Lom Review Chap. 15 , Sxs Review Chap. 14

The mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones that are specifically located in the face. They contribute to the structure and shape of the face, and are involved in functions such as chewing, speaking, and facial expressions. The cranium refers to the skull, which includes the bones of the head but not the face. The spine, pelvis, and thorax are all parts of the skeletal system, but they do not include the bones of the face.

Gouty arthritis is the correct answer because it is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of excessive uric acid in the joints, leading to inflammation. This condition typically affects the big toe joint, causing severe pain, swelling, and redness. Other joints such as the ankles, knees, wrists, and elbows can also be affected. The build-up of uric acid occurs when the body produces too much or is unable to eliminate it efficiently. Gouty arthritis is commonly associated with a diet high in purines, a substance found in certain foods and drinks.

The periosteum is a membrane that surrounds bones. It is a dense connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints. It plays a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and nutrition. The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells called osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. It also serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments, providing stability and support to the bones. Overall, the periosteum is essential for the maintenance and health of bones.

Arthroplasty refers to the surgical repair of a joint. It involves replacing or reconstructing a damaged joint with an artificial joint or prosthesis. This procedure is commonly performed to relieve pain and improve the function of a joint affected by conditions such as arthritis or joint degeneration. Arthroplasty can be performed on various joints in the body, including the hip, knee, shoulder, and wrist. It aims to restore mobility and enhance the quality of life for individuals suffering from joint problems.

Atrophy refers to the wasting away or lack of development of muscle. It is a condition characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and strength. This can occur due to various reasons such as disuse, lack of physical activity, aging, or certain medical conditions. In atrophy, the muscle fibers become smaller and weaker, leading to a loss of muscle function. Therefore, atrophy is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition of muscle wasting.

Open treatment of a fracture refers to a surgical procedure where the fracture is exposed by making an incision in the skin and soft tissues. This allows the surgeon to directly visualize the fracture site and manipulate the fractured bones. In this case, the fracture is opened at a remote site, meaning the incision is made away from the actual fracture site, and then nails or other fixation devices are inserted across the fracture to stabilize it. This approach is commonly used for complex fractures or cases where closed reduction techniques are not feasible.

Arthroscopy is a desirable treatment choice because it involves smaller incisions, which leads to less scarring and reduces the risk of infection. Additionally, the recovery time is quicker compared to traditional open surgery. Overall, these factors make arthroscopy a preferred option for both physicians and patients.

Manipulation is the term that describes a reduction. Manipulation refers to the process of physically realigning or repositioning a bone or joint to correct a deformity or restore normal function. It is commonly used in medical settings, such as in the treatment of fractures or dislocations, to manipulate the affected area back into its proper alignment. Manipulation can be performed by a healthcare professional using various techniques and may involve the application of force or controlled movements to achieve the desired reduction.

Endoscopy/arthroscopy is fast becoming the treatment of choice for many orthopedic surgical procedures. This procedure involves the use of a small camera called an endoscope to visualize and treat the inside of a joint. It allows for minimally invasive surgery, resulting in smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery times compared to open surgery. Additionally, arthroscopy enables surgeons to diagnose and treat various orthopedic conditions, such as joint injuries, cartilage damage, and ligament tears, with precision and accuracy.

Scoliosis is the correct answer because it refers to the lateral curvature of the spinal column. Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the upper back, spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord doesn't develop properly, and the pubic symphysis is a joint in the pelvis.

Open treatment of a fracture refers to a surgical procedure where the fracture site is surgically opened and visualized, either directly or remotely. This allows the physician to have direct access to the fractured bone and surrounding tissues, enabling them to reduce the fracture properly. This method is necessary when the fracture is complex or unstable, and it may involve the use of specialized tools and techniques to realign the bone fragments and stabilize them with screws, plates, or rods. By surgically opening and visualizing the fracture, the physician can ensure proper alignment and promote optimal healing.

The bones listed in the question are all part of the cranium. The cranium is the skull, which is the bony structure that protects the brain. The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull, the sphenoid bone is in the middle of the skull, the frontal bone is at the front, the temporal bone is on the sides, and the ethmoid bone is in the front part of the skull between the eyes. Therefore, the correct answer is cranium.

The term "skin" describes traction by use of strapping, elastic wraps, or tape. This method involves applying these materials directly to the skin to provide the necessary support and traction. It is a non-invasive technique commonly used in medical and sports settings to stabilize joints, reduce pain, and support injured or weak areas of the body. The use of strapping, elastic wraps, or tape on the skin helps to provide external support and limit movement, allowing for proper healing and recovery.

ORIF stands for open reduction with internal fixation. This acronym is commonly used in the medical field to describe a surgical procedure. Open reduction refers to the process of realigning fractured bones through a surgical incision, while internal fixation involves the use of implants (such as screws, plates, or rods) to stabilize the bones and promote proper healing. Therefore, the correct answer is "open reduction with internal fixation."

Osteomyelitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of bone and bone marrow. It is an infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria, but can also be caused by fungi or viruses. It can occur as a result of an open fracture, a deep puncture wound, or the spread of infection from nearby soft tissues. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, and fever. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses.

The trochanter is a large process located at the neck of the femur. It serves as a site for muscle attachment and helps in the movement of the hip joint. The trochanter is divided into two parts: the greater trochanter, which is located on the lateral side of the femur, and the lesser trochanter, which is located on the medial side. These structures play a crucial role in providing stability and strength to the hip joint, allowing for efficient movement and weight-bearing activities.

Supination refers to the movement of the forearm or foot that turns the palm or sole upward. It involves the rotation of the radius and ulna bones in the forearm, resulting in the palm facing upward. This movement is commonly observed when holding a bowl of soup or when performing a bicep curl. Therefore, supination is the correct answer for the given description.

Supination refers to the act of turning the palm forward or upward. It is the movement that allows the palm to face upwards or towards the front. This movement occurs at the forearm joint, where the radius and ulna bones meet. During supination, the radius rotates over the ulna, causing the palm to turn in the desired direction. This movement is essential for various activities such as lifting objects, throwing, or performing certain exercises. Pronation, on the other hand, is the opposite movement, where the palm faces downwards or towards the back.

The explanation for the answer "false" is that an orthopedic surgeon can report the service of ultrasonic guidance. While it is true that ultrasonic guidance is a radiologic procedure, it does not mean that only a radiologist can report services represented in the radiology section. Orthopedic surgeons are trained in using ultrasonic guidance for certain procedures and can therefore report this service.

Manipulation refers to the process of restoring a fracture or dislocation to its normal anatomic alignment by applying manual force. This technique does not involve the use of external fixation devices or skeletal traction. Instead, it relies on the skillful application of force by a healthcare professional to realign the bones or joints. Manipulation is a common method used in orthopedics to treat fractures and dislocations, allowing for proper healing and function of the affected area.

The correct answer refers to the bones in the back that are connected to the ribs. These bones are known as thoracic vertebrae and they form the vertebral column or spine. The thoracic vertebrae are located in the middle of the spine and are connected to the ribs, providing support and protection to the vital organs in the chest cavity.

Using codes from the wound exploration category requires the coder to assess the extent of the procedure. This means that the coder needs to evaluate the depth and complexity of the wound exploration in order to accurately assign the appropriate code. The coder must determine the level of exploration performed, such as superficial, deep, or extensive, and select the corresponding code based on this assessment. This ensures that the coding accurately reflects the complexity and resources involved in the procedure.

The insertion of a device into the muscle to measure the pressure within the muscle is known as monitoring interstitial fluid pressure. This is because interstitial fluid refers to the fluid present between the cells in the body, including within the muscle tissue. By measuring the pressure of this fluid, healthcare professionals can gain insights into the hydration levels, tissue perfusion, and overall health of the muscle.

A knuckle-like process at the end of a bone is called a condyle. Condyles are rounded projections that serve as points of articulation with other bones, allowing for smooth movement and flexibility in the joints. They are commonly found in locations such as the knee, jaw, and fingers.

The statement is false because codes for arthrodesis do include the bone graft and instrumentation, but they can be coded separately if they are performed as separate procedures.

A hip replacement is coded based on the medical reason for the surgery. This means that the specific diagnosis or condition that necessitates the hip replacement procedure is taken into account when assigning a code. The medical reason for the surgery helps to classify the procedure accurately and provide relevant information for billing, documentation, and statistical purposes. The other factors mentioned in the options, such as the amount of time, difficulty, or number of surgeons needed, may be important considerations during the surgery but do not directly determine the coding of a hip replacement.

The correct answer is the articulation between a bone on the side of the cranium and the lower jaw bone. TMJ stands for temporomandibular joint, which is the joint that connects the lower jaw bone (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone). It allows for the movement of the jaw, such as opening and closing the mouth, chewing, and speaking. TMJ disorder refers to any issues or pain that occur in this joint.

Abduction refers to the movement away from the midline of the body. In this movement, a body part is moved away from the central axis of the body. For example, when you lift your arm sideways away from your body, it is an abduction movement. This is different from adduction, which is the movement towards the midline of the body. Plantar flexion refers to the movement of the foot, pointing the toes downwards. Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles, organs, and other structures in the body.

The statement is false because the codes for wound exploration cannot be used to explore any type of wound. The codes for wound exploration are specific to the purpose of exploring a wound to determine its depth, extent, and any foreign bodies present. These codes are not applicable for other types of procedures or treatments related to wounds, such as wound closure or debridement.

A tuberosity is a rounded process on a bone that serves as an attachment point for muscles and tendons. It is a raised area on the surface of the bone that provides a larger surface area for the attachment of these soft tissues. In this context, the tuberosity is being described as a feature of the ribs, xiphoid process, or vertebra. This suggests that the tuberosity can be found on these bones and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and tendons in those areas.

The correct answer is exploration, including enlargement; debridement, removal of foreign body(ies), minor vessel ligation, repair. This answer includes all the services that are bundled into the wound exploration codes, such as enlarging the wound, removing foreign bodies, performing debridement, ligating minor vessels, and repairing the wound.

The code in the musculoskeletal subsection is associated with deep tissue possibly to the bone, indicating that the abscess is located in the deeper layers of the musculoskeletal system, potentially affecting the bone. On the other hand, the code in the integumentary subsection may include the bone, suggesting that the abscess is located in the superficial layers of the integumentary system, but it may extend to involve the bone as well.

Pronation refers to the movement of turning the palm backward. In anatomical terms, it is the rotation of the forearm in such a way that the palm faces downward or backward. This movement is opposite to supination, which is the rotation of the forearm to bring the palm facing upward or forward. Therefore, the correct answer is "turning the palm backward" as it accurately describes the action of pronation.

Fracture codes are codes used to classify fractures based on the type of treatment required. These codes help healthcare professionals accurately document and communicate information about fractures, ensuring appropriate treatment and care for patients. By categorizing fractures according to the treatment type, such as surgical or non-surgical, these codes assist in streamlining medical coding and billing processes. Additionally, they contribute to research, analysis, and tracking of fracture patterns and outcomes.

The bimalleolar bone is located in the ankle. The term "bimalleolar" refers to fractures that involve both the medial malleolus (inner side of the ankle) and the lateral malleolus (outer side of the ankle). Therefore, the correct answer is ankle.

Segmental instrumentation refers to the attachment of a spinal fixation device at each end of the area being repaired and at least one other attachment in the area being repaired. This method provides stability and support to the spine during the healing process. Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure that fuses two or more bones together, but it does not specifically involve the attachment of spinal fixation devices. Nonsegmental instrumentation and external fixation are not mentioned in the question and are unrelated to the concept of attaching spinal fixation devices.

A diagnostic arthroscopy is always included in a surgical arthroscopy because it is necessary to visually examine the joint and determine the cause of any issues or symptoms before proceeding with any other procedures. The diagnostic arthroscopy allows the surgeon to assess the condition of the joint, identify any abnormalities or injuries, and make an accurate diagnosis. This information is crucial in planning and performing any additional procedures, such as debridement or biopsy, that may be required to treat the underlying problem.

Osteodystrophy refers to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal bone formation. It can be caused by various factors such as poor nutrition, hormonal imbalances, or kidney disease. In osteodystrophy, the normal process of bone formation is disrupted, leading to the development of weak, brittle, and deformed bones. This condition can result in an increased risk of fractures and skeletal abnormalities. Osteodystrophy is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the poor formation of bone mentioned in the question.

Hyperuricemia is the correct answer because gouty arthritis is a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Hyperuricemia refers to the condition of having high levels of uric acid in the blood, which is a characteristic feature of gout. This excess uric acid can form crystals that cause inflammation and pain in the joints, leading to gouty arthritis. Therefore, hyperuricemia is directly related to the blood condition found in gouty arthritis.

Electrical or ultrasound stimulation is used to promote healing by enhancing the body's natural healing process. These techniques can increase blood flow to the affected area, which delivers essential nutrients and oxygen to promote tissue repair. Additionally, electrical stimulation can stimulate the production of growth factors and promote the formation of new blood vessels, accelerating the healing process. Ultrasound stimulation, on the other hand, can improve tissue elasticity, reduce inflammation, and enhance the absorption of topical medications, all of which contribute to healing.

The correct code for this scenario is 20612. This code is used for aspiration and/or injection of a ganglion cyst or tendon sheath. In this case, the physician injected the ganglion cyst with xylocaine to reduce the patient's pain.

Cancellous bone refers to spongy, porous bone tissue that is found at the ends of long bones and inside vertebrae. It is characterized by its lattice-like structure, which provides flexibility and strength to the bone. Unlike compact bone, which is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, cancellous bone is less dense and contains spaces filled with bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow, on the other hand, refers to the fatty tissue found in the central cavities of long bones. Therefore, the correct answer is cancellous bone.

The term "pertaining to the upper arm bone" refers to the humerus, which is the bone located in the upper arm. Therefore, the correct answer is "humeral".

The acromion is a bony process that extends outward from the shoulder blade (scapula). It forms the highest point of the shoulder and helps to stabilize and protect the shoulder joint. The acromion also provides attachment sites for various muscles and ligaments involved in shoulder movement.

External fixation is not a treatment method for a dislocation. External fixation involves the use of pins or screws inserted into the bone, which are then connected to an external frame or device. This method is typically used for fractures or to stabilize broken bones, but not for treating dislocations. Dislocations are usually treated by applying gentle traction, rotating the limb while applying pressure, or sometimes by attaching a weight to the patient to help realign the joint.

A bunionectomy is a surgical procedure performed to correct a hallux valgus deformity. A hallux valgus deformity refers to the misalignment of the big toe, where it deviates away from the midline of the foot. In this condition, the big toe points towards the other toes, causing a bony protrusion on the side of the foot known as a bunion. Therefore, the correct answer is valgus, which describes the direction of the deformity.

The scapula is the correct answer because it is commonly known as the shoulder blade. It is a flat bone located on the upper back, between the second and seventh ribs. The scapula connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the clavicle bone of the shoulder. It plays a crucial role in the movement and stability of the shoulder joint. The patella is the kneecap, the sternum is the breastbone, the clavicle is the collarbone, and the vertebrae are the bones that make up the spine.

The correct answer is "include the application and removal of the initial casts, splints, or strapping applied by the treating physician." This means that the surgical and fracture repair codes in the musculoskeletal subsection include the application and removal of the first casts, splints, or strapping done by the treating physician. This implies that if additional casts, splints, or strapping are needed and applied by another physician, they can be charged separately.

The term "insertion" refers to the connection of a muscle to the bone that it moves. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone it is attached to at its insertion point, causing movement. The origin, on the other hand, refers to the connection of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary during muscle contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is "insertion" because it specifically describes the connection of the muscle to the bone that moves.

The fibula is the smaller of the two lower leg bones. It is located on the outer side of the leg and runs parallel to the tibia, which is the larger bone. The fibula provides support and stability to the leg, but its main function is to serve as an attachment point for muscles. Unlike the tibia, the fibula does not bear much weight and is not directly involved in the formation of the knee joint.

Ankylosis refers to the condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint. It occurs when there is abnormal fusion of the bones in a joint, leading to restricted movement. This can be caused by various factors such as injury, infection, or autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Ankylosis can result in significant pain and loss of function in the affected joint. Treatment options may include physical therapy, medications, or in severe cases, surgical intervention to improve mobility and reduce pain.

The acromion is the correct answer because it is an outward extension of the shoulder bone. It is a bony process that forms the highest point of the shoulder and helps to stabilize the shoulder joint. The acromion also provides attachment sites for various muscles and ligaments involved in shoulder movement.

A synovial joint is a type of joint that allows for free movement. It is characterized by the presence of a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and reduce friction. Ligaments, which are strong bands of connective tissue, help to stabilize the joint. In contrast, a suture joint is a type of joint found in the skull where the bones are tightly fused together and do not allow for movement. Therefore, the correct answer is synovial joint.

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to softening of the bones, a condition known as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia is characterized by weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and muscle weakness. It occurs due to a lack of vitamin D, which is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Without adequate levels of these minerals, the bones become weak and prone to deformities. Osteomalacia primarily affects adults, whereas osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones. Lumbago refers to lower back pain, osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone density, and hypercalcemia is the excessive level of calcium in the blood.

The medullary cavity refers to the central hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone. It is filled with bone marrow and is responsible for producing blood cells. This cavity is lined with a thin layer of bone called endosteum. The medullary cavity plays a crucial role in the structure and function of long bones, providing space for marrow and allowing for the storage of essential minerals.

The given options are all types of bunionectomy procedures, except for "mumford". Therefore, "mumford" is not a type of bunionectomy.

Osteoarthritis is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation of bones and joints. It occurs due to degenerative changes in cartilage, which leads to the breakdown and loss of cartilage tissue. This condition primarily affects older individuals and commonly occurs in weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease, osteoarthritis is not caused by an overactive immune system. Ankylosing spondylitis is a different condition that primarily affects the spine, while chondromalacia refers to the softening and breakdown of cartilage in the joints. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the joints.

The correct answer is "sinus." A sinus is a hollow air cavity within a bone. It is commonly found in the skull and helps to lighten the weight of the skull. Sinuses also play a role in producing mucus, which helps to moisten and filter the air we breathe.

A free osteocutaneous flap is a type of bone graft that includes both the bone and the overlying skin and tissue. This type of flap is commonly used in reconstructive surgery to replace missing bone and restore the surrounding soft tissue. By taking both the bone and the overlying skin and tissue, the free osteocutaneous flap provides a complete and functional reconstruction. Other options such as myocutaneous flap and dermis/epidermis flap do not specifically include the bone graft, making them incorrect choices.

The synovial cavity refers to the space between bones at a freely movable joint. This cavity is filled with synovial fluid, which helps to lubricate the joint and reduce friction between the bones during movement. Ligaments, on the other hand, are strong bands of connective tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability to the joint. Suture joints are immovable joints found only in the skull, where the bones are tightly interlocked. Therefore, the synovial cavity is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the space between bones at a freely movable joint.

Bone grafts are always coded in conjunction with a surgical procedure, so no modifier is needed. The bone graft code itself already indicates that it is being performed as part of a surgical procedure. Modifiers -51, -59, and -22 are not applicable in this scenario as they are used for different purposes such as multiple procedures, distinct procedural services, or increased procedural services respectively. Therefore, no modifier is the appropriate choice in this case.

Arthrodesis is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical fusion of bones across a joint space. This procedure is done to immobilize a joint and eliminate pain caused by joint movement. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as severe arthritis or joint instability.

The correct answer is diaphysis. The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone. It is composed mainly of compact bone and contains the medullary cavity, which houses bone marrow. The diaphysis provides support and strength to the bone, allowing for movement and weight-bearing. The other options mentioned in the question are not correct as they refer to different parts or structures of a bone.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because athrocentesis refers to all three actions mentioned in the options. It involves injecting medication into a joint, aspirating fluid from the joint, and puncturing the joint cavity. Therefore, all of these actions are encompassed by the term athrocentesis.

The mastoid process is a projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear. It serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Additionally, it contains air cells that communicate with the middle ear, helping to regulate pressure and drainage. The mastoid process is important in the diagnosis and treatment of certain conditions, such as mastoiditis, which is an infection of the mastoid air cells.

Laminectomy is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure commonly performed to relieve the symptoms of a slipped disk. During a laminectomy, the lamina (a part of the vertebral bone) is removed to create more space and alleviate pressure on the spinal nerves. This procedure helps to reduce pain, numbness, and weakness caused by a herniated or bulging disk in the spine. Patellapexy, arthroscopy, osteoclasis, and metacarpectomy are not related to the treatment of a slipped disk.

Talipes, also known as clubfoot, is a congenital condition where the foot is twisted or positioned abnormally. It is characterized by the foot pointing downwards and inwards. The other options listed are different conditions. Exostosis refers to the abnormal growth of bone on the surface, osteogenic sarcoma is a type of bone cancer, bunion is a deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe, and bursitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs around joints.

A bunion is an abnormal swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint, which is the joint at the base of the big toe. It is characterized by the displacement of the big toe towards the other toes, causing a bony bump to form on the side of the foot. This condition is typically caused by wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes, and it can cause pain and discomfort. Unlike Lyme disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ganglion, and systemic lupus erythematosus, a bunion is a specific foot deformity rather than a systemic disease or infection.

Haversian canals are minute spaces filled with blood vessels that are found in compact bone. These canals allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between bone cells and the bloodstream. They play a crucial role in bone growth, remodeling, and repair. The other options mentioned, facial bones, fontanelle, and fossa, do not accurately describe haversian canals.

A comminuted fracture refers to a type of bone fracture where the bone is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces. This can occur due to a high-energy impact or a significant force applied to the bone. In a comminuted fracture, the bone breaks into several fragments, which can make the healing process more complex and may require surgical intervention for proper alignment and stabilization.

The trochanter is a large process below the neck of the femur. It is a bony prominence that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments in the hip region. The trochanter plays an important role in the movement and stability of the hip joint.

Exostoses are benign tumors that develop on the surface of bones. They are characterized by abnormal bony growths that protrude outward. This condition can occur in various parts of the body, including the bones of the hands, feet, and skull. Exostoses are usually painless and do not pose a significant health risk. However, they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns if they grow large or impinge on surrounding tissues. Treatment may involve surgical removal if the exostoses cause symptoms or functional limitations.

The statement "a percutaneous biopsy is obtained through an excision in the skin" is incorrect. A percutaneous biopsy is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is obtained using a needle or other instrument, without the need for an excision or surgical incision in the skin.

A foramen is an opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. It allows for the passage of these structures, providing a pathway for them to travel through the bone. Other options like fissure, sulcus, tuberosity, and fossa do not specifically refer to openings or passages for blood vessels and nerves.

not-available-via-ai

The correct answer is tissue. The question mentions that this type of graft is often taken from the lower thigh area, suggesting that it is referring to a soft tissue graft. The other options, bone, fascia lata, and paratenon, are not typically taken from the lower thigh area for grafting purposes. Therefore, tissue is the most appropriate answer.