Physio 2013: Inflammation And Immunity
- 1.
Which of the following complement cascade pathways is usually triggered by IgG and IgM antibody-antigen complexes?
- A.
Lectin
- B.
Classical
- C.
Alternative
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. ClassicalExplanation
The classical pathway is usually triggered by IgG or IgM antibody-antigen complexes (triggered at C1). The alternative pathway is normally triggered by lipopolysaccharide or bacterial endotoxins (started at C3). The alternative pathway is continuously activated, like a car engine that's idled. The lectin pathway is triggered by a biomolecule called lectin and can also be triggered on first exposure (triggered at C2 and C4).Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which cytokine is released by TH1 helper cells and sends signals to activate other helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages and is required by cytotoxic T cells to perform their function? (Hint: CDR O said this one was important to remember)
- A.
IL-2
- B.
IL-4
- C.
INF-Beta
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. IL-2Explanation
IL-2 is the correct answer because it is released by TH1 helper cells and plays a crucial role in activating other immune cells such as helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. It is also required by cytotoxic T cells to perform their function effectively. This cytokine is important for coordinating and regulating the immune response against pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which clotting factor is considered the intersection of coagulation and immunity?
- A.
Tissue thromboplastin (Factor III)
- B.
Hageman factor (Factor XII)
- C.
Von Willebrand factor
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Hageman factor (Factor XII)Explanation
Factor XII, also known as the Hageman factor, is considered the intersection of coagulation and immunity. This factor plays a crucial role in both the coagulation cascade and the activation of the immune system. It is involved in the initiation of blood clotting by activating other clotting factors and promoting the formation of fibrin. Additionally, Factor XII is also involved in the activation of the immune system, as it can trigger inflammatory responses and contribute to the defense against pathogens. Therefore, Factor XII acts at the intersection of both coagulation and immunity.Rate this question:
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- 4.
How does the coagulation cascade help the inflammatory response? (Check all that apply)
- A.
Entraps and localizes the agent using a fibrin meshwork
- B.
Also phagocytoses antigens
- C.
Release chemotaxins through fibrinolysis (the resulting particles) to attract neutrophils and macrophages
- D.
It does not aid in the inflammatory response
Correct Answer(s)
A. Entraps and localizes the agent using a fibrin meshwork
C. Release chemotaxins through fibrinolysis (the resulting particles) to attract neutropHils and macropHagesExplanation
The coagulation cascade is linked to the inflammatory response primarily to block off the infected area and prevent spread.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Antibodies are able to go into tissues.Â
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Antibodies are part of the humoral, or blood, immunity and do not enter tissue. That's why we need other mechanisms (e.g, neutrophils and macrophages).Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which is the most common antibody?
- A.
IgD
- B.
IgE
- C.
IgG
- D.
IgA
Correct Answer
C. IgGExplanation
IgG makes up 80% of the antibodies. It is the smallest, most mobile (can most easily escape the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid).Rate this question:
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- 7.
Where do antibodies come from?
- A.
When a mommy antibody and a daddy antibody love each other very much
- B.
Mast cells
- C.
B cells
- D.
T cells
Correct Answer
C. B cellsExplanation
B cells, specifically plasma B cells, become antibody producing factories with the help of cytokines and T helper cells. These B cells secrete antibodies. Other B cells have antibodies bound to their surfaces (BCRS).Rate this question:
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- 8.
What are the primary vasoactive chemicals during an inflammatory response released by mast cells? (Check all that apply)
- A.
Histamine
- B.
Prostaglandins
- C.
Lysosomal proteases
- D.
Leukotrienes
Correct Answer(s)
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins
D. LeukotrienesExplanation
During an inflammatory response, mast cells release various vasoactive chemicals. Histamine is one of the primary chemicals released by mast cells and it causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Prostaglandins, another vasoactive chemical released by mast cells, also contribute to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Leukotrienes, which are lipid mediators, are also released by mast cells during inflammation and they play a role in increasing vascular permeability and promoting the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Therefore, the correct answer is Histamine, Prostaglandins, and Leukotrienes.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following are not receptors on a macrophage?
- A.
Fc receptors
- B.
Muscarinic receptors
- C.
Selectins and integrin receptors
- D.
Cytokine receptors
Correct Answer
B. Muscarinic receptorsExplanation
Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the immune response. They have various receptors on their surface that allow them to recognize and respond to different signals. Fc receptors are present on macrophages and are involved in antibody-mediated immune responses. Selectins and integrin receptors are also present on macrophages and are involved in cell adhesion and migration. Cytokine receptors are present on macrophages and are involved in the response to cytokines. However, muscarinic receptors are not typically found on macrophages. Muscarinic receptors are primarily found in the nervous system and are involved in mediating the effects of acetylcholine.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following cells are considered part of the innate immune response?
- A.
NK, macrophages, & neutrophils
- B.
B, T, & NK
- C.
Dendritic, B, & T
- D.
Neutrophils & T
Correct Answer
A. NK, macropHages, & neutropHilsExplanation
B and T cells are part of the adaptive immune response.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which is the most common leukocyte?
- A.
Neutrophils
- B.
Lymphocytes
- C.
Eosinophils
- D.
Macrophages
Correct Answer
A. NeutropHilsExplanation
Neutrophils make up 60-80% of the leukocytes. Macrophages are 3-8%. Lymphocytes (NK, T, B) are 20-30%. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Where do the majority of cytokines come from?
- A.
Macrophages and T helper cells
- B.
Bob Saget
- C.
Macrophages and mast cells
- D.
Cytotoxic T cells and mast cells
Correct Answer
A. MacropHages and T helper cellsExplanation
Macrophages secrete a lot of cytokines that initiate inflammation and chemotaxis (e.g., IL-10, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-alpha; See p. 165 in Copstead). T helper cells similarly release many cytokines (see p. 167). While mast cells also release cytokines during degranulation, macrophages and T helpers are the primary sources.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which leukocyte is the most important in the beginning of the healing process following an inflammatory response?
- A.
Eosinophils
- B.
Macrophages
- C.
B cells
- D.
NK cells
Correct Answer
B. MacropHagesExplanation
Macrophages produce proteases that help in removing foreign protein from the wound, release thromboplastin to stimulate fibroblast activity and secrete peptide growth factors to facilitate growth of new blood vessels. "They are like the maggots of the immune system" - CDR O.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following components characterize the inflammatory response?
- A.
Decreased vascular permeability, recruitment and emigration of leukocytes, and phagocytosis of antigens and debris
- B.
Increased vascular permeability, recruitment and emigration of leukocytes, and phagocytosis of antigens and debris
- C.
Antigen presentation by B cells and macrophages, proliferation and cloning of T cells and T cells, and antibody production
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Increased vascular permeability, recruitment and emigration of leukocytes, and pHagocytosis of antigens and debrisExplanation
The inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability, which allows fluid and immune cells to move from the bloodstream to the site of infection or injury. This increased permeability is necessary for the recruitment and emigration of leukocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, which are key immune cells involved in the inflammatory response. Additionally, phagocytosis of antigens and debris by these immune cells helps to clear the infection or repair damaged tissue. This option accurately describes the components that characterize the inflammatory response.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What are the benefits of vasodilation in the inflammatory response?
- A.
Increased blood flow leads to increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid leakage which dilutes toxic agents
- B.
Vasodilation decreases vascular permeability so that phagocytes can stay within the bloodstream
- C.
Increased blood flow facilitates margination (the process by which the neutrophils move to the sides of the vessel walls, stick, and squeeze through the spaces in order to get to the tissue)
- D.
Increased blood flow allows for better oxygenation of the tissues to promote ATP production
Correct Answer(s)
A. Increased blood flow leads to increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid leakage which dilutes toxic agents
C. Increased blood flow facilitates margination (the process by which the neutropHils move to the sides of the vessel walls, stick, and squeeze through the spaces in order to get to the tissue)
D. Increased blood flow allows for better oxygenation of the tissues to promote ATP productionExplanation
Vasodilation in inflammation benefits by increasing blood flow, raising hydrostatic pressure, and promoting fluid leakage, which dilutes toxins. This process aids neutrophils' margination, enabling their migration to affected tissues for defense. Additionally, heightened blood flow enhances tissue oxygenation, crucial for ATP production, sustaining cellular metabolism and repair processes. Overall, vasodilation plays a vital role in orchestrating the immune response and promoting tissue recovery during inflammation.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins are used for antigen presentation on which leukocytes?
- A.
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells
- B.
Eosinophils and neutrophils
- C.
B cells and T cells
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Dendritic cells, macropHages and B cellsExplanation
Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins are used for antigen presentation on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. These cells are part of the immune system and play a crucial role in recognizing and presenting antigens to T cells. Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that capture and process antigens, macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and present antigens, and B cells are responsible for producing antibodies against specific antigens. By presenting antigens on MHC class II proteins, these cells activate T cells and initiate an immune response against the antigens.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Phagocytic cells cannot display MHC I proteins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Any nucleated cell can process and display antigen with MHC I proteins. This path of antigen-presentation happens with intracellular antigens. MHC II antigen presentation is for extracellular antigens that are engulfed by phagocytes.Rate this question:
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- 18.
When do B cells function independently of T cells?
- A.
Never
- B.
In response to nonprotein antigens
- C.
In response to protein antigens
- D.
When there are macrophages present
Correct Answer
B. In response to nonprotein antigensExplanation
B cells can function independently of T cells when encountering nonprotein antigens. Unlike protein antigens, which usually require T cell assistance for activation, nonprotein antigens can directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without the need for T cell involvement, enabling an autonomous immune response.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following are ways in which the cytotoxic T cell attacks a cell that presents an antigen on its MHC I peptide complex? (Check all that apply)
- A.
Perforins allow for granzymes to move into the cell to perform cellular lysis
- B.
The T cells engulfs the target cell to fuse it to lysosomes to be broken down by enzymes
- C.
T helper cells recognize the cell first and release cytokines to alert cytotoxic T cell to destroy the antigen
- D.
CD95 (FasL) binds with CD95 on target cell and initiates apoptosis
Correct Answer(s)
A. Perforins allow for granzymes to move into the cell to perform cellular lysis
D. CD95 (FasL) binds with CD95 on target cell and initiates apoptosisExplanation
The second answer somewhat describes the mechanisms of phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, which do not apply to T cytotoxic cells. The third answer is wrong because T helper cells only recognize MHC II complexes.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Naive B cells encounter an antigen for the first time and proliferate with the aid of T helper cells. Of the new colony of B cells, which type is the majority?
- A.
Memory
- B.
Plasma (effector)
Correct Answer
B. Plasma (effector)Explanation
B cells can be either memory cells or plasma (effector) cells (described in a previous question). Memory and effector cells are the two groups of cytotoxic T cells as well. Effector T cells are the ones that perform the cytotoxic functions in T cells and the ones that produce antibodies in B cells.Rate this question:
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Mar 15, 2024Quiz Edited by
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Jul 17, 2013Quiz Created by
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