Ahtc1150: Red Cells, Morphology, Inclusions, Parasites

The statement is true because red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, play a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. They contain a protein called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues. Additionally, red blood cells transport carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. Lastly, red blood cells help in maintaining the pH balance of the blood by acting as a buffer for hydrogen ions, which helps regulate the body's acid-base balance. Therefore, the three functions mentioned in the statement are accurate.

Microcytic/Hypochromic RBC morphology refers to red blood cells that are smaller in size (microcytic) and have reduced hemoglobin content (hypochromic). This can occur due to various reasons, but one common cause is iron deficiency. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, and a lack of iron can result in smaller and paler red blood cells. Therefore, the correct answer is iron deficiency.

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released by the bone marrow in response to an increased need for red blood cells. These cells eventually mature into fully functional red blood cells. Therefore, the statement that reticulocytes are released in response to an increased need for red cells is true.

The given statement is true. Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. The clinical signs mentioned, such as pale mucous membranes, lethargy, increased exercise intolerance, tachypnea/dyspnea, and tachycardia, are commonly associated with anemia. These signs indicate a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and increased heart rate. Therefore, the statement is true.

Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to an increased blood volume and viscosity. This condition is indeed the opposite of Anemia, which is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Therefore, the statement that Polycythemia is the opposite of Anemia is true.

You require a full CBC including reticulocyte count and serum bilirubin and iron measure.

The correct answer includes three causes of anemia: increased RBC destruction, increased RBC loss, and decreased RBC production. Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Increased RBC destruction can occur due to conditions like hemolytic anemia or certain medications. Increased RBC loss can happen through bleeding, such as in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding or heavy menstrual periods. Decreased RBC production can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, or chronic diseases.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare and hereditary pathological inclusion that affects various aspects of an individual's health. It is characterized by dilute coat color and eyes, increased susceptibility to infections, decreased neutrophil mobility, and bleeding disorders. Persian cats are particularly susceptible to this syndrome.

Microfilaria is the correct answer because it is a non-intracellular protozoan parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes anemia as a secondary effect of the infection and is also known as canine heartworm. Babesia is not the correct answer because it is an intracellular parasite. Trypanosoma is also incorrect because it is not transmitted by mosquitoes. Anaplasma marginale is not the correct answer because it is a bacteria, not a protozoan parasite.

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, have a lifespan of approximately 2-5 months. These cells play a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to various tissues in the body. Over time, red blood cells become less flexible and more fragile, making them more susceptible to being broken down and removed from circulation by the spleen. The bone marrow constantly produces new red blood cells to replace the old ones, ensuring a steady supply of oxygen to the body's tissues.

The arrows in the photo are pointing to stomatocytes. Stomatocytes are red blood cells that have a mouth-like or slit-like shape instead of the typical biconcave shape. These cells can be seen in conditions such as hereditary stomatocytosis or liver disease.

Anisocytosis refers to the variance in size of red blood cells. This condition can be observed in blood samples when there is a significant difference in the size of the red blood cells. Anisocytosis can be indicative of various underlying health conditions, such as anemia or vitamin deficiencies. It is important to monitor and diagnose anisocytosis as it can help identify and treat the underlying cause of the abnormal cell size distribution.

The photo shows an abnormal cell arrangement known as agglutination. Agglutination refers to the clumping together of cells, typically caused by the binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of the cells. This can occur in various biological processes, such as in blood typing or in certain immune responses. The photo likely depicts cells that have clumped together, indicating the presence of agglutination.

Babesia is a hematrophic parasite that is a protozoan and causes hemolytic anemia in dogs. It is mainly found in tropical regions and is transmitted by ticks. The smear must contain the first drop of blood and will be treated with tetracycline. Clinical symptoms of Babesia infection in dogs include hemoglobinuria, dehydration, fever, anorexia, and depression.

Trypanosoma is a hematrophic parasite that is transmitted by leeches or biting insects. It is a non-intracellular protozoan that is commonly seen in cattle with decreased immune resistance. Trypanosoma causes a disease called trypanosomiasis, which can lead to symptoms such as fever, anemia, and weight loss in infected animals. This parasite is known to affect various animals, including humans, and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.

The correct answer is acanthocyte or Acanthocyte. An acanthocyte is a type of red blood cell that has irregularly spaced, thorny projections on its surface. These projections give the cell a spiky or thorny appearance, resembling a thistle or sea urchin. Acanthocytes can be seen in certain medical conditions such as liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia, and kidney disease. They are also associated with disorders of lipid metabolism. Therefore, based on the description, the red cell shape depicted in the photo is likely an acanthocyte or Acanthocyte.

The correct answer is "rouleaux, Rouleaux." The term "rouleaux" refers to a cell arrangement where red blood cells stack together like a stack of coins, resembling a roll of coins. This can be seen in the photo provided. The term "Rouleaux" with a capital "R" is the plural form of "rouleau" and is used to refer to multiple stacks of red blood cells.

The correct answer is basophilic stippling, Basophilic Stippling. Basophilic stippling refers to the presence of small, dark blue granules in red blood cells. These granules are remnants of ribosomes and represent abnormal RNA accumulation. Basophilic stippling can be seen in various conditions such as lead poisoning, thalassemia, and certain anemias. The presence of basophilic stippling can be identified by examining a blood smear under a microscope.

Rarely seen in animals.

Macrocytic/Normochromic RBC morphology refers to the presence of larger-than-normal red blood cells with a normal amount of hemoglobin. This is commonly seen in regenerative anemia, which occurs when the body is actively producing new red blood cells to replace those that have been lost or destroyed. This can happen in response to acute hemolysis or hemorrhage, where there is a rapid loss of red blood cells, and the body needs to regenerate them quickly. Iron deficiency, on the other hand, typically leads to microcytic/hypochromic RBC morphology.

The correct answer is echinocyte, Echinocyte. An echinocyte is a red blood cell that has numerous evenly spaced projections on its surface, giving it a spiky appearance. These projections are caused by alterations in the cell membrane, resulting in a distorted shape. Echinocytes can be seen in certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease or liver disease. The capitalization of the second option, "Echinocyte," suggests that it is a proper noun referring to a specific type of echinocyte or a specific condition associated with echinocytes.

Normocytic/normochromic refers to the size and color of red blood cells. It means that the red blood cells are of normal size (normocytic) and have a normal amount of hemoglobin (normochromic). In the context of red cell morphology classification, acute hemolysis/hemorrhage before regeneration is the correct answer because it can cause the red blood cells to appear normal in size and color due to the rapid production of new red blood cells to compensate for the loss.

At higher altitudes, red cells are smaller. This is because at higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure decreases. This decrease in pressure causes the red blood cells to shrink in size. This adaptation allows the red blood cells to navigate through the narrower blood vessels more efficiently and deliver oxygen to the body's tissues effectively.

Polychromasia refers to the abnormality where red blood cells stain darker than normal. This can be seen in conditions such as anemia or other blood disorders. The term "polychromasia" is derived from "poly" meaning many and "chroma" meaning color, indicating the presence of multiple colors or shades in the stained red blood cells. The capitalization of the term does not affect its meaning, so both "polychromasia" and "Polychromasia" are correct answers.

The correct answer is "schistocyte, Schistocyte." A schistocyte is a type of red blood cell that has an irregular shape, often due to fragmentation or shearing. This can occur in conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation or mechanical damage to the red blood cells. The photo likely shows a red blood cell with an abnormal shape, confirming the presence of schistocytes.

Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin levels in the body. This leads to a reduced amount of oxygen being transported to the tissues.

The arrows in the photo are pointing to red blood cells that have a target or codocyte shape.

Canine Distemper is a viral disease that affects dogs and is caused by the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). One of the pathological inclusions seen in infected dogs is known as "inclusion bodies." These inclusion bodies are found in polychromatic red cells and are large, irregular, round/ring-shaped aggregates of organelles. Therefore, Canine Distemper is the correct answer to the question.

Mycoplasma is a pleiomorphic bacteria that is small and lacks a cell wall. It adheres loosely to the cell surface. The feline version of Mycoplasma is the main cause of anemia in cats.

The correct answer is elliptocyte or Elliptocyte. This is because the photo depicts red blood cells that have an elliptical or oval shape. Elliptocytes can be seen in certain medical conditions such as hereditary elliptocytosis or iron deficiency anemia.

The arrows in the photo are pointing to red blood cells that have a spherical shape, which is characteristic of spherocytes. Spherocytes are abnormal red blood cells that lack the usual biconcave shape and instead appear round and smaller. This can be caused by various conditions, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or hereditary spherocytosis.

The correct answer is "howell jolly body, howell-jolly body." Howell-Jolly bodies are basophilic nuclear remnants in red blood cells that are typically removed by the spleen. Their presence can indicate splenic dysfunction or absence. The photo likely shows these characteristic inclusions, which can be observed in certain conditions such as splenectomy, sickle cell anemia, or megaloblastic anemia.

The picture shown displays hypochromasia, which is evident by an increased central pallor. Hypochromasia refers to a condition where red blood cells have a decreased amount of hemoglobin, resulting in a paler appearance. In the given picture, the central area of the red blood cells appears lighter, indicating a reduced hemoglobin content. The term "Hypochromasia" is correctly capitalized as it is a medical term.

Anaplasma marginale is the correct answer because it is a hematrophic inclusion that is commonly found in cattle as a tick-borne disease. It appears similar to Howell-jolly bodies, but there are multiple in one field.

The correct answer is "keratocyte, Keratocyte". A keratocyte is a type of red blood cell that can have a blister or helmet shape. The term "keratocyte" is used to describe this specific red blood cell morphology.

The red cell shape that the arrows are pointing to is called a dacrocyte. Dacrocytes are abnormally shaped red blood cells that have a teardrop or pear-like appearance. They are often associated with certain medical conditions, such as myelofibrosis or other bone marrow disorders. The presence of dacrocytes in the blood may indicate an underlying pathology and can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring certain diseases.

The red cell inclusion pointed to in the photo is known as a Heinz body. Heinz bodies are denatured or precipitated hemoglobin within red blood cells. They appear as small, round, dark inclusions within the cell. Heinz bodies are commonly seen in conditions such as G6PD deficiency, thalassemia, and certain drug reactions. They can lead to hemolytic anemia and can be detected through a blood smear examination.

Pappenheimer bodies are iron-containing granules that can be seen in red blood cells under certain conditions. They are small, blue-purple inclusions that are often found in red blood cells stained with Wright's stain. Pappenheimer bodies are composed of iron and are usually associated with certain types of anemia, such as sideroblastic anemia or thalassemia. These inclusions can be visualized using special staining techniques and are helpful in diagnosing and classifying certain blood disorders.

The correct answer is drepanocyte, Drepanocyte. A drepanocyte, also known as a sickle cell, is a red blood cell that has an abnormal crescent or sickle shape. This shape is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the hemoglobin protein in the red blood cells. Drepanocytes can cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to pain and other complications.

Rubricyte is the correct answer because it is the last stage of red cell maturation that still contains a nucleus. After this stage, the nucleus is expelled from the cell, resulting in the formation of a reticulocyte. The reticulocyte then matures into a fully functional red blood cell, also known as a mature RBC, which does not contain a nucleus. Therefore, the rubricyte stage is the last stage to contain a nucleus before the cell becomes a mature RBC.

The correct answer is nucleated red cell. In the photo, a red blood cell with a visible nucleus is shown. Normally, mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus, so the presence of a nucleus in this cell indicates that it is a nucleated red cell.

Theileriosis is a hematrophic parasite that is a protozoan and causes hemolytic anemia in cattle. It is transmitted by ticks and is mainly found in Africa. Theileriosis appears as a signet-ring/comma shape.

The arrow is pointing to the red cell shape known as an eccentrocyte or Eccentrocyte.

Regenerative anemia occurs when the body is actively producing new red blood cells in response to increased destruction or loss of red blood cells. Polychromasia refers to the presence of immature red blood cells in the bloodstream, indicating increased production. nRBCs, or nucleated red blood cells, are also indicative of increased red blood cell production. Basophilic stippling refers to the presence of small blue granules in red blood cells, which can be a sign of increased production. Howell-jolly bodies are small fragments of DNA that are normally removed by the spleen, but their presence suggests increased red blood cell production. Therefore, the presence of polychromasia, nRBCs, basophilic stippling, and Howell-jolly bodies suggests regenerative anemia.