Exam: Human Growth And Development Quiz

Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is trust versus mistrust. During this stage, which occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the consistency and reliability of their care. This stage is crucial in the development of a sense of basic trust in the world and in others. If infants receive consistent and nurturing care, they develop a sense of trust, which lays the foundation for healthy relationships and a positive outlook on life. However, if their needs are not consistently met, they may develop mistrust, leading to difficulties in forming relationships and a more negative view of the world.

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the preconventional level, individuals make moral decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment. In the conventional level, individuals conform to societal norms and seek approval from others. In the postconventional level, individuals develop their own moral principles and make decisions based on ethical principles and values, even if they conflict with societal norms. This progression reflects the development of moral reasoning and the ability to consider different perspectives and make more complex moral judgments.

Freud's stages of development are psychosexual, meaning they focus on the development of sexual instincts and desires. On the other hand, Erikson's stages of development are psychosocial, which means they emphasize the interaction between an individual's psychological development and the social environment. Erikson's stages encompass a broader range of experiences and challenges, including the development of identity, relationships, and a sense of purpose. Therefore, the correct answer is psychosocial.

Equilibration refers to the process of achieving a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information or experiences into existing mental frameworks, while accommodation involves modifying existing mental frameworks to fit new information or experiences. Equilibration, therefore, represents the dynamic interplay between these two processes, as individuals strive to maintain a balance between what they already know and what they encounter in their environment. This concept is central to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, highlighting the importance of both assimilation and accommodation in the construction of knowledge and understanding.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material affects the development of the brain and body, leading to intellectual disability and other characteristic features associated with the condition. While environmental factors and chemical dependence can have an impact on overall health and development, they do not directly cause Down syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is genetic.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that suggests that individuals have different levels of needs, and these needs must be met in a specific order. The lower-order physiological and safety needs refer to basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and security. These needs must be fulfilled before higher order needs such as self-actualization can be pursued. Self-actualization refers to the realization of one's full potential and personal growth. Therefore, the correct answer states that according to Maslow, individuals have lower-order needs that must be met before they can strive for self-actualization.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four stages of cognitive development in a fixed order. The correct order of these stages is sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. In the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to around 2 years old, infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. The preoperations stage, from around 2 to 7 years old, is characterized by egocentric thinking and the development of symbolic representation. Concrete operations, from around 7 to 11 years old, involve the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events. Finally, formal operations, from around 11 years old and beyond, is marked by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.

An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. This conclusion is based on the understanding that exposure to violent content can desensitize children to aggression, normalize aggressive behavior, and increase the likelihood of imitating violent actions. Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between viewing violence and aggressive behavior in children, supporting this conclusion.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys, it was found that the baby monkeys were more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. This suggests that the baby monkeys preferred the comfort and warmth provided by the terry cloth mother over the cold and rigid wire mother. This experiment demonstrated the importance of contact comfort and the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers.

The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud, which suggests that during the phallic stage of development, young boys experience unconscious sexual desires for their mothers and have hostile feelings towards their fathers. In girls, a similar concept called the Electra complex is proposed, where girls develop unconscious sexual desires for their fathers and have hostile feelings towards their mothers. Therefore, the correct answer is the Electra complex.

Erik Erikson is the correct answer because he is the only psychoanalyst who developed a theory that covers the entire lifespan. His theory of psychosocial development consists of eight stages, each representing a different age range and a specific psychosocial conflict that individuals must resolve in order to develop successfully. This theory emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping human development and has had a significant impact on the field of psychology.

In Piaget's developmental theory, the sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development, which occurs from birth to around 2 years old. During this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. Reflexes, such as sucking, grasping, and rooting, play a significant role in their early development. These reflexes help infants to explore and understand their environment. Therefore, reflexes are most influential in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory.

The correct answer is intimacy versus isolation - ages 23 to 34. This stage in Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of forming close and intimate relationships with others. During this period, individuals strive to establish deep connections and share their lives with a romantic partner or close friends. It is a time when people explore their identities and seek meaningful relationships, laying the foundation for future social interactions and emotional development.

Freud and Erikson both believed that each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could progress to the next stage. This means that individuals must successfully navigate and resolve the challenges and conflicts associated with each stage in order to develop psychologically and move on to the next stage. This idea emphasizes the importance of successfully completing each stage of development in order to achieve healthy psychological growth and development.

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The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. According to Freud, the oral stage occurs during the first year of life, where pleasure is focused on the mouth. The anal stage follows, typically occurring between the ages of 1 and 3, where pleasure is focused on bowel and bladder control. The phallic stage occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, where pleasure is focused on the genitals. The latency stage occurs between the ages of 6 and puberty, where sexual feelings are repressed. Finally, the genital stage occurs during adolescence and adulthood, where sexual pleasure is sought through relationships with others.

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested that there are three levels of morality. These levels are based on the development of moral reasoning in individuals. The first level is the pre-conventional level, where moral judgments are based on self-interest and avoiding punishment. The second level is the conventional level, where moral judgments are based on societal norms and expectations. The third level is the post-conventional level, where moral judgments are based on personal principles and a sense of justice. Kohlberg's theory suggests that individuals progress through these levels as they mature and develop their moral reasoning abilities.

The given question is asking for a term or concept that is associated with Erikson, similar to how sensorimotor is associated with Piaget and oral is associated with Freud. Among the options provided, "trust versus mistrust" is the most fitting as it is one of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during infancy and is characterized by the child developing a sense of trust in their caregivers and the world around them.

Freud postulated psychosexual stages, which include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. These stages represent different periods of a person's development and are characterized by the focus of pleasure and conflicts in specific erogenous zones. The oral stage occurs during infancy, where pleasure is derived from activities such as sucking and chewing. The anal stage occurs during early childhood, where pleasure is associated with bowel movements and control. The phallic stage occurs during the preschool years, where children become aware of their own gender and develop attraction towards the opposite-sex parent. The latency stage occurs during middle childhood, where sexual feelings are repressed and focus is on social and intellectual activities. Finally, the genital stage occurs during adolescence and adulthood, where sexual feelings reemerge and mature relationships are formed.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that while males may have a higher rate of completed suicides, females have a higher rate of attempted suicides. This could be due to various factors such as differences in the methods used, societal expectations and pressures, and differences in seeking help or expressing emotions. It is important to note that both male and female suicides are significant concerns and should be taken seriously.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all of the statements mentioned in the options are true. Heredity assumes that a normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which is a well-known fact. It also assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, which is supported by scientific evidence. Additionally, it assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code, which is a fundamental concept in genetics. Therefore, all of these statements are valid and contribute to our understanding of heredity.

Piaget's concept of reversibility refers to a child's understanding that actions can be reversed and objects can return to their original state. This means that the correct answer, "one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape," aligns with Piaget's theory. It suggests that a child in the concrete operational stage understands the concept of reversibility and can comprehend that actions can be undone and objects can be restored to their original shape. This understanding is crucial for a child's cognitive development and their ability to solve problems and think logically.

The term "sibling rivalry" best describes the phenomenon of two brothers screaming at each other during a family counseling session. Sibling rivalry refers to the competition, jealousy, and conflict that can arise between siblings, often due to a desire for parental attention or resources. In this scenario, the brothers' screaming suggests a display of rivalry and conflict between them, which is common in sibling relationships.

Development is cephalocaudal, which means that it occurs in a head-to-foot direction. This means that during development, the head and upper body parts develop before the lower body parts. This pattern can be observed in various aspects of development, such as the growth of the brain and sensory organs before the limbs and lower body structures.

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the final stage of development is integrity versus despair. During this stage, individuals reflect on their lives and evaluate whether they have lived a meaningful and fulfilling life. If a person can look back on their life with few regrets, it indicates a sense of ego-integrity. This means that they have a positive view of themselves and their accomplishments, and they have successfully resolved the conflicts and challenges of earlier stages. Therefore, the correct answer is ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.

The term "identity crisis" is associated with Erik Erikson, a prominent psychologist known for his work on psychosocial development. Erikson proposed that during adolescence, individuals experience a period of identity exploration and confusion, where they struggle to establish a sense of self and personal identity. This term has become widely used in psychology and popular culture to describe this developmental stage. Therefore, the correct answer is Erikson.

The child's belief that the small pitcher has less water despite it being the same amount as the tall pitcher demonstrates a lack of understanding of conservation. Conservation refers to the ability to understand that the quantity of a substance remains the same even if its appearance or arrangement changes. In this case, the child is not able to conserve because she is focused on the height and shape of the pitchers rather than the amount of water they hold.

The person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage, which is integrity versus despair. This stage occurs during late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their lives and feel a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment if they have achieved their goals and have a positive outlook on their accomplishments. On the other hand, if they feel regret and a sense of failure, they may experience despair and a negative view of their life. This stage involves finding meaning and acceptance of one's life and coming to terms with mortality.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the importance of both assimilation and accommodation in the learning process. Assimilation refers to the act of taking in new information, while accommodation involves modifying existing cognitive structures to incorporate the new information. The balance between assimilation and accommodation is known as equilibration, which is the process of achieving cognitive balance or equilibrium. This balance allows individuals to adapt and adjust their thinking to effectively understand and interact with their environment. Therefore, equilibration is the correct answer as it represents the concept of maintaining cognitive balance through assimilation and accommodation.

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels can be best explained by sex role socialization. Sex role socialization refers to the process through which individuals learn and internalize the behaviors, expectations, and norms associated with their gender. In many societies, including the United States, there is a cultural expectation for women to conform to certain feminine ideals, which may include wearing high heels. This expectation is reinforced through socialization processes such as media, peer influence, and societal norms, leading to the adoption of high heels as a form of gender expression.

The correct answer is "b and c" because Kohlberg's second level of morality, known as conventional morality, is marked by a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform. This means that individuals at this level are motivated to follow societal norms and rules, seeking approval and avoiding disapproval from others. This level is focused on maintaining social order and upholding the norms and values of their community.

Jean Piaget's findings were often derived from observing his own children. This can be seen as a limitation because it introduces bias into the research. Observing his own children may not be representative of the general population, and therefore his findings may not be applicable to all children. Additionally, there may be a lack of objectivity in his observations, as he may have been influenced by his personal relationship with his children. This raises concerns about the validity and generalizability of his research findings.

The correct answer is Harry Harlow. Harry Harlow was a researcher who conducted experiments on maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. His work focused on the importance of social and emotional bonds in early development, and he demonstrated the negative effects of maternal deprivation on the monkeys' psychological well-being. His experiments involved separating infant monkeys from their mothers and providing them with surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth. This research had significant implications for understanding the importance of attachment and social relationships in human development.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all the statements mentioned in the question are true when comparing girls to boys. Girls tend to grow up to smile more, they start using more feeling words by age 2, and they are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" reflects the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego, which represents the conscious mind, develops as a result of the id's instincts and desires being regulated by the reality principle. The id, on the other hand, represents the unconscious mind and is driven by basic instincts and desires. Freud believed that the ego develops in order to mediate between the id's demands and the constraints of reality.

In Piaget's final stage, known as the formal operational stage, abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction. This means that the child has developed the ability to think hypothetically and reason logically, allowing them to solve complex problems and think about concepts that are not concrete or immediately present. So, the correct answer is both a and b, as both abstract thinking and problem-solving through deduction are characteristics of the formal operational stage.

The correct answer is "was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky." Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development. This theory suggests that children have a range of abilities, with tasks that they can perform independently and tasks that they cannot yet perform even with assistance. The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable individual, such as a teacher or parent. Vygotsky's work has had a significant impact on educational psychology and the understanding of how children learn and develop.

The answer suggests that research related to elementary school counselors indicates that these counselors are effective and do make a difference in children's lives. It also suggests that there should be an increase in the number of counselors employed.

Piaget believed that children in the concrete operational stage of development learn best through their own actions and experimentation. Therefore, he felt that teachers should lecture less and provide opportunities for students to engage in hands-on activities and explore their own ideas. This approach allows children to actively construct their understanding of the world around them, rather than passively receiving information from a teacher. By encouraging active learning, Piaget believed that children's cognitive abilities would be enhanced, rather than depressed by excessive homework or lectures.

The correct answer is Piaget's pre operational period age 2 to 7. During this stage, children have limited cognitive abilities and tend to engage in animistic thinking, attributing human characteristics to inanimate objects. This aligns with the description provided in the question, where a preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic, as they may fantasize that objects like an automobile or a rock are talking to them.

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by consequences. This means that individuals at this level are primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. They make moral decisions based on the potential outcomes or consequences of their actions, rather than considering ethical principles or the needs of others. This level is characterized by a focus on self-interest and a limited understanding of moral reasoning.

The counselor will ideally focus on Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. This is because the family has just experienced a traumatic event of losing everything in a fire, which would have a significant impact on their basic needs for food, shelter, and security. Meeting these lower-order needs is crucial in order to stabilize the family's situation and provide them with a sense of safety and security before addressing higher-order needs like self-actualization. Building an accurate empathy of family members is important, but it is not the primary focus in this situation. The identified patient is not specified in the question, so it is not relevant to the counselor's focus.

In Kohlberg's highest level of morality, individuals have self-imposed morals and ethics. This means that their moral decisions are not solely based on external rules or societal expectations, but rather on their own personal principles and values. They are able to think beyond the "good boy/good girl" orientation, where they seek approval from others, and instead make moral choices based on their own internal standards. This level of morality reflects a higher level of moral reasoning and autonomy.

The correct answer is "are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s." This is because the statement mentions that elementary school counseling and guidance services became popular in the 1960s, indicating that it is a relatively recent development. The other options, such as being popular since the early 1900s or during World War II, are not supported by the statement.

Conservation in Piagetian literature refers to the understanding that certain properties of an object, such as volume or mass, can remain the same even when its appearance or arrangement changes. This concept is typically developed during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. It involves the ability to understand that changes in the physical appearance of an object do not necessarily mean changes in its fundamental properties. Therefore, the correct answer is volume or mass.

A 13-year-old male middle student would most likely conform to his peers because at this age, individuals are more susceptible to peer pressure and are eager to fit in with their social group. Middle school is a time when adolescents are trying to establish their identity and seek acceptance from their peers. They often conform to societal norms and the behaviors of their friends in order to avoid being ostracized or labeled as different.

The answer states that no single theory can fully explain developmental processes, so counselors should be familiar with all major theories. This suggests that a comprehensive understanding of different theories is necessary for counselors to effectively address the complexities of human development. It emphasizes the importance of having a diverse knowledge base in order to provide the best possible support and guidance to clients.

H. Harlow was most concerned with maternal deprivation. Harlow conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys, where he separated them from their mothers and provided them with two surrogate mothers: one made of wire with a feeding bottle and another made of soft cloth without a feeding bottle. He found that the monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother, even when the wire mother provided food. This led Harlow to conclude that the need for comfort and attachment is more important than the need for nourishment, highlighting the significance of maternal care and the negative effects of deprivation.

The anal retentive personality is described as "stingy" because this term refers to someone who is unwilling to spend money or give it away. This personality type is often characterized by a strong desire to hold onto their possessions and be overly cautious with their finances. They may have a tendency to prioritize saving money over being generous or charitable.

From a Freudian perspective, the oral character refers to someone who has fixated on the oral stage of psychosexual development. This stage occurs during infancy, where the primary focus is on the mouth and oral activities such as sucking and biting. Individuals who have unresolved conflicts during this stage may develop oral fixations, which can manifest as behaviors such as excessive smoking or alcoholism. Therefore, a client with problems related to alcoholism and excessive smoking would be considered an oral character.