Psyc 100 - Final Exam Multiple Choice (Weeks 12-24)
- 1.
A child who uses the word "wawa" to refer not only to water but to milk, juice, and other drinks is:
- A.
Overextending the word
- B.
Underextending the word
- C.
Babbling
- D.
Overgeneralizing a grammatical rule
Correct Answer
A. Overextending the wordExplanation
A child who uses the word "wawa" to refer not only to water but to milk, juice, and other drinks is overextending the word. This means that the child is using a single word to represent a broader category of objects or concepts. In this case, the child is using "wawa" to refer to all types of drinks, not just water. This is a common linguistic phenomenon in early language development, where children generalize a word to include a wider range of objects or concepts than intended.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The fact that language is infinitely generative means that:
- A.
The relationship between a word and the thing that it refers to is arbitrary - there is no particular reason why we call babies "babies"
- B.
It is fluid and changes over time
- C.
It can be used to discuss new ideas
- D.
Language allows us to talk beyond the here and now
Correct Answer
C. It can be used to discuss new ideasExplanation
Language being infinitely generative means that it has the capability to create and communicate new ideas. It is not limited to existing concepts or experiences, but can be used to express and explore novel concepts and thoughts. This aspect of language allows for the continuous development and evolution of human knowledge and understanding.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Noam Chomsky accounts for children's ability to learn something as complex as language by hypothesizing the existence of a language-acquisition device in the brain. This device is:
- A.
An innate mechanism that predisposes adults to speak slowly, simply, and with broad gestures when talking to young children
- B.
A set of inborn aids that permit children to understand the elements of grammar common to all languages and to acquire the rules specific to their own
- C.
an innate mechanism that permits children to understand how to use language operantly, in order to gain rewards
- D.
A set of inborn aids that cue a child to attend to those who speak their language while disregarding other speakers
Correct Answer
B. A set of inborn aids that permit children to understand the elements of grammar common to all languages and to acquire the rules specific to their ownExplanation
Noam Chomsky proposes that children have a language-acquisition device in their brain that allows them to understand the basic elements of grammar that are common to all languages, as well as acquire the specific rules of their own language. This innate mechanism helps children to learn and comprehend language more easily.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What are the key properties of human language?
- A.
Categorical perception, generativity and displacement
- B.
Syntax, generativity and pragmatics
- C.
Generativity, syntax and displacement
- D.
Semanticity, generativity and displacement
Correct Answer
D. Semanticity, generativity and displacementExplanation
The key properties of human language are semanticity, generativity, and displacement. Semanticity refers to the ability of language to convey meaning through words and symbols. Generativity refers to the infinite number of sentences that can be created using a finite set of rules and words. Displacement refers to the ability to talk about things that are not present in the immediate environment or time. These properties distinguish human language from other forms of communication and allow for complex and abstract communication.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is TRUE about categorical perception?
- A.
It demonstrates that our perception does not accurately reflect what is physically present in the sound
- B.
It is innate
- C.
It is unique to speech
- D.
It simply means that, given a choice between two phoneme categories, we can figure out which is the better match for any speech sound
Correct Answer
A. It demonstrates that our perception does not accurately reflect what is pHysically present in the soundExplanation
Categorical perception refers to the phenomenon where our perception of different stimuli falls into distinct categories, even if the physical differences between the stimuli are minimal. This means that our perception does not accurately reflect the subtle variations in the physical properties of the stimuli. Therefore, the given answer is true as it accurately states that categorical perception demonstrates that our perception does not accurately reflect what is physically present in the sound.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Individuals with higher cognitive abilities:
- A.
Use fewer areas of their brains when solving complex problems
- B.
Have lower levels of activation in areas of the brain used to perform a task
- C.
Conserve energy (lower glucose metabolism) as problems become increasingly more complex
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Have lower levels of activation in areas of the brain used to perform a taskExplanation
Individuals with higher cognitive abilities have lower levels of activation in areas of the brain used to perform a task. This suggests that they are able to efficiently use their brain resources and achieve the same level of performance with less neural activity. This efficiency may be a result of enhanced neural connectivity and more effective neural networks. It also indicates that these individuals are able to conserve energy (lower glucose metabolism) as problems become increasingly more complex, as they require less neural activity to solve such problems.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What advantage is there to using a heuristic rather than an algorithm?
- A.
The heuristic will result in only one possible solution
- B.
A heuristic is more likely to result in a correct response
- C.
A heuristic will present more clearly defined solution
- D.
A heuristic is often more efficient
Correct Answer
D. A heuristic is often more efficientExplanation
A heuristic is often more efficient because it involves using rules of thumb or educated guesses to quickly find a solution. Unlike algorithms, which follow a step-by-step procedure, heuristics allow for shortcuts and approximations that can save time and resources. While a heuristic may not always guarantee the most accurate solution, it can still provide a satisfactory result in a shorter amount of time.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Wechsler's IQ test differed from its predecessors in that it:
- A.
Was valid for all age ranges
- B.
Used a deviation (age-normed) instead or a ratio (mental age/chronological age) IQ
- C.
Added nonverbal (performance) subscales to represent different forms of intelligence
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Wechsler's IQ test differed from its predecessors in multiple ways. Firstly, it was valid for all age ranges, meaning it could be used to measure intelligence in individuals of different ages. Secondly, it used a deviation (age-normed) instead of a ratio (mental age/chronological age) IQ, which provided a more accurate assessment of an individual's intelligence. Lastly, Wechsler's IQ test added nonverbal (performance) subscales to represent different forms of intelligence, expanding the scope of the test and allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."Rate this question:
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- 9.
Spearman inferred the existence of a general intelligence g factor from:
- A.
The positive intercorrelations for tests of different intellectual skills
- B.
The fact that different tests tap different specific abilities
- C.
The tendency for people to score well on either verbal or mathematical tests, but not on both
- D.
High reliability coefficients for the results of individual tests
Correct Answer
A. The positive intercorrelations for tests of different intellectual skillsExplanation
Spearman inferred the existence of a general intelligence factor from the positive intercorrelations for tests of different intellectual skills. This means that individuals who perform well in one intellectual skill tend to perform well in other intellectual skills as well. This suggests the presence of a common underlying factor, known as the g factor, which influences performance across different intellectual domains.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Executive functioning develops in late adolescence once ___________is complete.
- A.
Plasticity
- B.
Myelination of the frontal lobe
- C.
Apoptosis
- D.
Neurogenesis
Correct Answer
B. Myelination of the frontal lobeExplanation
During late adolescence, the process of myelination in the frontal lobe is complete. Myelination refers to the formation of a protective covering around nerve fibers, which helps to increase the speed and efficiency of neural communication. The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functioning, which includes skills such as decision-making, problem-solving, and impulse control. Therefore, once myelination of the frontal lobe is complete, executive functioning can fully develop. Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt, apoptosis is the programmed cell death, and neurogenesis is the formation of new neurons, but these processes are not directly related to the development of executive functioning.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The phase of the life-span characterized by the most rapid growth in development of the nervous system and the body is the __________ phase.
- A.
Infancy
- B.
Adolescent
- C.
Prenatal
- D.
Childhood
Correct Answer
C. PrenatalExplanation
During the prenatal phase, which refers to the period before birth, there is significant growth and development of both the nervous system and the body. This is a critical time when the foundation for the future development of the individual is established. The prenatal phase is characterized by rapid cell division, organ formation, and the growth of the brain and nervous system. Therefore, it is the phase of the life-span that is characterized by the most rapid growth in development of the nervous system and the body.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Experience-dependent plasticity describes:
- A.
Changes in the brain in response to use
- B.
Changes in the brain due to synaptic pruning
- C.
Changes in the brain due to cell death
- D.
Changes in the brain due to expectation of use
Correct Answer
A. Changes in the brain in response to useExplanation
Experience-dependent plasticity refers to changes in the brain that occur as a result of use or experience. This means that when we engage in certain activities or learn new skills, the brain undergoes structural and functional changes to adapt to these experiences. These changes can include the formation of new neural connections, the strengthening of existing connections, and the reorganization of neural pathways. In other words, experience-dependent plasticity allows the brain to adapt and change in response to our experiences, shaping our cognitive abilities and behavior.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following determines the type of cell a given stem cell will become?
- A.
It's genetic make-up
- B.
The location in which it ends up
- C.
Whether it comes from the mother or the father
- D.
It's size
Correct Answer
B. The location in which it ends upExplanation
The location in which a stem cell ends up determines the type of cell it will become. This is because the surrounding environment and signals from neighboring cells influence the differentiation process of stem cells. The specific conditions and factors in a particular location can trigger the activation of specific genes and pathways, leading to the development of different cell types. Therefore, the location plays a crucial role in determining the fate and specialization of stem cells.Rate this question:
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- 14.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development proceeds from ________ control to ________ control.
- A.
External, internal
- B.
Societal, parental
- C.
Ethical, individual
- D.
Individual, societal
Correct Answer
A. External, internalExplanation
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development that consists of three levels and six stages. According to his theory, moral development progresses from external control to internal control. In the early stages, individuals are motivated by external factors such as fear of punishment or desire for rewards. However, as they progress through the stages, they develop a sense of internal morality based on personal values and principles. This internal control guides their moral decision-making and behavior, leading to a higher level of moral development.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A sense of self, as demonstrated by the rouge test, is evident:
- A.
In all species
- B.
In human adults only
- C.
In humans only from approximately age 2 onwards
- D.
In humans, and some other species
Correct Answer
D. In humans, and some other speciesExplanation
The rouge test is a method used to determine if an individual has a sense of self-recognition. It involves placing a mark of rouge on an individual's face and observing their reaction when they see themselves in a mirror. If they recognize the mark as being on their own face, it indicates a sense of self. The correct answer states that a sense of self, as demonstrated by the rouge test, is evident in humans and some other species. This suggests that not only human adults but also certain animals exhibit self-recognition, indicating that a sense of self is not exclusive to humans and develops at different stages in different species.Rate this question:
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- 16.
According to Vygotsky, a cultural variable of paramount importance to a child's cognitive development is:
- A.
Geographic location
- B.
Parenting style
- C.
Language
- D.
Attachment
Correct Answer
C. LanguageExplanation
Vygotsky believed that language is a cultural variable that plays a crucial role in a child's cognitive development. Language allows children to communicate with others, express their thoughts, and understand the world around them. Through language, children are able to internalize and use symbols, which is essential for higher-level thinking and problem-solving. Language also enables children to engage in social interactions and learn from more knowledgeable individuals, such as parents, teachers, and peers. Therefore, language is considered a fundamental cultural variable that shapes a child's cognitive development according to Vygotsky.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following best captures the development of social cognition?
- A.
Intersubjectivity, sense of self, Theory of Mind, moral development
- B.
Sense of self, Theory of Mind, moral development, intersubjectivity
- C.
Sense of self, moral development, Theory of Mind, intersubjectivity
- D.
Joint attention, sense of self, moral development, Theory of Mind
Correct Answer
A. Intersubjectivity, sense of self, Theory of Mind, moral development -
- 18.
Theory of mind:
- A.
Is only evident among humans
- B.
Is often lacking in those individuals with autism
- C.
Cannot be easily tested
- D.
Occurs in typically developing children around age 5
Correct Answer
B. Is often lacking in those individuals with autismExplanation
Individuals with autism often have difficulties with theory of mind, which refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others. This means that they may struggle with understanding and predicting the thoughts, beliefs, and intentions of others. This difficulty in theory of mind is one of the key characteristics of autism and can impact social interactions and communication skills.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Harlow set out to test Bolwby's theory of attachment by performing experiments with infant rhesus macaque monkeys. He was surprised by his findings that monkeys preferred to spent their time with the cloth 'mother' than the wire 'mother' who was equipped with a bottle and provided them with nourishment. This led to the discovery that:
- A.
That the infant's development of affection is based on warmth.
- B.
Monkeys differ from humans in their choices.
- C.
That the results were inconclusive.
- D.
That the infant's development of affection for the mother was based on contact comfort.
Correct Answer
D. That the infant's development of affection for the mother was based on contact comfort.Explanation
Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys showed that their preference for the cloth "mother" over the wire "mother" was not solely based on the provision of nourishment. Instead, the monkeys preferred the cloth "mother" because it provided them with a sense of comfort and warmth. This led to the discovery that the infant's development of affection for the mother was based on contact comfort, rather than just the fulfillment of their basic needs.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following has been shown to be a reliable finding in research on gender difference?
- A.
Girls show stronger spatial abilities.
- B.
Girls are influenced by social norms and as a result are less good at math.
- C.
Both biological and environmental conditions contribute to some gender differences.
- D.
Boys show earlier verbal development.
Correct Answer
C. Both biological and environmental conditions contribute to some gender differences.Explanation
Research on gender differences has consistently shown that both biological and environmental factors contribute to some gender differences. This means that while certain traits or abilities may be influenced by biological factors, such as hormones or brain structure, environmental factors like socialization and cultural norms also play a significant role. This finding challenges the notion that gender differences are solely determined by either nature or nurture, highlighting the complex interplay between biology and environment in shaping gender differences.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Rat pups that are frequently licked or groomed by their mothers are more relaxed as adults. This is because:
- A.
Their mother's licking changed the expression of their genes.
- B.
They inherited 'relaxed' genes from their mother.
- C.
They developed secure attachment.
- D.
Their mother modelled warm responsive parenting.
Correct Answer
A. Their mother's licking changed the expression of their genes.Explanation
The correct answer is that the mother's licking changed the expression of the rat pups' genes. This is because the mother's grooming behavior can alter the epigenetic regulation of the pups' genes, leading to changes in gene expression. This can result in long-term effects on the pups' behavior and stress response, making them more relaxed as adults.Rate this question:
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- 22.
In interpreting studies showing correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior, we should bear in mind that the correlations:
- A.
Are quite high but not statistically significant.
- B.
Could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.
- C.
Explain that disciplinary styles are heritable.
- D.
Prove that the parents' disciplinary style causes the child's behavioral style.
Correct Answer
B. Could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.Explanation
The answer suggests that the correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior could be influenced by the child's behavioral style affecting the parent's disciplinary style. This means that the child's behavior may shape how the parent chooses to discipline them, rather than the parent's disciplinary style causing the child's behavior.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Parents who are warm and responsive promote their child's:
- A.
Secure attachment
- B.
Gender identity
- C.
Sense of self
- D.
Moral reasoning
Correct Answer
A. Secure attachmentExplanation
Warm and responsive parents create a secure attachment with their child. This means that the child feels safe, loved, and supported by their parents, which helps them develop a strong emotional bond and trust. A secure attachment provides a foundation for healthy relationships and emotional well-being throughout the child's life.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The idea that behaviour, environment, and person variables interact to determine personality is called:
- A.
The diathesis-stress model
- B.
Locus of control
- C.
The three-term contingency
- D.
Reciprocal determinism
Correct Answer
D. Reciprocal determinismExplanation
Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior, environment, and person variables all interact and influence each other to shape an individual's personality. This means that a person's behavior can be influenced by their environment and personal characteristics, but at the same time, their behavior can also influence their environment and personal characteristics. It suggests that personality is not solely determined by internal factors or external factors, but rather by the dynamic interaction between the two.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is most accurate:
- A.
Our personalities tend to fluctuate across the lifespan
- B.
Personality tests are subjective and poorly validated
- C.
Children sharing an environment are more likely to be different than similar
- D.
Family environment has a significant influence on our personality
Correct Answer
C. Children sharing an environment are more likely to be different than similarExplanation
The answer "Children sharing an environment are more likely to be different than similar" is the most accurate because it aligns with the concept of individual differences and the influence of genetic and environmental factors on personality development. While siblings may share similar genetic backgrounds and grow up in the same family environment, they can still have distinct personalities due to various factors such as unique experiences, different peer groups, and individual genetic variations. This answer acknowledges the complexity of personality development and the potential for diversity within a shared environment.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Freud and other psychoanalytic therapists used techniques such as dream analysis and free association because they believed that these techniques:
- A.
Provided clients with much needed insight into their problems
- B.
Allowed the client to experience unconditional positive regard
- C.
Provided a window into a clients' unconscious mind
- D.
Were not vulnerable to faking
Correct Answer
C. Provided a window into a clients' unconscious mindExplanation
Freud and other psychoanalytic therapists believed that techniques such as dream analysis and free association provided a window into a client's unconscious mind. These techniques allowed therapists to access and understand the hidden thoughts, desires, and conflicts that were influencing the client's behavior and causing their problems. By exploring the unconscious mind, therapists could gain valuable insight into the root causes of the client's issues and help them achieve a deeper understanding of themselves. This understanding was considered crucial for effective therapy and the resolution of psychological difficulties.Rate this question:
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- 27.
According to the _____________, a person's behaviour stems from the motivation to reach his/her full potential.
- A.
Psychodynamic perspective
- B.
Humanistic perspective
- C.
Trait perspective
- D.
Social-cognitive perspective
Correct Answer
B. Humanistic perspectiveExplanation
The humanistic perspective suggests that a person's behavior is driven by their motivation to reach their full potential. This perspective focuses on the individual's self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth. It emphasizes the importance of personal choice and free will in shaping behavior, as well as the belief that individuals have an innate drive to become the best version of themselves. This perspective contrasts with other theories that focus on unconscious motivations or external influences on behavior.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is NOT an effective way in which people manage their self-esteem?
- A.
Seeking private feedback from those around them
- B.
Comparing themselves to others who are worse off
- C.
Engaging in behaviour designed to sabotage their own performance
- D.
Associating with others who are successful
Correct Answer
A. Seeking private feedback from those around themExplanation
Seeking private feedback from those around them is not an effective way in which people manage their self-esteem. Self-esteem is influenced by external factors such as comparing oneself to others who are worse off and associating with successful individuals. Engaging in behavior designed to sabotage one's own performance may be a maladaptive coping mechanism, but it still serves as a way to manage self-esteem. Seeking private feedback may not provide accurate or helpful information for self-esteem management.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The results of Sherif's classic study involving boys at a summer camp suggests that prejudice is increased by _______________ and decreased by _______________.
- A.
Cooperation; collaboration
- B.
Cooperation; competition
- C.
Competition; togetherness
- D.
Competition; cooperation
Correct Answer
D. Competition; cooperationExplanation
The results of Sherif's classic study involving boys at a summer camp suggest that prejudice is increased by competition and decreased by cooperation. This means that when individuals are pitted against each other in a competitive environment, it can lead to the development of prejudice. On the other hand, when individuals work together and cooperate towards a common goal, it can help to reduce prejudice.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
- A.
Implicit attitudes do not influence behaviour
- B.
Implicit measures are less vulnerable to social desirability concerns than explicit measures
- C.
A person cannot hold different implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object
- D.
Implicit and explicit attitudes are always unrelated
Correct Answer
B. Implicit measures are less vulnerable to social desirability concerns than explicit measuresExplanation
Implicit measures are less vulnerable to social desirability concerns than explicit measures because implicit measures assess attitudes that are unconscious or automatic, making it difficult for individuals to intentionally manipulate their responses to appear more socially desirable. On the other hand, explicit measures rely on self-reporting, which can be influenced by social desirability bias, as individuals may provide responses that they believe are more socially acceptable or desirable. Therefore, implicit measures are considered to provide a more accurate reflection of individuals' true attitudes, as they are less influenced by conscious control or social desirability concerns.Rate this question:
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- 31.
When predicting the emotional outcome of a negative or a positive event (called affective forecasting), people generally:
- A.
Are quite accurate at predicting the strength and duration of positive events (winning the lottery) but not negative events
- B.
Overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
- C.
Underestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
- D.
Are quite accurate at predicting the strength and duration of negative events (losing their job) but not positive events
Correct Answer
B. Overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactionsExplanation
People generally overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions when predicting the emotional outcome of a negative or positive event. This means that they tend to think that their emotional response will be stronger and last longer than it actually does. This can be attributed to various cognitive biases, such as the impact bias, where people overestimate the impact of future events on their emotions. Additionally, people may rely on stereotypes or previous experiences to make these predictions, leading to inaccurate estimations.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Self-esteem is to _____________as self-concept is to __________________.
- A.
Cognition, affect
- B.
Thought; feelings
- C.
Affect; behaviour
- D.
Feelings; thought
Correct Answer
D. Feelings; thoughtExplanation
Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall evaluation of their own worth and value, which is closely related to their feelings about themselves. Similarly, self-concept refers to an individual's perception and understanding of themselves, which is more closely related to their thoughts and beliefs about themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is "feelings; thought" as it accurately reflects the relationship between self-esteem and self-concept.Rate this question:
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- 33.
This part of the brain plays an important role in emotion:
- A.
Hypothalamus
- B.
Basal Ganglia
- C.
Amygdala
- D.
Occipital Lobe
Correct Answer
C. AmygdalaExplanation
The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain. It plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is responsible for detecting and responding to potential threats or danger, triggering the body's fight-or-flight response. It also helps to regulate emotional responses and is involved in the formation and storage of emotional memories. Dysfunction or damage to the amygdala can result in difficulties in regulating emotions and can contribute to disorders such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The process by which physiological systems are maintained at their optimum values is called:
- A.
Homeostasis
- B.
Motivation
- C.
Regulation
- D.
Feedback Loop
Correct Answer
A. HomeostasisExplanation
Homeostasis refers to the process of maintaining the stability and balance of physiological systems within the body. It involves various mechanisms that work together to regulate body temperature, blood pressure, pH levels, and other vital parameters. This process ensures that the body's internal environment remains constant and optimal for cells to function properly. Motivation, regulation, and feedback loop are not accurate terms to describe this process.Rate this question:
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- 35.
___________automatically motivate(s) us to eat, but ___________ determine whether, and what, we choose to eat.
- A.
Homeostasis, rewards
- B.
Homeostasis, neurotransmitters
- C.
A drive; incentives
- D.
Neurotransmitters; specific drives
Correct Answer
C. A drive; incentivesExplanation
A drive automatically motivates us to eat, while incentives determine whether and what we choose to eat. Drives are internal states that push us to satisfy certain needs, such as hunger, while incentives are external factors that influence our choices, such as the availability of certain foods or the social context in which we are eating.Rate this question:
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- 36.
What evolutionary purpose do emotions serve?
- A.
Reproduction and survival
- B.
To maintain homeostasis
- C.
Reproduction
- D.
Survival associated with social species
Correct Answer
A. Reproduction and survivalExplanation
Emotions serve the purpose of reproduction and survival because they are essential for the continuation of the species. Emotions such as love, attraction, and bonding facilitate reproduction by promoting the formation of romantic relationships and the desire to mate. Emotions like fear and anger help individuals to recognize and respond to threats, increasing their chances of survival. By experiencing emotions, individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that are beneficial for their own survival and the survival of their offspring, thus ensuring the continuation of the species.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Nic feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a Gatorade stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nic to the Gatorade stand is thirst. The Gatorade itself represents a(n):
- A.
Nonregulatory drive
- B.
Incentive
- C.
Motivation
- D.
Regulatory drive
Correct Answer
B. IncentiveExplanation
The Gatorade represents an incentive because it is something that motivates Nic to take action. In this case, Nic's internal motivation of thirst is driving him to seek out the Gatorade stand as a means to satisfy his need for hydration. The Gatorade serves as a reward or desired outcome that incentivizes Nic to go towards it.Rate this question:
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- 38.
A provincial Premier's advisors are to help in reaching a decision. The Premier's own views are withheld, and outsiders are invited to present their own views. All arguments are to be challenged. The Premier is trying to:
- A.
Discourage social facilitation
- B.
Encourage groupthink
- C.
Discourage groupthink
- D.
Encourage group polarization
Correct Answer
C. Discourage groupthinkExplanation
The Premier's approach of withholding their own views and inviting outsiders to present their own views indicates a desire to discourage groupthink. Groupthink occurs when a group of people prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent judgment. By challenging all arguments, the Premier is promoting a healthy exchange of ideas and encouraging individuals to think critically and independently, thereby discouraging the tendency towards groupthink.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which of the following is not true of attachment styles?
- A.
Attachment orientation forms as a result of interactions with our primary caregiver
- B.
Attachment orientations form in childhood and do not change
- C.
Attachment orientation predicts relationship longevity and conflict
- D.
If they do change, we are more likely to change from avoidant or anxious styles to secure
Correct Answer
B. Attachment orientations form in childhood and do not changeExplanation
Attachment orientations form in childhood and do not change. This statement is not true because research has shown that attachment styles can change over time. While attachment styles do tend to form in early childhood based on interactions with primary caregivers, they are not fixed and can be influenced by later experiences and relationships. It is possible for individuals to develop more secure attachment styles through therapy, self-reflection, and healthy relationships.Rate this question:
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- 40.
People tend to conform:
- A.
Because they believe that several others are more knowledgeable than they are
- B.
Because they lack self-esteem
- C.
Because they are exposed to groupthink
- D.
In public only
Correct Answer
A. Because they believe that several others are more knowledgeable than they areExplanation
People tend to conform because they believe that several others are more knowledgeable than they are. This is known as informational social influence, where individuals conform to the opinions or behaviors of others because they believe that those others have more accurate information or expertise. This can happen in situations where individuals feel uncertain or lack confidence in their own knowledge, leading them to rely on the judgments of others whom they perceive as more knowledgeable.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Milgram's research on obedience:
- A.
Making the authority figure more distant from the participant decreased obedience
- B.
Making the learner more immediate to the participant decreased obedience
- C.
The presence of an obedient companion increased obedience of the participant
- D.
The presence of a disobedient companion increased obedience of the participant
Correct Answer
D. The presence of a disobedient companion increased obedience of the participantExplanation
Milgram's research on obedience found that making the authority figure more distant from the participant increased obedience. It also found that making the learner more immediate to the participant decreased obedience. Additionally, the presence of an obedient companion increased obedience of the participant. However, the statement that the presence of a disobedient companion increased obedience of the participant is not true.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Before a meeting, each of several city council members was tentatively considering building a new park in the downtown core. After the meeting, they expressed strong support for this new development. This outcome is an example of:
- A.
Social facilitation
- B.
Social loafing
- C.
Group polarization
- D.
Compliance
Correct Answer
C. Group polarizationExplanation
Group polarization refers to the tendency for a group's decision or opinion to become more extreme than the initial individual positions held by its members. In this scenario, each council member was tentatively considering building a new park, indicating a range of opinions. However, after the meeting, they expressed strong support for the new development, suggesting that their individual positions became more extreme and aligned with the group's consensus. This exemplifies group polarization, where the group's shared discussion and interaction intensified their initial attitudes.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Mary is a 40 year old woman who works from home. One day, the phone rang right after her groceries were delivered to her front door. It was her younger sister calling to tell Mary that she is getting married and would like Mary to come to the wedding in the summer. Although Mary was happy for her sister, she dreaded the thought of being at a big wedding and began sweating profusely and feeling nauseous. She told her sister she wishes the best for her, but that she would not be able to attend the wedding. What disorder is a clinician most likely to suspect?
- A.
Agoraphobia
- B.
Schizophrenia
- C.
Dissociative Disorder
- D.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Correct Answer
A. AgorapHobiaExplanation
Based on the given information, the clinician is most likely to suspect Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear and avoidance of situations or places that might cause panic, embarrassment, or feelings of being trapped. Mary's extreme anxiety and physical symptoms when thinking about attending a big wedding suggest a fear of being in public or crowded places, which aligns with the symptoms of agoraphobia.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Which of the following best characterizes the role that genes and environment play in the development of a mental disorder?
- A.
Those exposed to significant stress are more likely to develop a mental disorder than those with a genetic predisposition
- B.
Those with a genetic predisposition are more likely to develop a mental disorder than those exposed to significant stress
- C.
Both a genetic predisposition and significant stress are necessary to develop a mental disorder
- D.
Genetic predisposition and significant stress are additive such that the more of one that exists the less of the other is required to develop a mental disorder
Correct Answer
D. Genetic predisposition and significant stress are additive such that the more of one that exists the less of the other is required to develop a mental disorderExplanation
The answer suggests that both genetic predisposition and significant stress contribute to the development of a mental disorder. It states that these factors are additive, meaning that the more of one factor exists, the less of the other factor is required to develop a mental disorder. This implies that individuals with a high genetic predisposition may develop a mental disorder even with less exposure to significant stress, while those with low genetic predisposition may need a higher level of significant stress to develop a mental disorder.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following make up the diathesis in the diathesis-stress model?
- A.
A person's total amount of stress
- B.
A person's genetic make-up and early learning history.
- C.
A person's early learning history
- D.
A person's genetic make-up
Correct Answer
B. A person's genetic make-up and early learning history.Explanation
The diathesis in the diathesis-stress model is made up of a person's genetic make-up and early learning history. This means that a person's vulnerability to developing a disorder or experiencing stress is influenced by both their genetic factors and their early life experiences. These factors interact with environmental stressors to determine the likelihood of developing a disorder. The total amount of stress a person experiences and their early learning history alone do not make up the diathesis, as they are only part of the environmental stressors that interact with the diathesis.Rate this question:
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- 46.
People who actually lose a bodily function due to their anxiety are diagnosed with __________; those who pretend to have lost a bodily function are diagnosed with __________.
- A.
Conversion disorder; illness anxiety disorder
- B.
Somatic symptom disorder; conversion disorder
- C.
Illness anxiety disorder; factitious disorder
- D.
Conversion disorder; factitious disorder
Correct Answer
D. Conversion disorder; factitious disorderExplanation
Conversion disorder is a diagnosis given to individuals who actually lose a bodily function as a result of their anxiety. This means that their anxiety manifests physically, causing real physical symptoms such as paralysis or blindness. On the other hand, factitious disorder is a diagnosis given to individuals who pretend to have lost a bodily function. In this case, the physical symptoms are intentionally feigned or exaggerated for secondary gain, such as attention or sympathy. Therefore, the correct answer is conversion disorder; factitious disorder.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) has been criticized for all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
Lumping together those with a mild form of a disorder with individuals with a more severe form
- B.
Labelling an individual with a mental disorder can create stigma that in turn causes distress
- C.
Determining the classification of participants for clinical research purposes
- D.
Associating some disorders with one sex more than the other causing clinicians to look for what they expect to see
Correct Answer
C. Determining the classification of participants for clinical research purposesExplanation
The DSM-5 has been criticized for lumping together those with a mild form of a disorder with individuals with a more severe form, labeling an individual with a mental disorder can create stigma that in turn causes distress, and associating some disorders with one sex more than the other causing clinicians to look for what they expect to see. However, it has not been criticized for determining the classification of participants for clinical research purposes.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Janine reports hearing voices demanding that she carry out a mission for them. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is she describing?
- A.
Hallucinations
- B.
Delusions of control
- C.
Delusions of persecution
- D.
Negative symptoms
Correct Answer
A. HallucinationsExplanation
Janine is describing hallucinations, which are sensory experiences that are not based in reality. In this case, she is reporting hearing voices that are not actually present. Hallucinations are a common symptom of schizophrenia and can involve hearing, seeing, feeling, or smelling things that are not there. Delusions of control involve the belief that one's thoughts or actions are being controlled by an external force, while delusions of persecution involve the belief that one is being targeted or harmed by others. Negative symptoms refer to a reduction or absence of normal behaviors or emotions.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following pairs does not belong?
- A.
Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder
- B.
Bipolar disorder; cyclothymia
- C.
Bipolar I; bipolar II
- D.
Mania; hypomania
Correct Answer
A. Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorderExplanation
The correct answer is major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder. This is because major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are both types of depressive disorders, characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest. The other pairs listed are related to bipolar disorder, which is a separate mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and mania/hypomania.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Which of the following is NOT likely to cause depression:
- A.
A negative thinking pattern
- B.
A family history of depression
- C.
High levels of dopamine
- D.
A stressful environment
Correct Answer
C. High levels of dopamineExplanation
High levels of dopamine are not likely to cause depression. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, and it plays a role in motivation and mood regulation. Low levels of dopamine have been linked to depression, but high levels are not typically considered a cause. Other factors such as negative thinking patterns, a family history of depression, and a stressful environment are more commonly associated with the development of depression.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Apr 11, 2018Quiz Created by
Jake
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