Midbrain Lesions & Neurotransmitters

1. This syndrome knocks out the red nucleus?

Parinauds syndrome

Benedikts syndrome

Webers syndrome

damages the 3rd nerve

Explanation

damages the 3rd nerve

2. Used as an antihistamine in depressed pts. Noticed that it blocked uptake of norepinephrine

Ipraniazid

Imipramine

Reserpine

Also know as tofranil

Explanation

Also know as tofranil

3. Lesion by the posterior commissure can cause this...

Paralysis of downward gaze

Paralysis of upward gaze

Paralysis of lateral gaze

Paralysis of medial gaze

Lesion by the posterior commissure can cause paralysis of upward gaze. The posterior commissure is a structure in the brain that is involved in the control of eye movements. When it is damaged or affected by a lesion, it can result in the inability to move the eyes upward. This is known as paralysis of upward gaze. The other options, paralysis of downward gaze, lateral gaze, and medial gaze, are not associated with lesions in the posterior commissure.

Explanation

Lesion by the posterior commissure can cause paralysis of upward gaze. The posterior commissure is a structure in the brain that is involved in the control of eye movements. When it is damaged or affected by a lesion, it can result in the inability to move the eyes upward. This is known as paralysis of upward gaze. The other options, paralysis of downward gaze, lateral gaze, and medial gaze, are not associated with lesions in the posterior commissure.

4. Midbrain lesion with paralysis of upward gaze

Parinaud's syndrome

Benedikt's syndrome

Weber's syndrome

Parinaud's syndrome is a condition characterized by paralysis of upward gaze, which is consistent with the given correct answer. This syndrome is caused by a lesion in the midbrain, specifically affecting the vertical gaze centers. Other symptoms may include pupillary abnormalities, convergence-retraction nystagmus, and eyelid retraction.

Explanation

Parinaud's syndrome is a condition characterized by paralysis of upward gaze, which is consistent with the given correct answer. This syndrome is caused by a lesion in the midbrain, specifically affecting the vertical gaze centers. Other symptoms may include pupillary abnormalities, convergence-retraction nystagmus, and eyelid retraction.

5. This midbrain lesion results in contralateral UMN signs and ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy

Parinauds syndrome

Benedikts syndrome

Webers syndrome

Weber's syndrome is a midbrain lesion that presents with contralateral upper motor neuron (UMN) signs and ipsilateral third nerve palsy. This means that there will be weakness and spasticity on the side opposite to the lesion, along with paralysis of the eye muscles on the same side as the lesion. Therefore, Weber's syndrome is the correct answer.

Explanation

Weber's syndrome is a midbrain lesion that presents with contralateral upper motor neuron (UMN) signs and ipsilateral third nerve palsy. This means that there will be weakness and spasticity on the side opposite to the lesion, along with paralysis of the eye muscles on the same side as the lesion. Therefore, Weber's syndrome is the correct answer.

6. The raphe nucleus produces this

Epinephrinie

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Dopamine

The raphe nucleus is known to produce serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other important functions in the brain. It is involved in various physiological processes and is often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness. Serotonin is also targeted by many antidepressant medications, as imbalances in serotonin levels have been linked to depression and other mood disorders. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the raphe nucleus produces serotonin.

Explanation

The raphe nucleus is known to produce serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other important functions in the brain. It is involved in various physiological processes and is often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness. Serotonin is also targeted by many antidepressant medications, as imbalances in serotonin levels have been linked to depression and other mood disorders. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the raphe nucleus produces serotonin.

7. This drug was initially given as an antihistamine but it was noted to cause depression with correlation of lower serotonin levels

Iproniazid

Reserpine

Imipramine

1st piece of the puzzle

Explanation

1st piece of the puzzle

8. This drug was initially given to pts with TB. It calmed the pts down so they gave it to patients in psych wards. They then noticed that the drug was blocking MAO

Ipraniazid

Imipramine

Reserpine

Also known as marsilid

Explanation

Also known as marsilid

9. The locus ceruleus produces

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

GABA

The locus ceruleus is a small nucleus in the brainstem that is responsible for producing and releasing norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various functions such as attention, arousal, and stress response. It is involved in regulating mood, sleep, and heart rate. Therefore, it is the correct answer because the locus ceruleus is known for producing norepinephrine, not epinephrine, serotonin, or GABA.

Explanation

The locus ceruleus is a small nucleus in the brainstem that is responsible for producing and releasing norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various functions such as attention, arousal, and stress response. It is involved in regulating mood, sleep, and heart rate. Therefore, it is the correct answer because the locus ceruleus is known for producing norepinephrine, not epinephrine, serotonin, or GABA.

10. Depression is due to a lowering of this molecule?

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Depression is often associated with a decrease in serotonin levels. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and sleep. When serotonin levels are low, it can lead to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Therefore, a lowering of serotonin is believed to contribute to the development of depression.

Explanation

Depression is often associated with a decrease in serotonin levels. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and sleep. When serotonin levels are low, it can lead to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Therefore, a lowering of serotonin is believed to contribute to the development of depression.

11. This midbrain lesion creates a contralateral tremor & ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy

Parinauds syndrome

Benedikts syndrome

Weber's syndrome

Benedikt's syndrome is a midbrain lesion that presents with a contralateral tremor and an ipsilateral third nerve palsy. This combination of symptoms is characteristic of Benedikt's syndrome. Parinaud's syndrome, on the other hand, is characterized by vertical gaze palsy and pupillary abnormalities, while Weber's syndrome is characterized by a contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy. Therefore, the correct answer is Benedikt's syndrome.

Explanation

Benedikt's syndrome is a midbrain lesion that presents with a contralateral tremor and an ipsilateral third nerve palsy. This combination of symptoms is characteristic of Benedikt's syndrome. Parinaud's syndrome, on the other hand, is characterized by vertical gaze palsy and pupillary abnormalities, while Weber's syndrome is characterized by a contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy. Therefore, the correct answer is Benedikt's syndrome.