Medical Terminology Block Six

The cervix is the correct answer because it is the narrower, neck-like portion located at the lower end of the uterus. It serves as the entrance to the uterus from the vagina and plays a crucial role in menstruation, childbirth, and sexual function.

The female breasts are responsible for lactation, which refers to the production and secretion of milk. During pregnancy, hormonal changes stimulate the development of milk-producing glands in the breasts. After childbirth, the hormone prolactin stimulates the production of milk, which is then secreted through the nipples. Lactation is an essential process for providing nutrition and nourishment to newborn babies.

The female gonads are called ovaries. The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs and releasing hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. They play a crucial role in the reproductive system by facilitating the development and maturation of eggs, as well as regulating the menstrual cycle.

The term "abortion" refers to the termination of pregnancy before the age of viability. This can occur through various methods such as surgical procedures or the use of medication. It is a medical procedure that is performed for various reasons, including medical complications, personal choice, or in cases of fetal abnormalities. The goal of an abortion is to end the pregnancy and prevent the birth of a child.

A pediatrician is a medical professional who specializes in providing medical care and treatment to children. They have extensive knowledge and training in diagnosing and treating childhood illnesses, diseases, and injuries. Pediatricians play a crucial role in monitoring the growth and development of children, providing vaccinations, and offering guidance to parents on various aspects of child health and well-being. Their expertise and focus on pediatric medicine make them the ideal healthcare providers for children.

The umbilical cord is the "lifeline" between the mother and the fetus. It is a flexible tube-like structure that connects the placenta to the fetus, providing essential nutrients, oxygen, and removing waste products. The umbilical cord contains blood vessels that transport these substances between the mother and the developing baby, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients necessary for fetal growth and development.

Menarche is the correct answer because it refers to the first occurrence of menstruation in females, marking the onset of puberty. This is a significant milestone in a girl's development and indicates that she is now capable of reproductive functions.

Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. This procedure is commonly performed to treat various conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, and certain types of cancer. During a hysterectomy, the uterus is completely removed, and in some cases, the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes may also be removed. This surgery can be done through different approaches, including abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic methods, depending on the patient's condition and the surgeon's preference. Hysterectomy is a major surgery that can have significant implications for a woman's reproductive and hormonal health.

Mammography is the approved method of screening for breast cancer. It involves compressing breast tissue between two clear disks to obtain images of the breast. This technique allows for the detection of small abnormalities or tumors that may not be felt during a physical examination. Mammography is an essential tool in early detection and plays a crucial role in reducing mortality rates associated with breast cancer.

Endometriosis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. This abnormal location can include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other areas in the pelvic cavity. Endometriosis can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. Myometriosis is not a recognized medical term, and cervicitis refers to inflammation of the cervix, not the abnormal location of uterine tissue.

Leukorrhea refers to a white or yellowish discharge from the vagina. It is a common condition that occurs due to hormonal changes in the body, particularly during the menstrual cycle. This discharge is usually odorless and can vary in consistency. Leukorrhea can be a normal occurrence, but it can also indicate an infection or other underlying health issues.

Pregnancy is calculated to the last 10 lunar months because the lunar calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, which lasts approximately 29.5 days. This is different from the Gregorian calendar, which is based on the solar year. By using lunar months, it allows for a more accurate calculation of the duration of pregnancy, as it takes into account the natural cycles of the moon.

Amniotic fluid serves as a protective cushion for the fetus, shielding it from any potential trauma or impact that could harm the developing baby. Additionally, the amniotic fluid helps regulate the temperature around the fetus, ensuring a stable and optimal environment for growth and development.

The mons pubis is the fatty tissue that covers and cushions the symphysis pubis. It is located above the pubic bone and is a prominent feature in the female anatomy. This area helps to protect the underlying bone and provides padding during activities such as walking or sitting. The mons pubis also plays a role in sexual arousal and is an area that can vary in size and appearance among individuals.

The correct answer is "embryo." The term "embryo" refers to the stage of development of a fertilized ovum prior to the ninth week of pregnancy. During this stage, the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and begins to develop the basic structures of the body. After the ninth week, it is then referred to as a fetus.

Phimosis is a condition characterized by a tightness of the foreskin of the penis, which makes it difficult or impossible to retract over the head of the penis. This tightness can cause discomfort, pain, and difficulty in maintaining proper hygiene. Phimosis can be congenital or acquired, and it may require medical intervention such as circumcision or topical steroid creams to alleviate the symptoms and prevent complications.

Multigravida is the correct answer because it is a medical term used to describe a woman who has been pregnant more than once. The prefix "multi-" means multiple or many, and "gravida" refers to pregnancy. Therefore, multigravida specifically indicates a woman who has had multiple pregnancies, regardless of the outcome of those pregnancies.

Salpingectomy is the surgical procedure that involves removing one or both of the fallopian tubes. This procedure may be performed for various reasons, such as treating ectopic pregnancies, preventing the spread of infection or cancer, or as a method of sterilization. By removing the fallopian tubes, the pathway for eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus is blocked, preventing fertilization and pregnancy. Salpingectomy is a common and effective surgical intervention in gynecology.

Immunization is the process of creating immunity to a specific disease by administering a vaccine. Vaccines contain weakened or inactive forms of disease-causing agents, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. These antibodies help the body recognize and fight off the actual disease-causing agents in the future, providing protection against the disease. Immunization is a crucial public health intervention that helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases and saves lives.

Effacement refers to the thinning of the cervix, which is a normal part of the labor process. As labor progresses, the cervix gradually becomes thinner and shorter, allowing for the passage of the baby through the birth canal. This process is necessary for the cervix to fully dilate and for the baby to be born. Effacement is measured in percentages, with 0% indicating a thick cervix and 100% indicating a fully effaced cervix.

Cerclage is a procedure performed to keep the cervix closed. This surgical intervention involves stitching the cervix closed with a strong thread or tape, usually during pregnancy, to prevent premature opening or shortening of the cervix. It is commonly done in cases where a woman has a history of preterm birth or cervical insufficiency, which can increase the risk of miscarriage or preterm labor. By reinforcing the cervix, cerclage helps to maintain the integrity and strength of the cervix, reducing the chances of complications and promoting a healthy pregnancy.

The correct answer is "cesarean section". This term refers to the surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision made in the mother's abdominal and uterine walls. It is typically performed when a vaginal delivery is not possible or safe for the mother or baby.

The fertilized ovum, also known as the zygote, is the initial stage of development after fertilization. It is formed when the sperm and egg combine to form a single cell. The zygote contains all the genetic information necessary for the development of a new organism. It undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation to eventually form an embryo.

A physician specializing in the care of newborns is called a neonatologist. Neonatologists are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the field of neonatology, which focuses on the care of newborn infants, particularly those who are premature, critically ill, or have other medical complications. They provide specialized medical care to ensure the health and well-being of newborns, including diagnosing and treating various conditions, monitoring growth and development, and providing support to families during the neonatal period.

The term "infectious parotitis" accurately describes the childhood disease commonly known as "mumps." Mumps is an infectious viral disease that primarily affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, causing inflammation and swelling. The term "infectious parotitis" directly refers to the inflammation of the parotid glands caused by the mumps virus, making it the correct answer.

Croup is a childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, dyspnea, stridor, and laryngeal spasm. It is caused by inflammation and swelling of the larynx and trachea, leading to difficulty in breathing and a distinctive cough sound. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a different respiratory infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Paroxysmal asthma refers to sudden and severe asthma attacks. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is croup.

Colostrum and placental exchange are associated with passive immunity. Passive immunity refers to the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate protection against pathogens. Colostrum, the first milk produced by a mother after giving birth, contains high levels of antibodies that are transferred to the newborn, boosting their immune system. Placental exchange also allows the transfer of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus, providing passive immunity to the developing baby. Both mechanisms play a crucial role in protecting newborns from infections until their own immune system develops fully.

The term "introitus" refers to the vaginal opening. It is the entrance or opening of the vagina, allowing for the passage of menstrual blood, sexual intercourse, and childbirth. The introitus is located at the lower end of the vagina and is surrounded by the labia minora and labia majora.

The correct answer is "menses." During the menstrual cycle, the uterine lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is shed, resulting in the menstrual flow. The term "menses" refers to the discarded portions of the uterine lining that are included in this flow.

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect that is characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta. This narrowing restricts blood flow to the lower part of the body, causing high blood pressure in the upper body and low blood pressure in the lower body. It can lead to various symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and leg cramps. Treatment options include medication, balloon angioplasty, or surgery to repair the narrowed section of the aorta.

Rubella is characterized by a macular-papular rash, which means that it presents as a rash consisting of small, reddish spots. This rash is similar to the rash seen in scarlet fever, a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Both rubella and scarlet fever can cause a rash that spreads across the body, making them resemble each other. However, rubella is caused by a virus, while scarlet fever is caused by bacteria.

A modified radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the breast tissue and nearby lymph nodes. This procedure is typically performed to treat breast cancer or as a preventive measure for individuals at high risk. The term "modified" indicates that the surgeon may choose to preserve certain muscles or structures in the chest wall, while "radical" signifies the removal of the entire breast along with some surrounding lymph nodes. This procedure aims to remove the cancerous tissue and prevent the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.

Rubeola is characterized by a blotchy red rash and is commonly known as "red measles".

Spina bifida occulta refers to the failure of the back portion of one or more vertebrae to close properly. This condition is characterized by a small gap in the spine, which may or may not be visible externally. Unlike other forms of spina bifida, spina bifida occulta usually does not cause any noticeable symptoms or disabilities. It is often discovered incidentally during imaging tests or examinations for other unrelated conditions.

Head circumference is affected by a child's intracranial volume. This is because intracranial volume refers to the amount of space inside the skull, which includes the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood vessels. As the brain grows and develops, it requires more space, leading to an increase in intracranial volume. This increase in volume directly affects the size and growth of the skull, resulting in changes in head circumference. Therefore, the intracranial volume plays a significant role in determining the head circumference of a child.

Anteflexion, also known as anteversion, refers to the abnormal forward tilting of the entire uterus and cervix. This condition occurs when the uterus is tilted forward instead of the usual backward position. It can be caused by various factors such as congenital abnormalities, pelvic surgeries, or pelvic inflammatory disease. Anteflexion can sometimes be associated with symptoms like pelvic pain, painful intercourse, or difficulty conceiving. Treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgical interventions.

Obligomenorrhea is the correct answer for the given question. It refers to the condition of having abnormally light or infrequent menstruation. This term is used to describe menstrual cycles that occur at intervals of more than 35 days or with very light flow. It is important to note that obligomenorrhea can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, stress, excessive exercise, or certain medical conditions.

Ova, or eggs, are present in the body from birth and mature in the Graafian follicles. The Graafian follicles are small fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries that contain the developing eggs. As the eggs mature, the Graafian follicles grow in size and eventually rupture, releasing the mature egg during ovulation.

The vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries are collectively known as the internal genitalia of the female reproductive system. These organs are located inside the body and play crucial roles in the reproductive process. The vagina serves as the birth canal and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse. The uterus is where the fetus develops during pregnancy. The fallopian tubes transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus, and the ovaries produce eggs and hormones. Together, these organs work harmoniously to facilitate reproduction.

The given correct answer, radical mastectomy, refers to the surgical procedure that involves the removal of the breast, axillary lymph nodes, and chest muscles. This procedure is typically performed to treat breast cancer, particularly in cases where the cancer has spread to the surrounding lymph nodes or muscles. The removal of these tissues aims to eliminate the cancerous cells and prevent the further spread of the disease. Radical mastectomy is considered a more extensive surgical approach compared to other types of mastectomy, such as modified radical mastectomy or simple mastectomy.

The correct term for the removal of a segment of the cervix is "histerectomy." This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as removing a tissue sample for examination, or for treatment purposes, such as removing abnormal or cancerous cells. A histerectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the cervix, and it can be done for various medical reasons.

Chickenpox is a viral infection that is characterized by the development of blister-like eruptions on the skin. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. This virus is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact or through respiratory droplets. Once a person is infected with the varicella-zoster virus, they develop chickenpox, which typically lasts for about a week. After recovering from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later in life, causing a painful condition called shingles.