ISTQB Mock Test 4

The correct answer is "All of the above" because when we think about what might go wrong, we need to consider all possible sources of defects and failures. Errors in the use of systems can lead to malfunctions or incorrect results. Environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures or humidity can also cause failures. Additionally, intentional damage, such as sabotage or hacking, can result in defects or failures. Therefore, considering all these factors is crucial in identifying potential risks and preventing problems.

The given question asks about the techniques for measuring coverage, and we need to identify the technique that is not applicable for this purpose. EV (Equivalence Partitioning), BVA (Boundary Value Analysis), and Decision table testing are all commonly used techniques to measure coverage in software testing. However, measuring coverage for software that has not been written is not possible, as there is no code or functionality to analyze. Therefore, the correct answer is "Software that has not been written."

Developers and designers typically use static analysis tools. These tools help them identify and fix potential issues in their code, such as bugs, security vulnerabilities, and coding standards violations. By using static analysis tools, developers and designers can ensure the quality and reliability of their software before it is deployed. System and acceptance testers may also use these tools to verify that the software meets the required specifications, but their primary users are developers and designers.

The statement that is TRUE about the 'pesticide paradox' is that if the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the same set of test cases will no longer find any new bugs. This is because as the system is tested repeatedly with the same set of test cases, the bugs that are initially discovered and fixed will no longer be present, leading to a decrease in the number of new bugs found. This highlights the need for regularly updating and diversifying the test cases to ensure that new bugs can be detected.

Maintenance testing is the process of testing a system after changes have been made in order to ensure that the system still functions correctly. Impact analysis is a technique used in maintenance testing to determine the potential effects of changes on the existing system. By analyzing the impact of changes, maintenance testing can prioritize and focus on the areas that are most likely to be affected. This helps in identifying and mitigating any potential risks or issues that may arise due to the changes. Therefore, maintenance testing uses impact analysis the most compared to the other options mentioned.

During the test implementation and test execution phase, various activities are carried out such as comparing actual results, creating test suites from the test cases, and executing test cases either manually or by using test execution tools. However, designing the tests is not a part of this phase. Test design is typically done in the test planning phase, where test objectives, test conditions, and test cases are identified. In the test implementation and test execution phase, the focus is on executing the already designed test cases and analyzing the results.

Risk is one of the most important activities in any project because it involves identifying potential problems or uncertainties that could impact the project's success. By assessing and managing risks, project teams can proactively address potential issues and develop contingency plans. Testing is directly related to risk management as it helps identify and mitigate risks by ensuring that the project meets its objectives and quality standards. Therefore, risk is a key activity and the reason for testing in any project.

Validation helps to check that we have built the right product. It ensures that the product meets the specified requirements and satisfies the needs of the stakeholders. However, it does not directly contribute to the development of the product itself. Monitoring tool wastage and obsoleteness is not a direct function of validation. Checking the quality of the built product is typically performed during the verification process, not validation. Therefore, the correct answer is "i is correct; ii, iii, iv are incorrect."

Maintenance testing is a type of testing that is performed to ensure that changes made to a system or software do not have any adverse effects on the rest of the system. It involves testing the changes made to the system, as well as conducting regression tests to verify that the rest of the system has not been impacted by the maintenance work. Additionally, maintenance testing includes extensive regression testing to parts of the system that have not been changed. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

The series of state transitions A, B, C covers all three states of the hair dryer: A (speed 1), B (speed 2), and C (OFF). This sequence ensures that all possible states are covered, providing 0-switch coverage.

The major objective of reviews, static analysis, and dynamic testing is to identify defects. These activities are conducted to thoroughly examine the software or system being tested in order to uncover any flaws or errors that may exist. By identifying defects, the development team can take appropriate actions to address and fix them, ultimately improving the quality and reliability of the software or system.

To achieve 100% statement coverage, we need to ensure that every statement in the program is executed at least once. In this program, there are four statements: READ A, READ B, IF C > 100 THEN, and PRINT 'LARGE C'. The given answer SC = 1; DC = 2 means that there is one test case where statement coverage is achieved, but decision coverage is not. This implies that the IF statement has not been executed in this particular test case. Therefore, to achieve 100% statement coverage, we need at least one additional test case where the condition C > 100 is true, so that the IF statement is executed and the PRINT statement is also executed.

Structure-based testing is focused on testing the internal structure of a software or component. The key characteristic of structure-based testing is that it is used both to measure coverage and design tests to increase coverage. This means that it not only ensures that the software or component is tested thoroughly, but also helps in identifying areas that have not been covered by testing and designing tests to improve coverage. By using this approach, testers can ensure that all parts of the software or component are tested and potential defects are identified and addressed.

Functional testing focuses on testing the suitability, interoperability, and compliance of the system, while non-functional testing focuses on performance testing, load testing, and stress testing. This means that functional testing is concerned with how well the system works, while non-functional testing is concerned with what the system does. This answer accurately describes the differences between functional and non-functional testing and aligns with commonly accepted definitions and practices in software testing.

Decision coverage is a measure of how many decision outcomes have been tested. It is stronger than statement coverage because statement coverage only measures if each statement has been executed at least once, while decision coverage ensures that all possible decision outcomes have been tested. However, 100% decision coverage does not guarantee 100% statement coverage and vice versa because there can be multiple statements within a decision outcome. Therefore, statement ii is incorrect. Statement iv is also incorrect because 100% decision coverage can be achieved if all possible decision outcomes are tested.

The correct answer is "The degree to which the project meets the requirements." This answer accurately defines quality as the extent to which a project fulfills the specified requirements. It implies that a high-quality project is one that successfully meets all the necessary criteria and delivers the expected outcomes.

Glass-box testing is a technique where the internal structure, design, and implementation details of the software are known and used to create test cases. Condition Combination Coverage, LCSAJ (Linear Code Sequence and Jump), and MCDS (Modified Condition/Decision Coverage) are all examples of glass-box testing techniques. These techniques involve analyzing the code and its logical conditions to ensure that all possible combinations, sequences, and decisions are tested. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as all three options are glass-box testing techniques.

The given answer, "Everything must be tested," is not a characteristic of quality because quality is not solely determined by testing. While testing is an important part of ensuring quality, it is not the only factor. Quality is measured by looking at the attributes of the product, such as its performance, reliability, and durability. It is also about fitness for use, meaning that the product meets the needs and expectations of the customer. Additionally, quality is based on good quality processes and meeting defined requirements, which includes factors such as design, production, and customer satisfaction.

The test readiness review is a process conducted before the start of testing to ensure that all necessary resources, documentation, and conditions are in place for testing to begin. The responsibility for conducting this review lies with the Test Manager. The Test Manager is responsible for overseeing the testing activities, coordinating with the team members, and ensuring that all prerequisites for testing are met. They play a crucial role in ensuring that the testing process is well-prepared and ready to proceed smoothly.

This is an example of equivalence partitioning because the tester has identified two partitions - scores between 85 and 100 and scores below 85. The tester is treating all scores within each partition as equivalent and expects the same outcome (Grade 'A+') for all scores within the first partition, and a different outcome (not Grade 'A+') for all scores within the second partition.

Walkthroughs are a type of static testing technique where the author of the document or code leads a group of reviewers through the material, explaining it and answering questions. The purpose of a walkthrough is to find defects, improve the quality of the material, and ensure that it meets the specified requirements. It is a collaborative approach that allows for early detection of issues and promotes knowledge sharing among team members. Therefore, walkthroughs are considered one of the static testing techniques.

Stochastic testing is an example of a model-based test strategy. In this approach, testing is performed based on probabilistic models that simulate real-world scenarios. It involves randomly selecting inputs and executing tests to observe the system's behavior under different conditions. This strategy helps identify potential issues and vulnerabilities that may not be discovered using other test strategies.

Risk is considered an external factor that influences the decision about which technique to use. When making a decision, the level of risk associated with each technique should be assessed. Factors such as the likelihood of failure, impact on the project, and potential consequences should be considered. By evaluating the risks involved, decision-makers can choose the most appropriate technique that minimizes potential negative outcomes and maximizes the chances of success.

The success factor of the review is determined by finding a 'champion' who can lead the process effectively, training the participants to ensure they have the necessary skills and knowledge, and managing any people issues that may arise during the review. All of these factors are important for the review to be successful.

The given question asks for a non-functional characteristic among the options provided. Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems or software to communicate and work together effectively. It is a functional characteristic rather than a non-functional one. Non-functional characteristics typically relate to the performance, behavior, and quality of a system, such as usability, reliability, and portability.

The activity of "Assess if more tests are needed" is not a test closure activity because it is related to the planning and execution of future tests, rather than the closure of the current testing phase. Test closure activities involve tasks such as checking the delivered planned deliverables, resolving incident reports, evaluating the testing process, analyzing lessons learned, and finalizing and archiving testware. Assessing if more tests are needed would fall under the activities of test planning or test execution, as it pertains to determining the need for additional tests in the future.

The given question asks for the incremental development model that is not included in the given options. The options provided are Rapid Unified Process, Rapid Application Development, Prototyping, and Spiral Model. The correct answer is Spiral Model, as it is the only option that is not an incremental development model. The Spiral Model is a risk-driven software development process model that combines elements of both waterfall and iterative development approaches. It emphasizes on risk analysis and mitigation throughout the development process.

Equivalence partitioning is a technique used for both input and output coverage. It involves dividing the input and output values into equivalent classes or partitions, where each partition represents a unique set of inputs or outputs that are expected to behave in the same way. By selecting test cases from each partition, this technique ensures that a representative set of inputs and outputs is covered, maximizing test coverage while minimizing the number of test cases needed. Therefore, equivalence partitioning is a suitable technique for achieving both input and output coverage.

Technical review is a process that involves analyzing and evaluating technical documents or projects. In order to ensure accuracy and effectiveness, this review is led by either a trained moderator or a technical expert. The trained moderator has the necessary skills and knowledge to oversee the review process, while a technical expert can provide expertise and insights specific to the technical aspects of the subject matter. Both options are suitable for leading a technical review, ensuring that it is thorough and comprehensive. Therefore, the correct answer is "Trained moderator or by a technical expert."

An exhaustive test suite includes all sets of input values and output values. This means that every possible combination of input values is tested, and the corresponding output values are checked to ensure the system functions correctly for all scenarios. This comprehensive approach helps identify any potential errors or bugs in the system by covering a wide range of test cases.

The IEEE 829 Test Log Template typically includes information about the items being tested and the environment in which the testing was conducted. It also includes the execution description, procedure results, environmental information, anomalous events, and incident report identifiers. However, it does not typically include features to be tested or the schedule. Therefore, option i, ii are correct; iii, iv are incorrect.

The Test Deliverables is not a part of the IEEE 829 Test Item Transmittal Report Template. The template includes sections for Location, Transmitted items, and Status, but does not include a section for Test Deliverables. The Test Deliverables are typically listed separately in a different document or section of the test plan.

Static analysis is valuable for several reasons. Firstly, it helps in the early detection of defects before executing tests. This allows for timely fixes and reduces the chances of bugs occurring during runtime. Secondly, it provides early warnings about suspicious aspects of the code, allowing developers to address potential issues before they become major problems. Thirdly, static analysis can identify defects that may not be easily found through dynamic testing, providing a more comprehensive assessment of the code's quality. Lastly, static analysis contributes to improved maintainability of the code and design, making it easier to understand, modify, and update in the future.

Inspections are typically led by a trained moderator, not by a technical expert. The moderator's role is to facilitate the inspection process and ensure that all participants are following the inspection guidelines. The moderator is responsible for managing the inspection meeting, keeping the discussion focused, and ensuring that all relevant issues are addressed. While a technical expert may be present during the inspection to provide expertise on the subject matter, they do not typically lead the inspection.

The given statement is true. A sanity test is not necessarily scripted, as it can be performed informally by the testers without any specific test cases or scripts. It is a quick check to ensure that the basic functionality of the system is working as expected after making minor changes or fixes. Therefore, the statement that a sanity test is scripted is untrue.

The correct order of fundamental test activities for all levels of test is as follows: Planning and control, analysis and design, implementation and execution, test closure activities, and evaluate exit criteria and reporting. This order ensures that the testing process is properly planned and controlled, followed by analyzing and designing the tests. Then, the tests are implemented and executed, and finally, the results are evaluated, exit criteria are assessed, and a report is generated. This order ensures a systematic and organized approach to testing, leading to effective and efficient results.

The correct answer suggests that for any risk, project, or product, the typical risk-management options include mitigating the risk by taking steps in advance to reduce the likelihood, having contingency plans in place to reduce the impact if the risk becomes an outcome, transferring the risk through insurance or other means, and potentially ignoring the risk if it is deemed acceptable or insignificant.

The responsibility of writing summary reports on test status is not assigned to the tester. The other responsibilities mentioned, such as reviewing and contributing to test plans, analyzing requirements and design specifications, reviewing each other's work, and implementing unit tests, are all part of the tester's role. However, the task of writing summary reports on test status is typically assigned to a test manager or a test lead, who consolidates the information provided by the testers and prepares the summary reports for communication and decision-making purposes.

The IEEE 829 Test Summary Report is a document that provides a comprehensive assessment of the testing activities conducted. It includes a summary of activities performed during testing, such as test design, execution, and results. It also includes any variances found during testing, which are deviations from the expected results. However, the report does not include information about the impact of the testing activities, such as the effect on the project timeline or budget.

Use cases are not defined in terms of the system, but rather in terms of the actor (user or external system) and their interactions with the system. Use cases describe the functionality or behavior of the system from the perspective of the actors involved, rather than focusing on the internal workings of the system itself.