1.
Spongy, pporous bone tissue is also called
Correct Answer
E. Cancellous bone
Explanation
Cancellous bone refers to spongy, porous bone tissue that is found at the ends of long bones and inside vertebrae. It is characterized by its lattice-like structure, which provides flexibility and strength to the bone. Unlike compact bone, which is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, cancellous bone is less dense and contains spaces filled with bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow, on the other hand, refers to the fatty tissue found in the central cavities of long bones. Therefore, the correct answer is cancellous bone.
2.
Outward extension of the shoulder bone is the
Correct Answer
C. Acromion
Explanation
The acromion is the correct answer because it is an outward extension of the shoulder bone. It is a bony process that forms the highest point of the shoulder and helps to stabilize the shoulder joint. The acromion also provides attachment sites for various muscles and ligaments involved in shoulder movement.
3.
An opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave is a
Correct Answer
D. Foramen
Explanation
A foramen is an opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. It allows for the passage of these structures, providing a pathway for them to travel through the bone. Other options like fissure, sulcus, tuberosity, and fossa do not specifically refer to openings or passages for blood vessels and nerves.
4.
The projection of the temporal bone is the
Correct Answer
D. Mastoid process
Explanation
The mastoid process is a projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear. It serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Additionally, it contains air cells that communicate with the middle ear, helping to regulate pressure and drainage. The mastoid process is important in the diagnosis and treatment of certain conditions, such as mastoiditis, which is an infection of the mastoid air cells.
5.
Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone is call a
Correct Answer
E. Condyle
Explanation
A knuckle-like process at the end of a bone is called a condyle. Condyles are rounded projections that serve as points of articulation with other bones, allowing for smooth movement and flexibility in the joints. They are commonly found in locations such as the knee, jaw, and fingers.
6.
Mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones of the
Correct Answer
A. Face
Explanation
The mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones that are specifically located in the face. They contribute to the structure and shape of the face, and are involved in functions such as chewing, speaking, and facial expressions. The cranium refers to the skull, which includes the bones of the head but not the face. The spine, pelvis, and thorax are all parts of the skeletal system, but they do not include the bones of the face.
7.
Occipital, sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and ethmoid are bones of the
Correct Answer
B. Cranium
Explanation
The bones listed in the question are all part of the cranium. The cranium is the skull, which is the bony structure that protects the brain. The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull, the sphenoid bone is in the middle of the skull, the frontal bone is at the front, the temporal bone is on the sides, and the ethmoid bone is in the front part of the skull between the eyes. Therefore, the correct answer is cranium.
8.
The shaft of a long bone is call a(n)
Correct Answer
E. DiapHysis
Explanation
The correct answer is diaphysis. The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone. It is composed mainly of compact bone and contains the medullary cavity, which houses bone marrow. The diaphysis provides support and strength to the bone, allowing for movement and weight-bearing. The other options mentioned in the question are not correct as they refer to different parts or structures of a bone.
9.
Poor formation of bone
Correct Answer
B. OsteodystropHy
Explanation
Osteodystrophy refers to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal bone formation. It can be caused by various factors such as poor nutrition, hormonal imbalances, or kidney disease. In osteodystrophy, the normal process of bone formation is disrupted, leading to the development of weak, brittle, and deformed bones. This condition can result in an increased risk of fractures and skeletal abnormalities. Osteodystrophy is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the poor formation of bone mentioned in the question.
10.
Operation performed to relieve the symptoms of a slipped disk
Correct Answer
D. Laminectomy
Explanation
Laminectomy is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure commonly performed to relieve the symptoms of a slipped disk. During a laminectomy, the lamina (a part of the vertebral bone) is removed to create more space and alleviate pressure on the spinal nerves. This procedure helps to reduce pain, numbness, and weakness caused by a herniated or bulging disk in the spine. Patellapexy, arthroscopy, osteoclasis, and metacarpectomy are not related to the treatment of a slipped disk.
11.
Lateral curvature of the spinal column
Correct Answer
B. Scoliosis
Explanation
Scoliosis is the correct answer because it refers to the lateral curvature of the spinal column. Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the upper back, spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord doesn't develop properly, and the pubic symphysis is a joint in the pelvis.
12.
Vitamin d deficiency leads to softening of bone, which is known as
Correct Answer
A. Osteomalacia
Explanation
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to softening of the bones, a condition known as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia is characterized by weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and muscle weakness. It occurs due to a lack of vitamin D, which is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Without adequate levels of these minerals, the bones become weak and prone to deformities. Osteomalacia primarily affects adults, whereas osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones. Lumbago refers to lower back pain, osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone density, and hypercalcemia is the excessive level of calcium in the blood.
13.
Pertaining to the upper arm bone
Correct Answer
A. Humeral
Explanation
The term "pertaining to the upper arm bone" refers to the humerus, which is the bone located in the upper arm. Therefore, the correct answer is "humeral".
14.
The shoulder bone is the
Correct Answer
C. Scapula
Explanation
The scapula is the correct answer because it is commonly known as the shoulder blade. It is a flat bone located on the upper back, between the second and seventh ribs. The scapula connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the clavicle bone of the shoulder. It plays a crucial role in the movement and stability of the shoulder joint. The patella is the kneecap, the sternum is the breastbone, the clavicle is the collarbone, and the vertebrae are the bones that make up the spine.
15.
The smaller of the two lower leg bones is the
Correct Answer
C. Fibula
Explanation
The fibula is the smaller of the two lower leg bones. It is located on the outer side of the leg and runs parallel to the tibia, which is the larger bone. The fibula provides support and stability to the leg, but its main function is to serve as an attachment point for muscles. Unlike the tibia, the fibula does not bear much weight and is not directly involved in the formation of the knee joint.
16.
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Correct Answer
C. Osteomyelitis
Explanation
Osteomyelitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of bone and bone marrow. It is an infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria, but can also be caused by fungi or viruses. It can occur as a result of an open fracture, a deep puncture wound, or the spread of infection from nearby soft tissues. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, and fever. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses.
17.
Clubfoot
Correct Answer
D. Talipes
Explanation
Talipes, also known as clubfoot, is a congenital condition where the foot is twisted or positioned abnormally. It is characterized by the foot pointing downwards and inwards. The other options listed are different conditions. Exostosis refers to the abnormal growth of bone on the surface, osteogenic sarcoma is a type of bone cancer, bunion is a deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe, and bursitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs around joints.
18.
A splintered or crushed bone
Correct Answer
A. Comminuted fracture
Explanation
A comminuted fracture refers to a type of bone fracture where the bone is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces. This can occur due to a high-energy impact or a significant force applied to the bone. In a comminuted fracture, the bone breaks into several fragments, which can make the healing process more complex and may require surgical intervention for proper alignment and stabilization.
19.
Surgical repair of a joint
Correct Answer
A. Arthroplasty
Explanation
Arthroplasty refers to the surgical repair of a joint. It involves replacing or reconstructing a damaged joint with an artificial joint or prosthesis. This procedure is commonly performed to relieve pain and improve the function of a joint affected by conditions such as arthritis or joint degeneration. Arthroplasty can be performed on various joints in the body, including the hip, knee, shoulder, and wrist. It aims to restore mobility and enhance the quality of life for individuals suffering from joint problems.
20.
Condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint
Correct Answer
E. Ankylosis
Explanation
Ankylosis refers to the condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint. It occurs when there is abnormal fusion of the bones in a joint, leading to restricted movement. This can be caused by various factors such as injury, infection, or autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Ankylosis can result in significant pain and loss of function in the affected joint. Treatment options may include physical therapy, medications, or in severe cases, surgical intervention to improve mobility and reduce pain.
21.
Chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degenerative changes in cartilage
Correct Answer
D. Osteoarthritis
Explanation
Osteoarthritis is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation of bones and joints. It occurs due to degenerative changes in cartilage, which leads to the breakdown and loss of cartilage tissue. This condition primarily affects older individuals and commonly occurs in weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease, osteoarthritis is not caused by an overactive immune system. Ankylosing spondylitis is a different condition that primarily affects the spine, while chondromalacia refers to the softening and breakdown of cartilage in the joints. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the joints.
22.
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid accumulation
Correct Answer
C. Gouty arthritis
Explanation
Gouty arthritis is the correct answer because it is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of excessive uric acid in the joints, leading to inflammation. This condition typically affects the big toe joint, causing severe pain, swelling, and redness. Other joints such as the ankles, knees, wrists, and elbows can also be affected. The build-up of uric acid occurs when the body produces too much or is unable to eliminate it efficiently. Gouty arthritis is commonly associated with a diet high in purines, a substance found in certain foods and drinks.
23.
Wasting away (no development ) of muscle
Correct Answer
D. AtropHy
Explanation
Atrophy refers to the wasting away or lack of development of muscle. It is a condition characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and strength. This can occur due to various reasons such as disuse, lack of physical activity, aging, or certain medical conditions. In atrophy, the muscle fibers become smaller and weaker, leading to a loss of muscle function. Therefore, atrophy is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition of muscle wasting.
24.
Act of turning the palm forward or upward
Correct Answer
A. Supination
Explanation
Supination refers to the act of turning the palm forward or upward. It is the movement that allows the palm to face upwards or towards the front. This movement occurs at the forearm joint, where the radius and ulna bones meet. During supination, the radius rotates over the ulna, causing the palm to turn in the desired direction. This movement is essential for various activities such as lifting objects, throwing, or performing certain exercises. Pronation, on the other hand, is the opposite movement, where the palm faces downwards or towards the back.
25.
Muscle connected to internal organs
Correct Answer
B. Visceral
Explanation
The correct answer is "visceral". Visceral refers to the internal organs of the body, and a muscle connected to internal organs would be considered a visceral muscle. This type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements and functions such as digestion, circulation, and breathing. Skeletal muscles, on the other hand, are attached to the bones and are responsible for voluntary movements.
26.
Connection of muscle to the bone that moves
Correct Answer
B. Insertion
Explanation
The term "insertion" refers to the connection of a muscle to the bone that it moves. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone it is attached to at its insertion point, causing movement. The origin, on the other hand, refers to the connection of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary during muscle contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is "insertion" because it specifically describes the connection of the muscle to the bone that moves.
27.
Connection of muscle to a stationary bone
Correct Answer
A. Origin
Explanation
The term "origin" refers to the point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone. It is the starting point of the muscle and remains fixed during contraction. The origin provides stability and acts as an anchor for the muscle, allowing it to exert force and generate movement at the insertion point.
28.
The shaft of a long bone is called the _____________
Correct Answer
diaphysis
Explanation
The correct answer is "diaphysis." The diaphysis refers to the long, cylindrical shaft of a bone. It is made up of compact bone tissue and provides support and strength to the bone. The diaphysis also contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with bone marrow and is involved in the production of blood cells.
29.
The physician who treats bones and bone diseases is a(n) ______________
Correct Answer
orthopedist
Explanation
An orthopedist is a physician who specializes in the treatment of bones and bone diseases. They are trained to diagnose and treat conditions such as fractures, arthritis, and osteoporosis. Orthopedists may also perform surgeries to repair or replace damaged bones and joints. They play a crucial role in helping patients regain mobility and improve their quality of life.
30.
A sac of fluid near a joint is a(n) ___________
Correct Answer
bursa
Explanation
A sac of fluid near a joint is called a bursa. Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between bones, tendons, and muscles. They help to reduce friction and provide lubrication, allowing smooth movement of the joint. Bursae are commonly found in areas where there is repetitive motion or pressure, such as the elbows, knees, and shoulders.
31.
Smooth cartilage that surrounds the surface of bones at joints is ________
Correct Answer
articular cartilage
Explanation
The smooth cartilage that surrounds the surface of bones at joints is called articular cartilage. This type of cartilage provides a smooth and slippery surface that allows for easy movement and reduces friction between bones during joint motion. Articular cartilage also acts as a shock absorber, helping to distribute forces evenly across the joint and protecting the underlying bone. It is essential for maintaining joint health and proper function.
32.
Surgical repair of a joint is called ___________
Correct Answer
arthroplasty
Explanation
Arthroplasty is the surgical repair of a joint. It involves replacing the damaged or diseased joint with a prosthetic implant. This procedure is commonly performed to relieve pain and improve joint function in conditions such as arthritis or joint injuries. Arthroplasty can be performed on various joints in the body, including the hip, knee, shoulder, and ankle. It aims to restore mobility and enhance the quality of life for individuals suffering from joint problems.
33.
Upper arm bone:_____________
Correct Answer
humerus
Explanation
The upper arm bone is called the humerus. The humerus is the longest and largest bone in the upper limb. It connects the scapula (shoulder blade) to the radius and ulna (bones of the forearm). It plays a crucial role in the movement and stability of the shoulder and elbow joints.
34.
Wrist bones:____________
Correct Answer
carpals
Explanation
The correct answer for the question is "carpals". Carpals refer to the group of small bones located in the wrist. These bones are arranged in two rows and provide flexibility and stability to the wrist joint. They allow for movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the hand and fingers. The carpals also play a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body during activities that involve the use of the hands and arms.
35.
Backbone:_________________
Correct Answer
vertebra
Explanation
The term "backbone" is often used metaphorically to refer to the central or most important part of something. In this analogy, "vertebra" is the correct answer because it is the central and most important part of the backbone in the human body. The vertebrae are the individual bones that make up the spinal column, providing support and protection for the spinal cord. Thus, "vertebra" is the most fitting term to complete the analogy.
36.
Tumor (benign) of cartilage: _________oma
Correct Answer
chondr
Explanation
The term "oma" is commonly used to indicate a tumor, while "chondr" refers to cartilage. Therefore, combining "chondr" with "oma" creates the word "chondroma," which specifically denotes a benign tumor of cartilage.
37.
Stiffened, immobile joint:_________osis
Correct Answer
ankyl
Explanation
The term "ankyl" refers to a condition called ankylosis, which is characterized by a stiffened and immobile joint. The suffix "-osis" is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate a pathological or abnormal condition. Therefore, "ankyl" + "-osis" combines to form "ankylosis," which accurately describes a joint that is stiffened and immobile.
38.
Suture of a tendon: ten_________
Correct Answer
orrhaphy
Explanation
The correct answer is "orrhaphy." In medical terminology, the suffix "-orrhaphy" refers to the surgical suturing or repair of a structure. In this case, the word "tenorrhaphy" would mean the surgical suturing of a tendon. The prefix "ten-" indicates that the structure being repaired is a tendon. Therefore, "orrhaphy" is the appropriate suffix to complete the term.
39.
Inflammation of a sac of fluid near a joint: ________itis
Correct Answer
burs
Explanation
The term "bursitis" refers to the inflammation of a bursa, which is a sac of fluid located near a joint. Bursae act as cushions between bones, tendons, and muscles, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement of the joint. When a bursa becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion in the affected joint. Therefore, the correct answer is "bursitis."
40.
Suture of a tendon: teno_____________
Correct Answer
rrhaphy
Explanation
This question is asking for the term that means "suture of a tendon." The correct answer is "rrhaphy." The suffix "-rrhaphy" is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to the surgical procedure of suturing or stitching a specific body part or tissue. In this case, "teno-" refers to a tendon, and when combined with "-rrhaphy," it forms the term "tenorrhaphy," which means the suturing of a tendon.
41.
Tumor (benign) of smooth, visceral muscle: _________oma
Correct Answer
leiomy
Explanation
The correct answer is "leiomy". This is because tumors that are benign and arise from smooth, visceral muscle are typically referred to as "leiomyomas". The term "leiomy" is derived from "leio-", which means smooth, and "-my", which refers to muscle. Therefore, "leiomy" accurately represents the type of tumor described in the question.
42.
Inflammation of the backbone with stiffness in the joints: ___________ing __________itis
Correct Answer
ankylos, spondyl
Explanation
The term "ankylos" refers to stiffness, while "spondyl" refers to the backbone. Therefore, the correct answer is "ankylosing spondylitis," which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the backbone with stiffness in the joints.
43.
Burs/o
Correct Answer
bursa sac of fluid near joint
Explanation
The term "burs/o" refers to the bursa, which is a sac filled with fluid that is located near a joint. Bursae act as cushions and reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles during movement. They help to facilitate smooth joint motion and protect the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the correct answer "bursa sac of fluid near joint" accurately describes the meaning of "burs/o."
44.
Calc/o
Correct Answer
calcium
Explanation
The term "calc/o" is a combining form that refers to calcium. It is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate conditions or procedures related to calcium. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is calcium, as it is the substance represented by the combining form "calc/o".
45.
Lamin/o
Correct Answer
lamina part of vertebral arch
Explanation
The term "lamin/o" refers to the lamina, which is a part of the vertebral arch. The vertebral arch is a bony structure that forms the posterior part of a vertebra, and it consists of several components, including the lamina. The lamina is a thin, flattened piece of bone that extends from the pedicle and connects to the spinous process. It helps to protect the spinal cord and provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments. Therefore, the correct answer is that "lamin/o" refers to the lamina, which is a part of the vertebral arch.
46.
Maxill/o
Correct Answer
maxillary upper jaw bone
Explanation
The term "maxill/o" refers to the upper jaw bone, also known as the maxillary bone. This bone is located in the upper part of the face and forms the framework for the upper teeth. It plays a crucial role in facial structure and provides support for the teeth and surrounding tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is "maxillary upper jaw bone".
47.
Metatars/o
Correct Answer
foot bone
Explanation
The term "metatars/o" refers to the metatarsal bones, which are the long bones in the foot. These bones are located between the tarsal bones (in the rearfoot) and the phalanges (toes). Therefore, "foot bone" is an accurate explanation for the term "metatars/o" as it specifically refers to the bones in the foot.
48.
Myel/o
Correct Answer
bone marrow
Explanation
The term "myel/o" refers to bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found inside the bones. It is responsible for the production of various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "bone marrow."
49.
Phalang/o
Correct Answer
finger and toe bones
Explanation
The term "phalang/o" refers to the bones of the fingers and toes. It is derived from the Greek word "phalanx" which means a row of soldiers, resembling the arrangement of the finger and toe bones. Therefore, "phalang/o" is used to describe these specific bones in medical terminology.
50.
Ribs
Correct Answer
cost/o
Explanation
The term "cost/o" refers to the combining form for the word "rib." This is evident from the given information that includes the word "ribs" and the combining form "cost/o." The combining form "cost/o" is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to the ribs. Therefore, the correct answer is "cost/o."