Hardest Microbiology Quiz Trivia: Test!
Do you like researching? Have you ever thought about how many microorganisms reside inside and outside your body? If you feel so, you are a microbiology student who loves to investigate everything around the environment. Microbiology is a broad area of science that includes bacteriology, parasitology, and many more. This quiz will test your knowledge and understanding of the different microorganism's roles and functions. Â
- 1.
All of the following statements about fungi are true except:
- A.
Fungi are heterotrophic
- B.
Most fungi are aerobic
- C.
All fungi have eurocaryotic cells
- D.
All fungi are unicellular
- E.
Few fungi are pathogenic to humans
Correct Answer
D. All fungi are unicellularExplanation
The statement "all fungi are unicellular" is incorrect. While some fungi are unicellular, the majority of fungi are multicellular organisms. Fungi can exist in various forms such as molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, which are all multicellular structures. These multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called hyphae, which collectively form a network called mycelium. Therefore, the correct answer is that not all fungi are unicellular.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Yeast infections are caused by:
- A.
Candida albicans
- B.
Histoplasma capsulatum
- C.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- D.
Penicillium
- E.
Aspergillus
Correct Answer
A. Candida albicansExplanation
Yeast infections are commonly caused by Candida albicans, a type of fungus that is naturally present in the body. However, certain factors such as a weakened immune system, hormonal changes, and the use of antibiotics can disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the body, leading to an overgrowth of Candida albicans. This overgrowth can result in symptoms such as itching, burning, and discharge. Other organisms mentioned in the options, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium, and Aspergillus, are not typically associated with causing yeast infections.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Fungi, more often than bacteria, are responsible for decomposition of plant material because:
- A.
They have fermentative metabolism
- B.
They are aerobic
- C.
They cannot tolerate high osmotic pressure
- D.
They can tolerate low-moisture conditions
- E.
They prefer a neutral environment (pH 7)
Correct Answer
D. They can tolerate low-moisture conditionsExplanation
Fungi are able to tolerate low-moisture conditions, which makes them more efficient in decomposing plant material compared to bacteria. This is because plant material can often become dry or lack sufficient moisture, and fungi have adapted to thrive in such conditions. Fungi have specialized structures, such as hyphae, which allow them to absorb moisture from their surroundings and continue their metabolic processes even in low-moisture environments. This ability gives fungi an advantage in decomposing plant material, as they can continue their activity even when moisture levels are not optimal.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following statements is false?
- A.
Fungal spores are resting spores to protect the fungus from adverse environmental conditions
- B.
Fungal spores are for reproduction
- C.
Fungi produce sexual spores
- D.
Fungi produce asexual spores
- E.
Fungal spores are used in identification of fungi
Correct Answer
A. Fungal spores are resting spores to protect the fungus from adverse environmental conditionsExplanation
Fungal spores are not specifically resting spores that protect the fungus from adverse environmental conditions. While fungal spores can have a protective function, their primary purpose is for reproduction. Fungal spores are used by fungi to disperse and colonize new areas, and they can be produced through both sexual and asexual processes. Additionally, fungal spores can be used in the identification of fungi, as they often have distinct characteristics that can help differentiate between different species.Rate this question:
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- 5.
All of the following are true about protozoa except:
- A.
They have eucaryotic cells
- B.
All make cysts
- C.
They may reproduce sexually
- D.
They may have flagella or cilia
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. All make cystsExplanation
The given statement "all make cysts" is not true about protozoa. While some protozoa do have the ability to form cysts as a protective mechanism in unfavorable conditions, not all protozoa are capable of cyst formation. Therefore, the correct answer is that "all make cysts" is not true about protozoa.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following is not associated with foodborne illness?
- A.
Shigella
- B.
Campylobacter
- C.
Erwinia
- D.
Staphylococcus aureus
- E.
Salmonella
Correct Answer
C. ErwiniaExplanation
Erwinia is not associated with foodborne illness. While Shigella, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella are all common bacteria that can cause foodborne illnesses, Erwinia is a genus of bacteria that primarily affects plants and is not typically associated with causing illness in humans through food consumption.Rate this question:
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- 7.
In a healthy human, resident microorganisms would be found in all of the following areas except:
- A.
Lower urethra
- B.
Conjunctiva
- C.
Bloodstream
- D.
Tooth and gum surfaces
- E.
Nasal passages
Correct Answer
C. BloodstreamExplanation
Resident microorganisms are typically found in various areas of the body, such as the lower urethra, conjunctiva, tooth and gum surfaces, and nasal passages. However, the bloodstream is typically considered a sterile environment in a healthy human. This is because the immune system works to prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream, as their presence can lead to infections and other health issues. Therefore, resident microorganisms would not be found in the bloodstream of a healthy individual.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following molecules or structures is not associated with innate immunity?
- A.
Mucous membranes
- B.
Phagocytes
- C.
Antibodies
- D.
Lysozyme
- E.
Skin
Correct Answer
C. AntibodiesExplanation
Antibodies are not associated with innate immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and does not involve the production of antibodies. Instead, innate immunity relies on physical barriers like mucous membranes and skin, as well as phagocytes and lysozyme, which help to destroy pathogens directly. Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune response, which is a more specific and targeted defense mechanism that develops over time after exposure to a pathogen.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Both staphylococci and streptococci:
- A.
Are gram-positive cocci
- B.
Are arranged in chains
- C.
Are gram-negative cocci
- D.
Form endospores
- E.
Are strict anaerobes
Correct Answer
A. Are gram-positive cocciExplanation
Both staphylococci and streptococci are gram-positive cocci. This means that they have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining process. Gram-positive bacteria generally have a purple color when observed under a microscope. Staphylococci and streptococci are also arranged in chains, further supporting their classification as gram-positive cocci.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which would be the most unlikely location to find adhesin molecules on a newly discovered bacterium?
- A.
Fimbriae
- B.
Capsule
- C.
Glycocalyx
- D.
Ribosomes
- E.
Cell wall
Correct Answer
D. RibosomesExplanation
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in a cell and are found in all living cells, including bacteria. Adhesin molecules are typically found on the surface of bacterial cells and are involved in attaching the bacteria to surfaces or other cells. Since ribosomes are not located on the surface of the cell, it is unlikely to find adhesin molecules on them.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Viruses that infect bacteria are called:
- A.
Virions
- B.
Hepadnaviridae
- C.
Bacteriophages
- D.
Bactericides
- E.
Polyhedral virus
Correct Answer
C. BacteriopHagesExplanation
Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. They attach themselves to the surface of the bacterial cell and inject their genetic material into it, taking over the cell's machinery to produce more phages. Eventually, the bacterial cell bursts, releasing the newly formed phages to infect other bacteria. Bacteriophages play a crucial role in controlling bacterial populations and are being explored as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treating bacterial infections.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Cell-mediated immunity in part protects against:
- A.
Normal cells of the host, producing the cell-mediated immunity
- B.
Viruses free in body fluids
- C.
Bacteria free in body fluids
- D.
Intracellular bacteria and viruses
- E.
Toxins
Correct Answer
D. Intracellular bacteria and virusesExplanation
Cell-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the activation of T-cells to target and destroy infected cells. This immune response is particularly effective against intracellular bacteria and viruses, as these pathogens reside inside host cells. By activating T-cells, cell-mediated immunity can recognize and eliminate these intracellular pathogens, preventing their spread and further infection. It does not protect against normal cells of the host, viruses free in body fluids, bacteria free in body fluids, or toxins, as these are not specifically targeted by cell-mediated immunity.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Hyphae that lack cross-walls, and thus are long tubes with many nuclei, are called:
- A.
Coenocytic
- B.
Septate
- C.
Rhizoid
- D.
Plasmodial
- E.
Mycelial
Correct Answer
A. CoenocyticExplanation
Coenocytic hyphae are long tubes that lack cross-walls, also known as septa, and contain multiple nuclei. This allows for efficient transport of nutrients and resources throughout the hyphae. The other options, such as septate, rhizoid, plasmodial, and mycelial, do not accurately describe hyphae without cross-walls.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The respiratory system is protected against harmful microbes by all of the following except:
- A.
The ciliary escalator
- B.
Mucous-coated hairs
- C.
The lacrimal apparatus
- D.
The epiglottis
- E.
Ciliated cells
Correct Answer
C. The lacrimal apparatusExplanation
The lacrimal apparatus is not involved in protecting the respiratory system against harmful microbes. The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for producing tears and draining them away from the eyes. Tears help to keep the eyes moist and clean, but they do not directly protect the respiratory system. The other options listed, such as the ciliary escalator, mucous-coated hairs, and ciliated cells, are all mechanisms that help to trap and remove harmful microbes from the respiratory system, preventing them from entering the lungs. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the respiratory system.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Subunit vaccines tend to be safer than whole cell vaccines because:
- A.
They contain avirulent strains
- B.
They contain intact but dead microbes
- C.
They cannot reproduce in the host
- D.
They produce a stronger immune response
- E.
They are antigenic
Correct Answer
C. They cannot reproduce in the hostExplanation
Subunit vaccines tend to be safer than whole cell vaccines because they cannot reproduce in the host. Unlike whole cell vaccines, which contain intact but dead microbes that still have the potential to replicate in the host, subunit vaccines only contain specific antigens or parts of the microbe that cannot replicate. This reduces the risk of the vaccine causing an infection or adverse reactions in the host. Additionally, by focusing on specific antigens, subunit vaccines can elicit a targeted and stronger immune response against those specific antigens, enhancing their effectiveness.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is not an A-B exotoxin?
- A.
Tetanus toxin
- B.
Cholera toxin
- C.
Diphtheria toxin
- D.
Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin
- E.
Streptolysin O
Correct Answer
E. Streptolysin OExplanation
Streptolysin O is not an A-B exotoxin because it does not follow the typical A-B toxin structure. A-B exotoxins are composed of two subunits, the A subunit which is responsible for the toxic activity, and the B subunit which helps the toxin bind to target cells. However, Streptolysin O is a pore-forming toxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and does not have the A-B structure. It forms pores in the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis and tissue damage.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which is not a cell type involved in cell-mediated immunity?
- A.
Cytotoxic T cells
- B.
Plasma cells
- C.
TH1 cells
- D.
Helper T cells
- E.
Regulatory T cells
Correct Answer
B. Plasma cellsExplanation
Plasma cells are not a cell type involved in cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity primarily involves T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, TH1 cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells. Plasma cells, on the other hand, are responsible for producing antibodies and are involved in humoral immunity.Rate this question:
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- 18.
All of the following are true of the fungi except:
- A.
They can grow in high concentrations of sugars and salts
- B.
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses
- C.
They are strict aerobes
- D.
They are capable of metabolising complex carbohydrates found in newspaper and wood
- E.
Identification of fungi usually involves examination of spore types
Correct Answer
C. They are strict aerobesExplanation
Fungi are not strict aerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates found in newspaper and wood, and diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses. Identification of fungi usually involves examination of spore types. However, the statement that fungi can grow in high concentrations of sugars and salts is true, as they are able to tolerate and thrive in such environments.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The stage of phagocytosis in which the phagocyte's plasma membrane attaches to the surface of the microbe is called:
- A.
Adherence
- B.
Chemotaxis
- C.
Ingestion
- D.
Cytolysis
- E.
Fusion
Correct Answer
A. AdherenceExplanation
Adherence is the correct answer because it refers to the stage of phagocytosis where the phagocyte's plasma membrane attaches to the surface of the microbe. This attachment is crucial for the phagocyte to engulf and internalize the microbe for further processing and destruction. Chemotaxis refers to the movement of the phagocyte towards the microbe, ingestion is the actual engulfment of the microbe, cytolysis is the bursting of the phagocyte to release the destroyed microbe, and fusion refers to the merging of the phagosome (the vesicle containing the microbe) with lysosomes for degradation.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Infectious diseases that are easily passed from host to host within a population are best described as:
- A.
Noncommunicable
- B.
Communicable
- C.
Contagious
- D.
Acute
- E.
Chronic
Correct Answer
C. ContagiousExplanation
Contagious diseases are easily passed from one individual to another within a population. This can occur through direct contact, such as touching or kissing, or through indirect contact, such as sharing contaminated objects or being exposed to airborne particles. Unlike noncommunicable diseases, which cannot be transmitted between individuals, contagious diseases can rapidly spread and cause outbreaks or epidemics. The term "contagious" specifically refers to the ability of a disease to be transmitted from person to person, making it the most accurate description for infectious diseases that easily spread within a population.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following is true about conjugated vaccines:
- A.
The antigens are made using recombinant DNA technology
- B.
They are useful because young children respond poorly to polysaccharides
- C.
They contain only protein subunits
- D.
They contain attenuated pathogens
- E.
They contain only T-dependent antigens
Correct Answer
B. They are useful because young children respond poorly to polysaccharidesExplanation
Conjugated vaccines are useful because young children respond poorly to polysaccharides. Polysaccharides alone are not very effective in stimulating an immune response in young children, as their immune systems are not fully developed. Conjugated vaccines combine polysaccharides with a carrier protein, which enhances the immune response and improves the effectiveness of the vaccine in young children. This allows for a stronger immune response and better protection against the targeted disease.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which spore is in a sac and results from the fusion of two nuclei from different strains of the same fungi? 1-Arthrospore 2-Ascospore 3-Basidiospore 4-Blastospore 5-Chlamydospore 6-Conidiospore 7-Sporangiospore 8-Zygospore
- A.
6
- B.
1
- C.
2
- D.
4
- E.
8
Correct Answer
C. 2Explanation
Ascospores are spores that are enclosed in a sac and are the result of the fusion of two nuclei from different strains of the same fungi.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which is a thick-walled spore formed as a segment within a hypha? 1-Arthrospore 2-Ascospore 3-Basidiospore 4-Blastospore 5-Chlamydospore 6-Conidiospore 7-Sporangiospore 8-Zygospore
- A.
None
- B.
5
- C.
7
- D.
3
- E.
1
Correct Answer
B. 5Explanation
A chlamydospore is a thick-walled spore that is formed as a segment within a hypha. It is a type of asexual spore that is commonly found in certain fungi. Chlamydospores are typically larger and more resistant to adverse conditions compared to other types of spores. They are formed by the thickening and rounding of a hyphal segment, which then becomes surrounded by a thick protective wall. This allows the chlamydospore to survive in harsh environments and potentially germinate when conditions become favorable.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of these spores are asexual spores? 1-Arthrospore 2-Ascospore 3-Basidiospore 4-Blastospore 5-Chlamydospore 6-Conidiospore 7-Sporangiospore 8-Zygospore
- A.
1,3,5,8
- B.
All
- C.
2,3,6,8
- D.
1,4,5,6,7
- E.
2,4,6,7,8
Correct Answer
D. 1,4,5,6,7 -
- 25.
Which of the following pairs are mismatched? 1.Arthrospore--formed by fragmentation 2. Sporangiospore--formed within hyphae 3. Conidiospore--formed in a chain 4. Blastospore--formed from a bud 5. Chlamydospore--formed in a sac
- A.
1 and 2
- B.
3 and 4
- C.
2 and 5
- D.
4 and 5
- E.
2 and 3
Correct Answer
C. 2 and 5Explanation
The correct answer is 2 and 5. This is because sporangiospores are formed within specialized structures called sporangia, not within hyphae. On the other hand, chlamydospores are formed within a thick-walled sac-like structure called a chlamydospore. Therefore, the pairing of sporangiospore with formed within hyphae and chlamydospore with formed in a sac is mismatched.Rate this question:
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- 26.
If a larva of Echinococcus granulosus is found in humans, humans are the:
- A.
Definitive host
- B.
Infected host
- C.
Intermediate host
- D.
Reservoir
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Intermediate hostExplanation
If a larva of Echinococcus granulosus is found in humans, it means that humans are serving as an intermediate host. This means that the larva is developing and undergoing certain stages of its life cycle within the human body, but it is not able to reach sexual maturity or reproduce. The definitive host refers to the organism in which the adult parasite reaches sexual maturity and reproduces. The infected host could refer to any host that has been infected by the parasite, but it does not specify the specific role of the host in the parasite's life cycle. A reservoir refers to a population or group of organisms that serves as a source of infection for a particular disease. Therefore, none of the other options accurately describe the role of humans in this scenario.Rate this question:
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- 27.
In the human intestinal tract, E.coli produces vitamins beneficial to the host and can inhibit pathogen growth. In turn, the bacterium is supplied with nutrients and an environment for growth. This relationship between E.coli and its host is an example of:
- A.
Antagonism
- B.
Parasitism
- C.
Opportunism
- D.
Commensalism
- E.
Mutualism
Correct Answer
E. MutualismExplanation
This relationship between E.coli and its host is an example of mutualism because both the bacterium and the host benefit from their association. E.coli produces vitamins that are beneficial to the host and also inhibits the growth of pathogens, providing a healthier environment for the host. In return, the bacterium is supplied with nutrients and a suitable environment for its growth. Both parties involved in this relationship benefit, making it a mutualistic interaction.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Borrelia, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochete similar to the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema. Both bacteria:
- A.
Have flagella
- B.
Are gram-positive
- C.
Have endospores
- D.
Have axial filaments
Correct Answer
D. Have axial filamentsExplanation
Borrelia, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochete similar to the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema. Both bacteria have axial filaments. Axial filaments are unique structures found in spirochetes that are responsible for their characteristic corkscrew-like shape and motility. These filaments run along the length of the bacteria and allow them to move in a twisting or rotating motion. While both Borrelia and Treponema have axial filaments, they differ in other characteristics such as flagella (Borrelia has flagella while Treponema does not), gram stain reaction (Borrelia is gram-negative while Treponema is gram-negative), and the presence of endospores (neither bacteria form endospores).Rate this question:
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- 29.
All of the following are true of inflammation except:
- A.
Many neutrophils can be found at the site of chronic inflammation
- B.
It can be triggered by microbial infection, burns, exposure to chemicals, or trauma
- C.
Vasodilation causes the redness of affected tissues
- D.
Granulocytes that have died are commonly engulfed by macrophages
- E.
Histamine released by damaged host cells can result in vasodilation
Correct Answer
A. Many neutropHils can be found at the site of chronic inflammationExplanation
In chronic inflammation, the predominant cell type is macrophages rather than neutrophils. Neutrophils are typically found in acute inflammation, where they are the first responders to infection or injury. However, in chronic inflammation, the response is more prolonged and characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Therefore, the statement that many neutrophils can be found at the site of chronic inflammation is not true.Rate this question:
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- 30.
For IgG, the antigen binding site is found on the:
- A.
Variable region of a heavy and the variable region of a light chain
- B.
Variable regions of two heavy chains
- C.
Fc region
- D.
Variable regions of two light chains
- E.
Constant region of the heavy chain and the constant region of the light chain
Correct Answer
A. Variable region of a heavy and the variable region of a light chainExplanation
The correct answer is the variable region of a heavy and the variable region of a light chain. IgG is a type of antibody, and antibodies are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The variable regions of both the heavy and light chains contain the antigen binding site, which allows the antibody to bind specifically to its target antigen. The constant regions of the heavy and light chains are responsible for other functions of the antibody, such as binding to immune cells or activating the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which is true of endotoxins?
- A.
They are proteins
- B.
They are released upon cell lysis
- C.
They are produced by gram-positive bacteria
- D.
They are disease-specific
- E.
They increase blood pressure
Correct Answer
B. They are released upon cell lysisExplanation
Endotoxins are released upon cell lysis. Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. When these bacteria die or are destroyed, their cell walls break down, releasing endotoxins into the surrounding environment. These endotoxins can trigger an immune response in the host organism, leading to inflammation and other symptoms. Therefore, it is true that endotoxins are released upon cell lysis.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Members of the adenoviridae cause:
- A.
Hepatitis
- B.
Old sores
- C.
The common cold
- D.
Warts
- E.
AIDS
Correct Answer
C. The common coldExplanation
Adenoviridae is a family of viruses that is known to cause respiratory infections in humans. These infections are commonly referred to as the common cold. Therefore, the correct answer is "the common cold".Rate this question:
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- 33.
Both agglutination and precipitation tests:
- A.
Involve soluble antigen
- B.
Involve IgG but not IgM
- C.
Cannot detect antibody
- D.
Result in changes that require microscopy to detect
- E.
Result in antibody cross-linking antigen
Correct Answer
E. Result in antibody cross-linking antigenExplanation
Both agglutination and precipitation tests involve the process of antibody cross-linking antigen. In these tests, the antibodies bind to the antigens, causing them to clump together or form a visible precipitate. This cross-linking reaction is what allows for the detection of the antigen. The tests do not directly detect antibodies or require microscopy to detect the changes. Therefore, the correct answer is that both agglutination and precipitation tests result in antibody cross-linking antigen.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following has a J chain as part of its structure?
- A.
IgG
- B.
IgM
- C.
IgD
- D.
IgE
- E.
All Ig classes
Correct Answer
B. IgMExplanation
IgM is the correct answer because it is the only immunoglobulin class that has a J chain as part of its structure. The J chain is a polypeptide that helps stabilize the IgM molecule and is involved in the polymerization of IgM molecules. The other Ig classes (IgG, IgD, and IgE) do not have a J chain in their structure.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Complement can be activated by all of the following except:
- A.
Antigen-antibody binding.
- B.
Opsonization
- C.
Presence of host tissue
- D.
Mannose-binding lectins
- E.
Contact with a pathogen
Correct Answer
C. Presence of host tissueExplanation
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps in the recognition and elimination of pathogens. It can be activated by various mechanisms, including antigen-antibody binding, opsonization, mannose-binding lectins, and contact with a pathogen. However, the presence of host tissue does not activate the complement system. This is because the complement system is designed to specifically target foreign substances and pathogens, and it does not recognize or respond to host tissues.Rate this question:
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- 36.
An example of an asexual fungal spore is a/an:
- A.
Ascus
- B.
Ascospore
- C.
Sporangiospore
- D.
Zygospore
- E.
Basidiospore
Correct Answer
C. SporangiosporeExplanation
A sporangiospore is an example of an asexual fungal spore. A sporangiospore is produced in a structure called a sporangium, which is a sac-like structure that contains the spores. It is formed through a process called sporogenesis, where the spores are produced asexually through mitosis. Sporangiospores are commonly found in fungi such as bread molds and are released when the sporangium ruptures.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Enterics are:
- A.
Anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria that cause disease
- B.
Gram-positive bacteria found in humans
- C.
Facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods found in the intestines of animals
- D.
Anaerobic bacteria
Correct Answer
C. Facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods found in the intestines of animalsExplanation
Enterics are facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative rods found in the intestines of animals. This means that they are bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen, they have a specific shape (rod-shaped), and they are found specifically in the intestines of animals. This is a characteristic feature of enteric bacteria, which distinguishes them from other types of bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Which of the following diseases does not have a human reservoir?
- A.
Diphtheria
- B.
Tetanus
- C.
AIDS
- D.
Strep infections
- E.
Gonorrhea
Correct Answer
B. TetanusExplanation
Tetanus does not have a human reservoir because it is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which is commonly found in soil, dust, and animal feces. The bacteria can enter the body through cuts or wounds, but it does not colonize or multiply in humans. Instead, it produces toxins that affect the nervous system and cause muscle stiffness and spasms. Therefore, tetanus is not transmitted directly from person to person, unlike diseases such as diphtheria, AIDS, Strep infections, and gonorrhea, which all have human reservoirs and can be transmitted through various means.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which is in the correct order of differentiation?
- A.
Stem cells to B cells to plasma cells
- B.
Stem cells to plasma cells to B cells
- C.
Plasma cells to B cells to stem cells
- D.
B cells to stem cells to plasma cells
- E.
B cells to plasma cells to stem cells
Correct Answer
A. Stem cells to B cells to plasma cellsExplanation
The correct order of differentiation is from stem cells to B cells to plasma cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various types of cells. B cells are a type of white blood cells that are derived from stem cells and play a crucial role in the immune response. Plasma cells are mature B cells that produce and secrete antibodies. Therefore, the correct order of differentiation is stem cells to B cells to plasma cells.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following is not a cytopathic effect of viruses?
- A.
Loss of contact inhibition
- B.
Inclusion bodies
- C.
Cell fusion
- D.
Cell death
- E.
Leukocidins lysing WBCs
Correct Answer
E. Leukocidins lysing WBCsExplanation
Leukocidins lysing WBCs is not a cytopathic effect of viruses. Cytopathic effects refer to the changes that occur in host cells as a result of viral infection. Loss of contact inhibition, inclusion bodies, cell fusion, and cell death are all examples of cytopathic effects commonly caused by viruses. However, leukocidins are toxins produced by certain bacteria that specifically target and destroy white blood cells (WBCs), not viruses.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Interferons:
- A.
Are virus-specific but not host-specific
- B.
Can protect any host against any virus
- C.
Are host-specific but not virus-specific
- D.
Are both host-specific and virus-specific
- E.
Are only useful for treating viral infections
Correct Answer
C. Are host-specific but not virus-specificExplanation
Interferons are host-specific but not virus-specific. This means that they are produced by a particular host in response to viral infection, but they can protect the host against a wide range of viruses. Interferons work by activating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication, making them effective in combating various viral infections. However, they are not specific to any particular virus, meaning they can be effective against different types of viruses that infect the same host.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Cell lines that are derived from transformed (cancerous) cells are called:
- A.
Monolayers
- B.
Primary cell lines
- C.
Plaques
- D.
Continuous cell lines
- E.
Embryonated
Correct Answer
D. Continuous cell linesExplanation
Continuous cell lines are derived from transformed (cancerous) cells. Unlike primary cell lines, which can only be cultured for a limited number of passages, continuous cell lines can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory. These cell lines are commonly used in research and drug development as they provide a consistent and reliable source of cells for experimentation.Rate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Jun 10, 2008Quiz Created by
Jaymunro
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