1.
Who originated the term "Liberal Fascism"?
Correct Answer
B. H.G. Wells
2.
Modern American liberalism descended from what tradition of Christian socialism?
Correct Answer
A. Progressivism
Explanation
Modern American liberalism descended from the tradition of Christian socialism through the ideology of progressivism. Progressivism emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to the social and economic challenges brought about by industrialization and urbanization. It sought to address these issues through government intervention and social reforms, aligning with the principles of Christian socialism that emphasized social justice, equality, and compassion towards the less fortunate. Progressives advocated for policies such as workers' rights, social welfare programs, and regulation of big business, all of which are central to modern American liberalism.
3.
How long did Benito Mussolini belong to the Socialist Party?
Correct Answer
D. 12 years.
Explanation
Benito Mussolini belonged to the Socialist Party for 12 years. This suggests that he was actively involved in the party and held membership for a significant period of time. This information indicates that Mussolini's political beliefs and affiliations evolved over time, as he eventually founded the National Fascist Party and became a prominent figure in Italian fascism.
4.
To whom did the New York Times compare Benito Mussolini in 1923?
Correct Answer
C. Teddy Roosevelt
Explanation
In 1923, the New York Times compared Benito Mussolini to Teddy Roosevelt. This suggests that there were certain similarities or characteristics that both leaders shared. However, without further context or information, it is difficult to determine the exact reasons for this comparison.
5.
As a political theorist, Mussolini is best described as a:
Correct Answer
B. Pragmatist
Explanation
Mussolini is best described as a pragmatist because he was known for his practical approach to politics and governance. He prioritized achieving his goals and maintaining power over adhering strictly to any particular ideology or set of principles. He often made decisions based on what he believed would be most effective in achieving his desired outcomes, rather than being guided by abstract theories or ideals. This pragmatic approach is evident in his policies and actions during his time as the leader of Fascist Italy.
6.
During the seven elections in which the Nazis competed from 1924 to 1933, they campaigned as ___________.
Correct Answer
Explanation
Neither Communists nor Marxists are acceptable answers. The KPD and the SPD were distinctly separate political parties which competed with the Nazis; the Nazis ran to the left of the ruling Social Democrats (SPD) and to the right of the Communists (KPD).
7.
What did Hitler believe to be vital to the success of the French, Soviet, and Fascist revolutions?
Correct Answer
B. The idea.
Explanation
Hitler believed that the idea was vital to the success of the French, Soviet, and Fascist revolutions. He believed that a powerful and influential idea could inspire and mobilize the masses, leading to the success of a revolution. Hitler himself used the idea of German nationalism and Aryan supremacy to rally support for the Nazi party and ultimately gain power in Germany.
8.
What two visions were said to complement each other perfectly during the Progressive Era?
Correct Answer
B. Darwinian organicism and Christian messianism.
Explanation
During the Progressive Era, Darwinian organicism and Christian messianism were said to complement each other perfectly. Darwinian organicism refers to the idea that society, like nature, evolves and adapts to changes over time. Christian messianism, on the other hand, is the belief in a savior who will bring about a better world. These two visions complement each other because Darwinian organicism provides a scientific framework for understanding societal progress and change, while Christian messianism offers a moral and spiritual perspective on the ultimate goal of creating a better society.
9.
The Progressive concept of the _______ _______ held that the state was the right arm of God and was the means by which the whole nation and world would be redeemed.
Correct Answer
Social Gospel
social gospel
Explanation
The Progressive concept of the Social Gospel held that the state was the right arm of God and was the means by which the whole nation and world would be redeemed. This concept emphasized the importance of using the power of the government to address social issues and promote social justice. It believed that the state had a moral obligation to intervene in economic and social matters to improve the lives of its citizens and create a more equitable society. The Social Gospel movement played a significant role in shaping the Progressive Era and influencing policies related to labor rights, poverty, and social welfare.
10.
What was the basic principle of the New Deal?
Correct Answer
D. There was no basic principle.
Explanation
The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American people. While the New Deal encompassed various principles and policies, it did not have a single basic principle. Instead, it focused on multiple objectives such as creating employment opportunities, stimulating economic growth, and implementing social reforms. Therefore, the statement that there was no basic principle is accurate.
11.
What did the radicals of the New Left seek to do?
Correct Answer
B. Redefine human nature.
Explanation
The radicals of the New Left sought to redefine human nature. This means that they wanted to challenge and change the traditional understanding of what it means to be human, including societal norms, values, and behaviors. They aimed to question and transform the existing social and cultural structures that they believed were oppressive and restrictive, in order to create a more equitable and just society. This involved challenging traditional gender roles, advocating for civil rights, and promoting individual freedom and self-expression.
12.
What was the signature document of the New Left?
Correct Answer
C. The Port Huron Statement.
Explanation
The Port Huron Statement was the signature document of the New Left. It was a political manifesto written by Tom Hayden and other members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. The statement called for greater democracy, civil rights, and social justice, and it became a defining document of the 1960s counterculture movement. The Seneca Falls Declaration was a document from the women's suffrage movement, the Providence Manifesto and the Chicago Seven are unrelated to the New Left.
13.
What caused a permanent schism on the American Right?
Correct Answer
A. The decision of foreign policy hawks to support a large national security state.
Explanation
The permanent schism on the American Right was caused by the decision of foreign policy hawks to support a large national security state. This decision created a divide within the conservative movement, with some conservatives advocating for a strong national security apparatus while others believed in a more limited government approach. This divide continues to shape the American Right and influence their stance on issues related to foreign policy and national security.
14.
What replaced religion for American progressives at the dawn of the 1950s?
Correct Answer
C. Psychology.
Explanation
At the dawn of the 1950s, American progressives turned to psychology as a replacement for religion. This shift can be attributed to the growing influence of psychological theories and practices, which offered new ways of understanding human behavior and addressing societal issues. Psychology provided a scientific framework that appealed to the rational and empirical mindset of progressives, offering explanations and solutions based on observable phenomena rather than religious beliefs. As a result, psychology became a prominent field of study and a guiding force for American progressives during this period.
15.
What did the term "Social Darwinist" originally mean?
Correct Answer
A. Anyone who opposed the idea that the state must interfere in the reproductive order of society.
Explanation
The term "Social Darwinist" originally referred to anyone who opposed the idea that the state should interfere in the reproductive order of society. This means that they believed in the natural selection and survival of the fittest principles of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and that the state should not intervene or regulate the process. Instead, they believed that society should be left to evolve and progress on its own, without interference from the government.
16.
Regarding what issue does Goldberg declare that liberals were correct?
Correct Answer
C. The moral imperative of desegregation.
Explanation
Goldberg declares that liberals were correct regarding the moral imperative of desegregation. This suggests that he agrees with the liberal viewpoint that it is morally wrong to segregate people based on their race. He likely believes that desegregation is necessary in order to achieve a more just and equal society.
17.
What is the main impact of the modern liberal fascist bargain?
Correct Answer
B. Preventing small companies from competing against large corporations.
Explanation
The main impact of the modern liberal fascist bargain is preventing small companies from competing against large corporations. This can be seen as a consequence of policies and regulations that favor big corporations and create barriers for smaller businesses to enter the market and thrive. This can lead to a lack of competition, which can result in limited choices for consumers and reduced innovation in the market.
18.
What is the conventional liberal perspective on economics?
Correct Answer
D. Corporations are too powerful.
Explanation
The conventional liberal perspective on economics is that corporations are too powerful. Liberals believe that corporations have too much influence and control over the economy, which leads to income inequality and unfair practices. They argue for stricter regulations on corporations to ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth and to protect consumers and workers. This perspective also advocates for government intervention and oversight to prevent monopolies and promote competition in the market.
19.
Why is liberal fascism not clearly recognized as being fascist?
Correct Answer
C. Because it is maternal, not masculine.
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that liberal fascism is not recognized as being fascist because it is portrayed as being maternal rather than masculine. This suggests that it is seen as nurturing and caring, rather than authoritarian and oppressive like traditional fascism. This portrayal may make it more difficult for people to recognize the similarities between liberal fascism and traditional fascism, as they may not associate the maternal qualities with the characteristics typically associated with fascism.
20.
Who are the two parents of Progressive education?
Correct Answer
B. Prussia and John Dewey.
Explanation
Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that emphasizes learning through experience, critical thinking, and problem-solving. John Dewey, an American philosopher and educator, is widely regarded as the father of Progressive education. He developed the principles and practices of this educational approach, which focused on student-centered learning and the integration of academic subjects with real-life experiences. Prussia, a historical region in Germany, is also mentioned as one of the parents of Progressive education because it had a significant influence on Dewey's ideas, particularly in terms of the role of the state in education.
21.
The symbol for martial fascism was the Roman fasces, the _______ is a symbol for maternal fascism.
Correct Answer
village
Explanation
The symbol for martial fascism was the Roman fasces, a bundle of rods with an axe, representing strength and authority. In contrast, the term "village" represents a sense of community, cooperation, and nurturing, which aligns more with the concept of maternal fascism. This symbolizes the focus on caring for and supporting the well-being of the people, rather than exerting dominance and control.
22.
How do liberals argue about every stage of their project?
Correct Answer
A. "What is wrong with this brick?"
Explanation
The correct answer suggests that liberals argue by questioning and criticizing specific aspects or details of their project, such as asking what is wrong with a particular brick. This implies that they engage in a critical and analytical approach, seeking to identify and address any flaws or shortcomings in their project.
23.
What is the primary justification for liberal fascism?
Correct Answer
C. Compassion
Explanation
Compassion can be seen as the primary justification for liberal fascism because proponents of this ideology argue that it is necessary to enforce strict regulations and control over society in order to protect and provide for the well-being of all individuals. They believe that by implementing policies that prioritize social justice and equality, they are acting out of compassion and working towards a more fair and just society.