Grade 10 Final Exam Review

Jerusalem is considered a holy city to Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Each of these religions has significant historical and religious ties to the city. Christians regard Jerusalem as the place where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, making it a crucial pilgrimage site. Muslims recognize Jerusalem as the third holiest city in Islam, as it is believed to be the location from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. For Jews, Jerusalem is their spiritual capital and holds the Western Wall, the last remnant of the ancient Jewish temple. Therefore, all three religions have a deep connection to Jerusalem, making it a significant holy city for them.

Joan of Arc was a historical figure known for her role in the Hundred Years' War. She was born in Domrémy, a village in northeastern France. Joan of Arc played a significant role in the French military campaigns and is considered a national heroine in France. Her actions and leadership during the war ultimately led to the coronation of Charles VII of France. Therefore, the correct answer is France.

The Black Death was another name for the Bubonic Plague. This disease was a devastating pandemic that occurred in the 14th century, resulting in the deaths of millions of people in Europe. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was transmitted through fleas that infested rats. The symptoms included fever, swollen lymph nodes, and the formation of dark, painful buboes. The Black Death had a profound impact on society, leading to social, economic, and cultural changes in Europe.

Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait, connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The city was a major center of trade, culture, and political power in the Byzantine Empire. It served as the administrative, economic, and religious hub of the empire, housing important institutions such as the Hagia Sophia and the Great Palace. Constantinople's fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the medieval period. The primary motivation behind the Crusades was the desire to reclaim the Holy Land (specifically Jerusalem) from Muslim control. These wars were driven by religious fervor and the belief that it was the duty of Christians to defend their faith and secure access to important religious sites. The Crusades involved military expeditions and campaigns, making them distinct from mere adventures or explorations.

The Hundred Years' War was fought to gain control over English territories in France. This conflict lasted for over a century and involved multiple battles and sieges. The English kings claimed the French crown and sought to expand their territories in France. The war was driven by a desire to assert dominance and control over valuable French lands, such as Gascony and Normandy. The conflict ultimately resulted in significant territorial changes and had a profound impact on the political and social landscape of both countries.

Joan of Arc was unique because she heard voices that instructed her to lead the French army to victory. This supernatural guidance played a significant role in her actions and decisions during the Hundred Years' War. These voices were believed to be messages from saints or angels, and Joan's unwavering faith in these divine instructions made her a remarkable and influential figure in history.

Cathedrals often had stained glass windows because they were an important element of Gothic architecture. Stained glass windows allowed for the depiction of biblical stories and religious symbolism, which served to educate and inspire worshippers. The vibrant colors and intricate designs of stained glass also created a sense of awe and beauty, enhancing the spiritual experience within the cathedral. Additionally, stained glass windows allowed for the manipulation of light, creating a mystical and ethereal atmosphere inside the cathedral. Overall, stained glass windows were a defining feature of cathedrals and played a significant role in their design and religious significance.

Joan of Arc was a 17-year-old peasant girl who played a significant role in driving the English out of France during the Hundred Years' War. She believed that she had been chosen by God to lead the French army and successfully influenced the Dauphin (future Charles VII) to allow her to do so. Joan of Arc's military campaigns and victories, including the lifting of the siege of Orleans, boosted French morale and contributed to their ultimate victory. She was later captured by the English, accused of heresy, and burned at the stake. Joan of Arc is remembered as a national heroine in France and as a symbol of courage and determination.

During the time of the Black Death, people had limited understanding of diseases and their causes. The prevailing belief was that bad air, also known as miasma, could spread diseases. Additionally, some religious groups and individuals attributed the plague to the wrath of God or punishment for sinful behavior. There were also instances where people blamed other religions or ethnic groups for the outbreak. Therefore, all of the options mentioned - bad air, other religions, and God sending it - were initially believed to be the cause of the Black Death.

Pope Urban II called the First Crusade. The First Crusade was a military expedition initiated by Pope Urban II in 1095, with the aim of recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim control. Pope Urban II delivered a sermon at the Council of Clermont, urging Christians to take up arms and embark on a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem. This call to arms led to the formation of several Crusader armies, which set out on a long and arduous journey to the Middle East. The Crusaders ultimately achieved their goal, capturing Jerusalem in 1099.

Vernacular refers to the language commonly spoken by people in a specific region or community. It is the everyday language used for communication, as opposed to formal or literary languages. This answer is correct because it accurately defines vernacular as the language of everyday speech in particular regions, such as Spanish, French, English, or German.

William the Conqueror won the Battle of Hastings. This battle took place in 1066 and marked the beginning of Norman rule in England. William, the Duke of Normandy, led his army to victory against the English forces led by King Harold II. The battle was significant as it resulted in a major shift in power and established William as the new King of England.

During the Middle Ages, the dominant architectural style for churches was Gothic. This style is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller and more spacious interiors. Gothic architecture also featured large stained glass windows, intricate sculptures, and ornate decorations. This style was popular from the 12th to the 16th centuries and can be seen in famous cathedrals such as Notre-Dame in Paris and Chartres Cathedral. The Gothic style was a significant departure from the earlier Romanesque architecture and represented a shift towards more elaborate and grandiose designs.

The Magna Carta was created to limit the king's power. It was a document signed in 1215 by King John of England, under pressure from his barons. The Magna Carta established the principle that the king was not above the law and that certain rights and liberties should be protected. It laid the foundation for constitutional law and limited the arbitrary power of the king, ensuring that he had to govern within the bounds of the law.

The Black Death resulted in massive labor shortages because it caused a significant decline in the population. The disease spread rapidly and killed a large percentage of the population, leading to a scarcity of workers. This scarcity increased the demand for labor, which in turn led to higher wages for workers who survived the plague. The labor shortages also had long-term effects on the economy, as it disrupted agricultural production and slowed down economic growth.

During the Black Death, individuals infected with the disease often developed bulbs of pus over the lymph node areas. This symptom, known as buboes, was a characteristic feature of the bubonic plague, which was the most common form of the Black Death. The buboes were painful, swollen, and filled with pus, and their presence was a clear indication of the disease. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bulbs of puss that usually arose over the lymph node areas."

Joan of Arc died by being captured by the English and eventually burned at the stake. This is historically accurate and well-documented.

Gothic cathedrals have flying buttresses. Flying buttresses are architectural supports that were used in Gothic architecture to distribute the weight of the walls and roof, allowing for taller and more elaborate structures. The Romanesque and Early Christian styles did not typically incorporate flying buttresses into their designs. Therefore, the correct answer is Gothic.

The correct answer is heresy. Heresy refers to the act of denying or going against established church doctrine. It is the belief or opinion that contradicts the official teachings of a religious institution. In this context, the statement suggests that the act being described is a denial of church doctrine, which aligns with the definition of heresy. The other options, theology, inquisition, and relic, do not specifically relate to the denial of church doctrine.

During the time of the Black Death, Jews were often scapegoated and blamed for starting the plague. This was due to various factors such as religious prejudice and misinformation. Jews were accused of poisoning wells and spreading the disease intentionally. These baseless accusations led to widespread persecution and violence against Jewish communities. However, it is important to note that there is no evidence to support these claims, and the blame placed on Jews was entirely unjustified.

The Black Death was caused by fleas. Fleas were carriers of the bacteria Yersinia pestis, which caused the deadly disease. These fleas infested black rats, which were common in Europe during the 14th century. The fleas would bite the rats, become infected with the bacteria, and then bite humans, transmitting the disease to them. This led to the rapid spread of the Black Death throughout Europe, resulting in the death of millions of people.

During the Crusades, large armies traveled great distances, leading to significant consequences. One of these consequences was that Europe's population severely declined. This occurred due to various factors such as casualties from battles, diseases, famine, and the overall hardships faced during the long and arduous journeys. The constant warfare and loss of life resulted in a significant decrease in the population of Europe during the Crusades.

Thomas a Becket was the archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered by Henry II.

Common law refers to a system of law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than from statutes. It is a law that is common to the whole kingdom because it is based on the principles and decisions established by judges over time, which apply to all people within the jurisdiction. This system of law developed in England and has influenced legal systems in many other countries, including the United States. Magna Carta, The Body of Civil Law, and Articles of Confederation are not laws that are common to the whole kingdom, making common law the correct answer.

John I is the correct answer because he is widely regarded as one of the most hated kings in English history. He was known for his tyrannical rule and oppressive policies, which led to widespread discontent among the nobles and common people. Additionally, John I was the king who signed the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the powers of the monarchy and established certain rights and liberties for the English people. This act further contributed to his reputation as a despised king.

Scholasticism refers to a medieval philosophical and theological system that aimed to reconcile faith and reason. It sought to demonstrate that religious beliefs were consistent with logical and rational thinking, using methods of logical analysis and argumentation. Scholasticism emphasized the use of reason to understand and interpret religious doctrines, and it played a significant role in the development of Western intellectual thought during the Middle Ages.