ISTQB - All Chapters Exam1

The test engineer should re-run the tests to ensure that new defects have not been introduced by the fix. Even though the tests have already been run and results recorded, fixing a defect can sometimes introduce new issues or unintended consequences. By re-running the tests, the test engineer can verify that the fix did not introduce any new defects and that the system is functioning correctly after the fix.

A benefit of using a test automation tool is that it reduces the time spent on repetitive tasks. Test automation allows for the creation of automated test scripts that can be executed repeatedly, saving time and effort. This eliminates the need for manual execution of repetitive test cases, freeing up resources to focus on more critical tasks. Additionally, automation tools can also provide faster feedback on test results, enabling quicker identification and resolution of issues.

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Exit criteria are used to determine when to stop testing. They are not solely based on entry criteria but also take into account other factors such as test coverage, test case execution, and defect resolution. The test manager has the authority to modify or update the exit criteria if needed. Regression testing can be a part of the exit criteria if it is necessary to ensure that the changes made during testing did not have any adverse effects on the existing functionality. The evaluation of the exit criteria helps in making a decision whether to continue testing or to stop based on the predefined objectives and requirements.

The V-model is a software development model that emphasizes the importance of testing at each stage of the development process. It consists of several test levels, including unit testing, acceptance testing, and system testing. However, performance testing is not considered a test level according to the V-model. Performance testing is a type of testing that focuses on evaluating the performance and scalability of a system under specific conditions, such as high user loads or heavy data volumes. While performance testing is an important aspect of software testing, it is not specifically mentioned as a test level in the V-model.

Agile development can be classified as an iterative or incremental life cycle model. This is because Agile focuses on delivering software in small, incremental iterations, allowing for flexibility and adaptability throughout the development process. Agile methodologies, such as Scrum or Kanban, emphasize continuous collaboration, frequent feedback, and regular iterations to deliver value to customers. This approach enables teams to quickly respond to changes, incorporate feedback, and continuously improve the product, making it an iterative or incremental life cycle model.

The given excerpt provides developers with information to isolate the failure. It mentions that the module AX45T was tested and only 1 failure was encountered. It further specifies the test file and its location on the server, which can help developers recreate and analyze the failure to identify its cause and isolate it for further investigation and resolution.

This statement is an example of testing contributing to higher quality because it shows that the tester's efforts in finding a bug led to its resolution before the release of the product. By identifying and resolving the bug, the tester ensures that the product is of higher quality and meets the expected standards before it reaches the end users. This demonstrates the value of testing in improving the overall quality of the product.

The correct answer is "Planning, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluation exit criteria and reporting, test closure activities." This sequence represents the main activities of the fundamental test process. It starts with planning, analysis, and design, which involve understanding the requirements, identifying test conditions, and creating test cases. Then, implementation and execution involve executing the test cases and logging any defects found. Evaluation of exit criteria and reporting is done to assess if the testing is complete and to report the test results. Finally, test closure activities are performed to ensure that all necessary documentation is completed and the testing process is properly closed.

Proper configuration management ensures that testers can uniquely identify the tested item. This means that configuration management allows testers to accurately and precisely identify the specific version or configuration of the software or system that is being tested. This is crucial for effective testing because it ensures that testers are testing the correct version and can track any changes or issues that may arise during testing. Without proper configuration management, testers may mistakenly test the wrong version or configuration, leading to inaccurate results and potential issues in the software or system.

Static testing refers to a type of testing that is performed without executing the code. It involves reviewing and examining the documents, code, and other artifacts to identify defects, errors, and inconsistencies. In this context, a requirements review is an example of static testing as it involves examining and evaluating the requirements documentation to ensure that they are complete, consistent, and meet the desired quality standards. This type of review helps in identifying any ambiguities, contradictions, or missing information in the requirements, which can then be addressed and corrected before the development phase begins.

Test planning is influenced by various factors such as the scope of testing, the risks involved, and the availability of resources. This means that test planning should consider these factors while creating a plan for testing activities. It does not necessarily depend on the availability of the entire project plan from the development team or the independence of testers. The statement highlights the importance of considering these factors in test planning to ensure effective and efficient testing.

Incident reporting may occur during the development, review, testing, and use of a product. This means that incidents can be reported at any stage of the product's lifecycle, starting from its development phase, continuing through the review and testing phases, and even after the product has been released and is being used by customers. This comprehensive approach ensures that any issues or incidents that arise during any stage of the product's lifecycle can be properly documented and addressed.

Testers need good communication skills because they are responsible for effectively conveying information about bugs and issues to the development team. They need to clearly communicate the steps to reproduce a bug, provide detailed information about the issue, and collaborate with developers to ensure it is resolved. Additionally, testers may need to communicate with stakeholders, such as project managers or clients, to provide updates on testing progress and discuss any concerns or questions. Good communication skills help testers effectively perform their role and contribute to the overall quality of the software.

A static analysis tool can be used by developers, testers, and quality assurance personnel to look for defects prior to dynamic testing. This tool analyzes the code or software without executing it, checking for issues such as coding errors, security vulnerabilities, and adherence to coding standards. By identifying these defects early on, teams can address them before the software is tested dynamically, saving time and effort in the testing phase.

The main advantage of reviews over testing is that it allows for low cost detection of defects, enhances the quality of code and documents, and identifies opportunities for improvement.

Traceability refers to the ability to track and identify the relationship between different items in documentation. In this context, it specifically refers to the ability to identify the connection between requirements and software design. This means being able to trace how a particular requirement is implemented in the software design, ensuring that all requirements are properly addressed and implemented. Traceability is important for ensuring that the software meets the specified requirements and for facilitating effective testing and verification processes.

Use case testing provides end-to-end scenario based tests, which means that it focuses on testing the entire flow of a specific use case or scenario. This technique helps in understanding the system's behavior in real-life situations and ensures that all the interactions between the system and its users are properly tested. On the other hand, other specification-based testing techniques may focus on specific requirements or functionalities without considering the complete scenario. This major difference makes use case testing a valuable approach for validating the system's functionality and user experience.

The correct answer is "data driven". In the given example, the automation team designs an automation framework for testing web-based applications and decides not to hardcode any data in their scripts. Instead, they read all the data from text files during test execution. This approach of using external data files to drive the test cases is known as data-driven testing. It allows for flexibility and reusability as the test scripts can be executed with different sets of data without the need for modifying the scripts themselves.

The given correct answer of "0-100-2000-6000" covers all equivalence classes because it includes the minimum and maximum values for each range. The range of 0-100 covers amounts below 1, the range of 101-1999 covers amounts from 1 to 1999, the range of 2000-5000 covers amounts from 2000 to 5000, and the range of 5001-6000 covers amounts above 5000. Therefore, this set of amounts covers all possible integer values that can occur within the given money order system.

Regression testing is the process of testing an already tested program to ensure that any changes or fixes have not introduced new defects or caused existing functionality to fail. This involves retesting of fixed defects (I) and testing of an already tested program (II). Therefore, the correct answer is II.

Use case testing is a technique where test cases are designed to validate the system's behavior based on user interactions or scenarios. These test cases are created to simulate real-life situations and ensure that the system's process flow is functioning correctly. By executing these test cases, defects or issues in the process flow can be identified and addressed, helping to improve the overall quality and reliability of the system.

This statement is not true because incidents can be raised during development. Incidents are discrepancies between actual and expected outcomes, and these discrepancies can occur at any stage of the software development process, including during development, review, testing, or use of the software product. Therefore, the statement contradicts the fact that incidents can be raised during development.

COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) tools are software tools that are readily available in the general market and can be customized or adapted to meet specific needs. These tools are designed to be used by a wide range of users and can be easily modified or configured to suit different requirements. This statement implies that COTS tools are flexible and can be tailored to specific use cases, making them a valuable resource for organizations looking for efficient and cost-effective solutions.

Static analysis of code using a tool focuses specifically on the technical aspects of the code, such as syntax errors, coding standards violations, and potential vulnerabilities. It uses automated tools to analyze the code and identify these issues. On the other hand, peer review of code involves a group of developers reviewing the code manually to identify defects, such as logic errors, performance issues, and design flaws. Peer review considers not only the technical aspects but also the overall quality, maintainability, and adherence to requirements. Therefore, the key difference between the two is that static analysis is more focused on the technical aspects of the code, while peer review considers a broader range of aspects.

The correct answer is IEEE standard 829 is a standard for SW test documentation. This means that IEEE standard 829 provides guidelines and requirements for documenting software testing processes, including test plans, test cases, and test procedures. It is not limited to test case design specifications alone, and it is not specific to hardware testing projects.

In order to achieve 100% statement coverage, we need to test every possible statement in the program. In this case, we have only one IF statement with one condition and one action (DO B). Therefore, we only need one test case to cover this statement.

Integration testing is a type of testing that focuses on verifying that the interfaces between different components or subsystems of a system are functioning correctly. It involves testing the interactions and communication between these components to ensure that they are integrated seamlessly and work together as intended. This type of testing helps identify any issues or faults that may arise when different components are combined, ensuring that the system functions as a whole.

Impact analysis is used to evaluate the impact of changes on the existing system. It helps in identifying the areas of the system that may be affected by the changes. Regression testing, on the other hand, is performed to ensure that the existing functionalities of the system are not affected by the changes. The impact analysis helps in determining the amount of regression testing that needs to be performed. It helps in prioritizing the tests and focusing on the areas that are most likely to be impacted by the changes.

The correct boundary value analysis for the given pseudo code would include the values 1, 2, 29, and 30. This is because the condition in the if statement is checking if k is greater than 1 and less than 30. Therefore, the boundary values would be the smallest and largest values that satisfy this condition, which are 1 and 30. Additionally, including the values just outside of this range, 2 and 29, helps to test the boundaries more thoroughly.

The correct answer is X-Time, Y-Count, A-Total number of executed tests, B- Number of open bugs. This answer suggests that the measurement of time (X-Time) is related to the count of something (Y-Count). In this case, X-Time represents the total time taken to execute tests, while Y-Count represents the number of tests executed. Additionally, A represents the total number of executed tests, and B represents the number of open bugs found during the testing process. This answer provides a clear and logical relationship between the variables.

The testers' expertise in fluid dynamics and hydraulic engineering, as well as their previous experience with similar packages, suggests that they have a strong understanding of the application. Therefore, the tests can be written with less detail, as the testers are likely to have a good grasp of the necessary steps and procedures involved in testing the fluid dynamics package.

The correct sentences are:

ll. A human mistake may produce a defect. lV. When a defect exists in a system, it may result in a failure. The correct sentences emphasize the connection between defects and failures in a system. They acknowledge that human errors can lead to defects, and when defects are present in a system, they can potentially result in failures. The incorrect sentences contain inaccuracies or overgeneralizations and should be disregarded.

The test analysis and design activity primarily entails the transformation of the test objectives into testing conditions and tangible test cases. This involves analyzing the test basis and test objects, understanding the requirements and specifications, and designing test cases that will effectively test the system. By transforming the objectives into test conditions and tangible test cases, the testing team can ensure that all aspects of the system are thoroughly tested and any defects or issues are identified.

Experience-based testing should be applied after systematic test methods have been used because systematic test methods, such as specification-based testing or structure-based testing, provide a structured and planned approach to testing. These methods ensure that all requirements and functionalities are tested thoroughly. Once systematic test methods have been exhausted, experience-based testing can be used to complement and enhance the testing process. Experience-based testing relies on the tester's knowledge, skills, and intuition to identify potential defects or issues that may not have been covered by the systematic methods. By applying experience-based testing after systematic methods, the overall test coverage and effectiveness can be improved.

The given answer, (0,12,13,18,19), represents the boundary values for the age groups defined in the software system. The lower boundary for Group I is 0, the upper boundary for Group I and the lower boundary for Group II is 12, the upper boundary for Group II and the lower boundary for Group III is 13, the upper boundary for Group III and the lower boundary for the next group is 18, and the upper boundary for the last group is 19. These values represent the points at which the age transitions from one group to another, making them the boundary values for the age groups.

The test policy is not a part of the test plan according to the IEEE 829 standard. The test plan includes various sections such as the test objectives, test deliverables, test schedule, test environment, and test data. However, the test policy is a separate document that outlines the overall approach and principles for testing within an organization. It defines the standards, guidelines, and strategies to be followed during testing activities. Therefore, it is not specifically included in the test plan as per the IEEE 829 standard.

The correct answer is "n". This is because "n" represents any number, regardless of its value. The specifications state that if "n" is less than 0, a message "value out of range" must be issued. Therefore, "n" can be any number, positive or negative.

Multiple condition coverage is a structure-based technique that ensures that every possible combination of conditions in a program is tested. It aims to achieve maximum code coverage by testing all possible combinations of conditions within a decision. This technique is more comprehensive than statement coverage, condition coverage, and decision coverage because it considers all possible combinations of conditions rather than just individual statements or decisions. Therefore, multiple condition coverage provides the strongest code coverage among the given options.

Use case testing is appropriate in the following scenarios:
- For exhaustive testing of subsystems interaction if the system is specified by use cases (option II)
- For tests reflecting real-world use of the system under test (option IV)