Lecture 3: Male And Female Perineum

Explanation
The perineum is indeed the space outside of the pelvic diaphragm but inside of the pelvic outlet. It is the region between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, and it includes the external genitalia and the anus. This area is important in both males and females as it contains various structures such as muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and glands. The perineum plays a crucial role in supporting the pelvic organs and is involved in various bodily functions like urination, defecation, and sexual activity. Therefore, the statement "The perineum is the space outside of the pelvic diaphragm but inside of the pelvic outlet" is true.

Explanation
The two parts of the perineum are the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle

Explanation
The dividing line of the urogenital and anal triangle is the ischial tuberosity

Explanation
The urogenital triangle contains the genitalia and the erectile tissue as well as the deep and superficial pouch

Explanation
The statement is true because it accurately describes the anatomical divisions of the perineal region. The perineal membrane acts as a dividing structure, with the area outside of it referred to as the superficial pouch and the area inside and posterior to it referred to as the deep pouch. This division is important in understanding the different structures and compartments within the perineum.

Explanation
The piriformis muscle is a small muscle located deep in the buttock region. It originates from the ventral sacral foramina of S2, S3, and S4, which are openings in the sacrum bone. It then attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur. This attachment allows the piriformis muscle to play a role in hip rotation and stabilization. Therefore, the statement that the piriformis attaches from the ventral sacral foramina of S2, S3, and S4 is true.

Explanation
The obturator inturnus attaches to the greater trochanter

Explanation
The most posterior muscle of the pelvic diaphragm is the ischiococcygeus

Explanation
The muscles from anterior to posterior of the pelvic diaphragm are the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and ischiococcygeus. This is true because the pelvic diaphragm is composed of several muscles that form a supportive structure in the pelvic region. The pubococcygeus muscle is located in the anterior part of the pelvic diaphragm, followed by the iliococcygeus muscle, and finally the ischiococcygeus muscle in the posterior part. These muscles work together to support the pelvic organs and help control bladder and bowel function.

Explanation
The levator ani muscle is indeed located anterior to the coccygeus muscle. This anatomical relationship is important as the levator ani muscle plays a crucial role in supporting the pelvic organs and maintaining continence, while the coccygeus muscle provides additional support to the pelvic floor.

Explanation
The space between the layers of the perineal membrane is indeed known as the deep pouch. This anatomical structure is located in the pelvic region and plays a role in supporting the pelvic organs. It is important to have a clear understanding of the different compartments and spaces within the pelvis for medical professionals working in fields such as gynecology or urology.

Explanation
The bulbourethral gland is located in the deep pouch in males

Explanation
The bartholins or greater vestibular gland is indeed located in the deep pouch in the female. These glands are situated on either side of the vaginal opening and are responsible for producing lubrication during sexual arousal. The location of the bartholins or greater vestibular gland in the deep pouch ensures that the lubrication is readily available for sexual intercourse.

Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the erectile bodies located on the left and right side of the body are indeed called the corpus cavernosum. These structures are responsible for the erection of the penis and are composed of spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal. The corpus cavernosum forms the crus, which is a part of the penis that attaches it to the pubic bone. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation
The corpus spongiosum is located between the corpus cavernosum

Explanation
In males, the corpus spongiosum, which is a spongy tissue, fuses together to form the structure known as the penile urethra. This allows for the passage of urine and semen through the urethra during ejaculation. On the other hand, in females, the corpus spongiosum remains separate and does not fuse together. This is because females do not have a penile urethra. Instead, they have a separate urethra located above the vaginal opening. Therefore, the statement that the corpus spongiosum in males fuse together while in females they remain separate is true.

Explanation
The muscle located on the corpus cavernosum is the ischiocavernosus, while the muscle located on the corpus spongiosum is the bulbospongiosus

Explanation
The statement is true because the cowpers/bulbourethral glands are indeed attached to the prostate gland. These glands are responsible for producing a clear fluid that helps to lubricate and neutralize the acidity of the urethra, providing a more favorable environment for sperm to travel through.

Explanation
The deep artery is indeed located within the corpus cavernosum, which is one of the two cylindrical chambers in the penis responsible for erectile function. On the other hand, the penile urethra is located in the corpus spongiosum, which is a spongy tissue surrounding the urethra and helping to keep it open during an erection. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately describes the respective locations of the deep artery and penile urethra.

Explanation
The piriformis muscle is located in the buttocks and plays a role in hip rotation. It is also closely associated with the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation to the external genitalia and controls certain pelvic floor muscles. The pudendal nerve runs very close to or sometimes even through the piriformis muscle. Therefore, it can be said that the piriformis muscle acts as a "bed" or support structure for the pudendal nerve.

Explanation
The pudendal nerve gives off inferior rectal branches to the external anal sphincter and a dorsal nerve to the clitoris and penis