer
iron, biliverdin
iron and biliverdinExplanation
Heme, a component of hemoglobin, is broken down into iron and biliverdin. Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and storage in the body. Biliverdin is a green pigment that is further converted into bilirubin, which is eventually excreted by the liver. Therefore, the breakdown of heme into iron and biliverdin is an important process in the metabolism of hemoglobin.Rate this question:
- 22.
When heme breaks down, the iron is released into the blood and is bound with a plasma protein called _________. It is then transferred to the bone marrow where it is recycled over and over again to produce more hemoglobin.
- A.
Ferritin
- B.
Bilirubin
- C.
Transferrin
- D.
Amino acids
- E.
Ferrite
Correct Answer
C. TransferrinExplanation
When heme breaks down, the iron is released into the blood and is bound with a plasma protein called transferrin. Transferrin then transports the iron to the bone marrow where it is recycled to produce more hemoglobin.Rate this question:
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- 23.
About 80% of the iron released into the blood is stored in liver cells in the form of an iron-protein complex called ________. This occurs if the iron is not needed immediately for synthesis of new hemoglobin.
- A.
Ferritin
- B.
Bilirubin
- C.
Transferrin
- D.
Bile
- E.
Ferrite
Correct Answer
A. FerritinExplanation
Ferritin is the correct answer because it is an iron-protein complex that is stored in liver cells. When iron is not immediately needed for the synthesis of new hemoglobin, it is stored in the form of ferritin. This allows the body to have a reserve of iron that can be released into the blood when needed.Rate this question:
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- 24.
______ is a greenish pigment which will eventually be converted to _______ which is an orange pigment. Both of these pigments are excreted from the liver as __________.
Correct Answer
Biliverdin, bilirubin, bile
Biliverdin, bilirubin, bile pigmentsExplanation
Biliverdin is a greenish pigment that is eventually converted to bilirubin, which is an orange pigment. Both of these pigments are excreted from the liver as bile pigments.Rate this question:
- 25.
Globin is the ________ portion which is then degraded to __________ to be reused or catabolized.
Correct Answer
protein, amino acidsExplanation
Globin is a protein portion that is present in hemoglobin. After the breakdown of hemoglobin, globin is degraded into amino acids. These amino acids can then be reused for protein synthesis or catabolized for energy production.Rate this question:
- 26.
Red blood cell production is better known as_________.
- A.
Progination
- B.
Hematosynthesis
- C.
Diapedesis
- D.
Hematopoiesis
- E.
Erythropoietin
Correct Answer
D. HematopoiesisExplanation
Hematopoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells in the body. It takes place in the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate and mature into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells. This process is essential for maintaining a healthy blood supply and ensuring proper oxygen delivery throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 27.
During infancy, red blood cell production takes place in the entire medullary space, but in gradually decreases in the shaft of the long bones. After what age do fat cells begin to appear in the long bones.
- A.
3
- B.
2
- C.
4
- D.
6
- E.
5
Correct Answer
C. 4Explanation
After the age of 4, fat cells begin to appear in the long bones.Rate this question:
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- 28.
As an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following places except which one?
- A.
Sternum
- B.
Femur
- C.
Ribs
- D.
Skull
- E.
Pelvis
Correct Answer
B. FemurExplanation
Red bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is found in the sternum, ribs, skull, and pelvis, but not in the femur. The femur primarily consists of yellow bone marrow, which is mainly composed of fat cells. Therefore, red bone marrow is not found in the femur.Rate this question:
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- 29.
________ are the stem cells within the red bone marrow which give rise to several types of commited stem cells.
- A.
Normoblasts
- B.
Erythroblasts
- C.
Hemocytoblasts
- D.
Reticulocytes
- E.
Proerythroblasts
Correct Answer
C. HemocytoblastsExplanation
Each of these commited stem cells gives rise to just one kind of blood cell and will produce only that cell type.Rate this question:
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- 30.
________ are one type of commited stem cell. They are relatively large with loose, lacy chromatin. They have clearly visible nucleoli and basophilic cytoplasm. They undergo a number of mitotic divisions to eventually give rise to the next type of cell.
- A.
Normoblasts
- B.
Erythroblasts
- C.
Hemocytoblasts
- D.
Reticulocytes
- E.
Proerythroblasts
Correct Answer
E. ProerythroblastsExplanation
Proerythroblasts are one type of committed stem cell. They are characterized by their relatively large size, loose and lacy chromatin, visible nucleoli, and basophilic cytoplasm. These cells undergo several mitotic divisions to eventually differentiate into the next type of cell.Rate this question:
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- 31.
_________ undergo mitosis and give rise to many daughter cells which insures a large population of these cells. They contain sufficient hemoglobin to exhibit pink staining within the cytoplasm. They also contain nuclei and all of the polyribosomes to synthesize large amounts of hemoglobin.
- A.
Normoblasts
- B.
Erythroblasts
- C.
Hematocytoblasts
- D.
Reticulocytes
- E.
Proerythroblasts
Correct Answer
B. ErythroblastsExplanation
Their nuclei gradually get smaller to accommodate a large quantity of hemoglobin.Rate this question:
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- 32.
________ appear pink in color, have nuclei that are quite small and no basophilic cytoplasm is evident. After about four days, they put forth a series of cytoplasmic protrusions which cause their nuclei to be expelled with a small amount of cytoplasm.
- A.
Normoblasts
- B.
Erythroblasts
- C.
Hemocytoblasts
- D.
Reticulocytes
- E.
Proerythroblasts
Correct Answer
A. NormoblastsExplanation
Normoblasts appear pink in color, have small nuclei, and lack basophilic cytoplasm. After approximately four days, they develop cytoplasmic protrusions that result in the expulsion of their nuclei along with a small amount of cytoplasm.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Cells that remain after the nuclei have been ejected are known as _____________. They contain 80% of the hemoglobin of a mature red blood cell. Although these cells lack a nucleus, hemoglobin synthesis continues due to the presence of polyribosomes.
- A.
Normoblasts
- B.
Erythroblasts
- C.
Hemocytoblasts
- D.
Reticulocytes
- E.
Proerythroblasts
Correct Answer
D. ReticulocytesExplanation
Reticulocytes are the cells that remain after the nuclei have been ejected. They contain 80% of the hemoglobin of a mature red blood cell. Despite lacking a nucleus, reticulocytes can continue synthesizing hemoglobin due to the presence of polyribosomes.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The number of red blood cells remains relatively stable. This is thought to be controlled by a negative feedback mechanism that involves a hormone called _________. This hormone is secreted mainly my the kidneys but is also manufactured in a lesser degree by the liver. It usually released in response to low oxygen levels.
- A.
Urea
- B.
Bilirubin
- C.
Erythropoietin
- D.
Testosterone
- E.
Glycogen
Correct Answer
C. ErythropoietinExplanation
This hormone is secreted mainly my the kidneys but is also manufactured in a lesser degree by the liver.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Low oxygen levels may be caused by what 3 things?
Correct Answer
high altitude, blood loss and chronic lung diseaseExplanation
Low oxygen levels can be caused by three factors: high altitude, blood loss, and chronic lung disease. When at high altitudes, the air is thinner, resulting in reduced oxygen levels. Blood loss can lead to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the body, causing low oxygen levels. Chronic lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can impair the lungs' ability to take in oxygen, leading to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. These three factors can all contribute to low oxygen levels in the body.Rate this question:
- 36.
The availability of what two B-complex vitamins vitamins affect the production of red blood cells?
Correct Answer
vitamin B12 and folic acid
B12 and folic acidExplanation
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are two B-complex vitamins that affect the production of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of DNA, which is important for the production of red blood cells. Folic acid, on the other hand, is needed for the formation of red blood cells and helps in their maturation. Both these vitamins play a crucial role in the production and maintenance of healthy red blood cells.Rate this question:
- 37.
B-complex vitamins are needed by red blood cells for _____________.
Correct Answer
DNA synthesisExplanation
B-complex vitamins are essential for red blood cells to carry out DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis refers to the process of creating new DNA molecules, which is crucial for the growth and division of cells. Red blood cells, like other cells in the body, require DNA synthesis to produce new cells and maintain their function. B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B12 and folate, play a vital role in providing the necessary components and enzymes for DNA synthesis. Therefore, the presence of B-complex vitamins is necessary to support the production and maintenance of red blood cells.Rate this question:
- 38.
___________ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis
- A.
Vitamin D
- B.
Zinc
- C.
Iron
- D.
Vitamin C
- E.
Vitamin B12
Correct Answer
C. IronExplanation
Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, as it binds to oxygen and allows it to be transported throughout the body. Without sufficient iron, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin, leading to a condition called iron-deficiency anemia. Therefore, iron is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Of the _____mg of iron present in erythrocytes that are destroyed each day, only ____mg is excreted in the urine and must be replaced.
Correct Answer
30, 1Explanation
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, contain iron. Each day, a certain amount of erythrocytes are destroyed, releasing iron. Out of the total amount of iron present in these erythrocytes, only 1mg is excreted in the urine. This means that the remaining 30mg of iron must be replaced to maintain the required levels in the body.Rate this question:
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