PO221 Exam: Italian Politics Quiz!
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
Nazi Germany and present-day North Korea are examples of what type of authoritarian regime?
- A.
Totalitarian
- B.
Theocratic
- C.
Bureaucratic-authoritarian
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. TotalitarianExplanation
Nazi Germany and present-day North Korea are both examples of totalitarian regimes. Totalitarianism refers to a form of government where the state has absolute control over all aspects of public and private life, including the economy, politics, and culture. In both cases, the ruling party exercises complete dominance and suppresses any opposition or dissent, using propaganda, censorship, and coercion to maintain power. The leader's ideology is often central to the regime, and individual freedoms and human rights are severely restricted. Therefore, the correct answer is totalitarian.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Action taken by individuals and groups to pursue their ends in formally or informally coordinated ways, often in pursuit of some common or public good is called ____________.
- A.
Grassroots organization
- B.
Democratization
- C.
Revolution
- D.
Collective Action
Correct Answer
D. Collective ActionExplanation
Collective action refers to the actions taken by individuals or groups to achieve their goals, whether formally or informally coordinated. It often involves the pursuit of common or public goods, where individuals come together to work towards a shared objective. This can include activities such as protests, strikes, or community organizing. Collective action can be seen as a way for individuals to have a greater impact by pooling their resources and efforts, and it plays a crucial role in social and political movements.Rate this question:
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- 3.
A collapse of democracy is called _____________.
- A.
Democratic breakdown
- B.
Reverse democratization
- C.
Authoritarian persistence
- D.
Authoritarianization
Correct Answer
A. Democratic breakdownExplanation
Democratic breakdown refers to the collapse or failure of a democratic system. It occurs when a country's democratic institutions and processes become weakened or are completely dismantled, leading to the establishment of an authoritarian regime or the breakdown of governance. This term encompasses the loss of democratic principles, erosion of civil liberties, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals or groups. It signifies a significant regression in democratic governance and is often accompanied by political instability, repression, and the violation of human rights.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Multiparty democracies require:
- A.
Frequent elections
- B.
At least two parties competing for power
- C.
Voting rights for all of-age citizens
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. At least two parties competing for powerExplanation
In order for a multiparty democracy to function, it is essential to have at least two parties competing for power. This ensures that there is a healthy competition of ideas and policies, allowing citizens to have a choice in electing their representatives. Frequent elections and voting rights for all of-age citizens are important components of a democratic system, but they alone do not guarantee the presence of multiple parties. Therefore, the correct answer is "At least two parties competing for power."Rate this question:
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- 5.
A theory that attempts to explain how institutions get set in a particular pattern over time is called _____________.
- A.
A foundational theory.
- B.
An institutional grounds theory
- C.
A historical institutionalist theory
- D.
A pattern formation theory
Correct Answer
C. A historical institutionalist theoryExplanation
A historical institutionalist theory explains how institutions develop and become established over time. It focuses on the historical context and the specific factors that shape the formation and evolution of institutions. This theory recognizes that institutions are not static, but rather are influenced by historical events, power dynamics, and societal norms. It seeks to understand the patterns and processes through which institutions emerge and persist, providing insights into the long-term development and functioning of institutions in a given society.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following could be considered an element of a substantive definition of democracy?
- A.
Gender equality
- B.
Public participation
- C.
Social inclusion
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the options listed, gender equality, public participation, and social inclusion, can be considered elements of a substantive definition of democracy. These concepts are fundamental to a democratic society as they promote equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, ensure that citizens have a voice in decision-making processes, and aim to include marginalized groups in the political and social fabric of the country. Therefore, all three options contribute to the overall understanding and implementation of democracy.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Who is most closely associated with traditional “modernization theory” in the study of democracy?
- A.
Nigel Tufnel
- B.
Seymour Martin Lipset
- C.
Philip Seymour Hoffman
- D.
Guillermo O'Donnell
Correct Answer
B. Seymour Martin LipsetExplanation
Seymour Martin Lipset is most closely associated with traditional "modernization theory" in the study of democracy. Modernization theory suggests that economic development and social changes lead to the emergence of democracy. Lipset's work focused on the relationship between economic development, education, and democracy, arguing that countries with higher levels of economic development and education are more likely to have stable democratic systems. He emphasized the importance of a strong middle class and a culture of individualism in supporting democracy. Lipset's contributions have had a significant impact on the understanding of democratization processes around the world.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which would not likely be found in a consolidated democracy?
- A.
Revolt by losing party
- B.
Frequent change in government
- C.
Stable regime
- D.
Free contesting of ideas
Correct Answer
A. Revolt by losing partyExplanation
In a consolidated democracy, the losing party accepts the results of the election and peacefully transfers power to the winning party. The concept of a revolt by the losing party goes against the principles of a consolidated democracy, as it implies a refusal to accept the outcome of the election and potentially resorting to violence or other disruptive actions. In a consolidated democracy, the focus is on peaceful transitions of power, stability, and the free contesting of ideas through democratic processes.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Venezuela under Hugo Chávez's and Nicolas Maduro, which combines elements of authoritarianism with some democratic features, could be defined as:
- A.
Totalitarian regime
- B.
A pseudo-democratic regime
- C.
A traditional democratic regime
- D.
A hybrid regime
Correct Answer
D. A hybrid regimeExplanation
The correct answer is a hybrid regime. This is because Venezuela under Hugo Chávez and Nicolas Maduro exhibits a combination of authoritarianism and some democratic features. While there are elements of democracy, such as periodic elections, there are also significant restrictions on political freedoms and a concentration of power in the executive branch. This hybrid nature of the regime reflects a mix of both authoritarian and democratic characteristics.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is not necessarily true of authoritarian states?
- A.
Authoritarian states avoid holding elections at all costs.
- B.
Authoritarian states restrict democratization.
- C.
Authoritarian states may have personalistic leaders.
- D.
Authoritarian states violate human rights to some degree.
Correct Answer
A. Authoritarian states avoid holding elections at all costs.Explanation
While it is true that authoritarian states often restrict democratization and may have personalistic leaders, it is not necessarily true that they avoid holding elections at all costs. Some authoritarian states may hold elections as a means of maintaining a facade of legitimacy or to control the political process. However, these elections are often heavily manipulated and lack genuine competition, making them far from free and fair.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following would be the best characterization of historical-institutional accounts of regime types?
- A.
Political history is largely characterized by institutions that have become more democratic and less authoritarian over time.
- B.
The institutions that most affect history are comprised of political elites who act rationally when faced with challenges by the masses
- C.
History is written by the winners, and therefore is largely for the institutionalized
- D.
Coalitions of actors at different historical moments may help account for the persistence or collapse of regime types.
Correct Answer
D. Coalitions of actors at different historical moments may help account for the persistence or collapse of regime types.Explanation
Historical-institutional accounts of regime types suggest that coalitions of actors at different historical moments play a significant role in determining the persistence or collapse of regime types. This means that the actions and alliances formed by different groups of individuals at different points in history can shape the trajectory of a regime. This characterization highlights the importance of understanding historical context and the role of various actors in shaping political systems.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following polities could be considered an example of a theocracy?
- A.
Russia
- B.
Iran
- C.
The US
- D.
Brazil
Correct Answer
B. IranExplanation
Iran could be considered an example of a theocracy because it is a country where religious leaders hold significant political power and influence. In Iran, the Supreme Leader, who is a religious figure, has the ultimate authority and makes decisions based on Islamic principles. The government and legal system of Iran are also based on Islamic law, and religious leaders play a prominent role in shaping policies and governance. This indicates that Iran is a theocratic state where religious authority is intertwined with political power.Rate this question:
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- 13.
An illiberal democracy has ______________ but lacks ____________.
- A.
Some democratic features, guaranteed civil rights
- B.
Reasonably fair elections, basic social services
- C.
Leader accountability, protected political rights
- D.
Some authoritarian features, elections.
Correct Answer
A. Some democratic features, guaranteed civil rightsExplanation
An illiberal democracy refers to a political system that possesses certain democratic features such as elections, but lacks the guarantee of civil rights. This means that while the country may hold elections, the rights and freedoms of its citizens are not adequately protected. Without guaranteed civil rights, individuals may face restrictions on their freedom of speech, assembly, or other basic liberties. This can result in a lack of political pluralism and limited accountability of leaders, as they may suppress opposition or dissenting voices.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Authoritarian persistence can be can be demonstrated by:
- A.
The persistence of a single authoritarian regime
- B.
The substitution of one authoritarian regime for another
- C.
Both a and b
- D.
Neither a nor b
Correct Answer
C. Both a and bExplanation
Authoritarian persistence refers to the continuation or endurance of authoritarian regimes. The given answer, "Both a and b," suggests that authoritarian persistence can be demonstrated by both the persistence of a single authoritarian regime and the substitution of one authoritarian regime for another. This means that authoritarian regimes can either remain in power for an extended period or be replaced by another authoritarian regime, both of which exemplify authoritarian persistence.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The idea that economic development leads to the creation of a strong middle class, which in turn promotes democratization and democratic stability is attributed to which academic?
- A.
Seymour Martin Lipset
- B.
Amartya Sen
- C.
Samuel Huntington
- D.
Nigel Tufnel
Correct Answer
A. Seymour Martin LipsetExplanation
Seymour Martin Lipset is attributed to the idea that economic development leads to the creation of a strong middle class, which in turn promotes democratization and democratic stability.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is not a civil liberty considered central to democracy?
- A.
Freedom of assembly
- B.
Freedom to own firearms
- C.
Freedom of Speech
- D.
Freedom of the press
Correct Answer
B. Freedom to own firearmsExplanation
The right to own firearms is not considered a civil liberty central to democracy. While the other options listed - freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press - are fundamental rights that are typically protected in democratic societies, the right to own firearms is not universally seen as essential to the functioning of a democratic system. This is because different countries have different laws and regulations regarding gun ownership, and the importance placed on this right can vary.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is not a type of definition of democracy?
- A.
Transitional
- B.
Procedural
- C.
Minimal
- D.
Substantive
Correct Answer
A. TransitionalExplanation
The term "transitional" does not describe a type of definition of democracy. Transitional refers to a period of change or transition from one state to another, rather than a specific way of defining democracy. Procedural, minimal, and substantive are all valid types of definitions that describe different aspects and characteristics of democracy.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Referendums, citizen assemblies, and community councils can all considered part of:
- A.
Democratization
- B.
Minimal definition of democracy
- C.
Representative democracy
- D.
Direct democracy
Correct Answer
D. Direct democracyExplanation
Direct democracy refers to a system where citizens directly participate in decision-making processes, bypassing elected representatives. Referendums, citizen assemblies, and community councils all fall under this category as they allow citizens to directly express their views and make decisions on important matters. These mechanisms promote greater citizen involvement and empowerment, giving them a direct say in shaping policies and governance. Therefore, the answer is direct democracy.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following would be an example of “direct democracy”?
- A.
An assembly of citizens deliberating
- B.
A plebiscite or referendum
- C.
Neither (a) nor (b)
- D.
Both (a) and (b)
Correct Answer
D. Both (a) and (b)Explanation
Both (a) and (b) would be examples of "direct democracy." In option (a), an assembly of citizens deliberating refers to a group of citizens coming together to discuss and make decisions collectively, without the involvement of representatives. This is a form of direct democracy where citizens directly participate in decision-making. In option (b), a plebiscite or referendum refers to a direct vote by the entire electorate on a specific issue or proposal. This also represents direct democracy as citizens directly express their opinions and make decisions without intermediaries. Therefore, both options demonstrate direct democracy in different forms.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Freedom of speech and free and fair elections are most often associated with what type of regime?
- A.
Theocratic
- B.
Constitutional Republic
- C.
Parliamentary Democracy
- D.
Democratic
Correct Answer
D. DemocraticExplanation
Freedom of speech and free and fair elections are most often associated with a democratic regime. In a democratic system, individuals have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely without fear of censorship or persecution. Additionally, free and fair elections ensure that the government is chosen by the people through a transparent and inclusive process. While the other options may also have elements of freedom of speech and elections, they are not as closely linked to these principles as a democratic regime.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following is not generally true of nations?
- A.
Nations are groups that are geographically bounded
- B.
Nations are groups that are apolitical
- C.
Nations are groups that claim their members are all equal in at least some sense
- D.
Nations are groups that are sovereign or wish to claim sovereignty.
Correct Answer
B. Nations are groups that are apoliticalExplanation
The statement "Nations are groups that are apolitical" is not generally true because nations are often characterized by political systems and governance. Nations typically have political institutions and processes that govern their territories and citizens. Therefore, the statement contradicts the general understanding of nations.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which “type” of nationalism is essentially synonymous with “civic” nationalism?
- A.
Primordialism
- B.
Ethnic nationalism
- C.
Territorial Nationalism
- D.
Constructivist Nationalism
Correct Answer
C. Territorial NationalismExplanation
Territorial nationalism is essentially synonymous with civic nationalism because it emphasizes the importance of a shared territory and common political institutions. It focuses on the idea that individuals within a specific geographic area should have equal rights and responsibilities as citizens, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background. This type of nationalism promotes inclusivity and unity based on the shared values and principles of the nation, rather than on ethnic or cultural exclusivity.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is not one of the three labels given by Anthony Smith to group theoretical approaches of nationalism?
- A.
Modernists
- B.
Primordialists
- C.
Ethnographists
- D.
Perennialists
Correct Answer
C. EthnographistsExplanation
The question asks for the label that is not one of the three given by Anthony Smith to group theoretical approaches of nationalism. The options "Modernists," "Primordialists," and "Perennialists" are all labels that Anthony Smith used to categorize theoretical approaches of nationalism. However, "Ethnographists" is not one of the labels given by Anthony Smith. Therefore, "Ethnographists" is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 24.
According to Liah Greenfeld, Nazi Germany is an example of what kind of nationalism?
- A.
Ethnic and individualistic
- B.
Civic and collectivistic
- C.
Ethnic and collectivistic
- D.
Civic and individualistic
Correct Answer
C. Ethnic and collectivisticExplanation
Liah Greenfeld argues that Nazi Germany exemplified ethnic and collectivistic nationalism. This means that the nationalism in Nazi Germany was based on the idea of a shared ethnicity or race, and it emphasized the collective identity and interests of the group. The Nazi regime promoted the superiority of the Aryan race and sought to unite the German people under a common ethnic identity, while also prioritizing the collective goals and interests of the nation as a whole. This form of nationalism was exclusionary and focused on the collective well-being of the ethnic group, rather than individual rights or diversity.Rate this question:
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- 25.
What does Ernest Gellner argue in his work Nations and Nationalism?
- A.
Economic growth produces nationalism in part through state investment
- B.
Class divisions produce nationalism in part through income inequality
- C.
Ethnic divisions produce nationalism in part through the process of majority domination
- D.
Industrial capitalism produces nationalism in part using the state as an investment
Correct Answer
D. Industrial capitalism produces nationalism in part using the state as an investmentExplanation
Ernest Gellner argues in his work "Nations and Nationalism" that industrial capitalism plays a role in producing nationalism by utilizing the state as an investment. This implies that as industrial capitalism develops, it leads to the growth of nationalism, with the state being used as a tool for investment and economic development. The connection between industrial capitalism and nationalism suggests that economic factors and state intervention are significant contributors to the emergence and strengthening of national identities.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Identities are which of the following?
- A.
Cultural
- B.
Historical
- C.
Political
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Identities refer to various aspects that define individuals or groups, including their cultural, historical, and political affiliations. Cultural identity encompasses the beliefs, values, traditions, and customs that shape a person's sense of belonging. Historical identity relates to the historical events, experiences, and narratives that influence one's identity. Political identity refers to the political beliefs, ideologies, and affiliations that individuals or groups identify with. Therefore, all of these options are correct as they encompass different dimensions of identities.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to what approach?
- A.
Rational calculation
- B.
Social psychology
- C.
Material interests
- D.
Primordial bonds
Correct Answer
B. Social psychologyExplanation
The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to social psychology. Social psychology focuses on understanding how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others and the social context. In the context of conflict, social psychology examines how group dynamics, social norms, and intergroup relations contribute to the emergence and escalation of conflicts. It emphasizes the role of collective emotions, such as anger, fear, or resentment, in driving conflict and shaping group behavior.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which country is a foundational example of “civic nationalism”?
- A.
Russia
- B.
Italy
- C.
United Kingdom
- D.
France
Correct Answer
D. FranceExplanation
France is a foundational example of "civic nationalism" because it is known for its emphasis on civic values and the idea that being French is not based on ethnicity or religion, but on a shared commitment to the nation's principles and values. In France, citizenship is seen as the primary basis for belonging to the nation, and individuals are expected to assimilate into the French culture and participate in the political and civic life of the country. This concept of civic nationalism has been influential in shaping French identity and society.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Primordial bonds, material interests, and social psychology are all elements of:
- A.
Results of ethno-national conflict
- B.
Types of ethno-national conflict
- C.
Explanations of ethno-national conflict
- D.
Instruments of ethno-national conflict
Correct Answer
C. Explanations of ethno-national conflictExplanation
The given answer, "Explanations of ethno-national conflict," is the correct option because it encompasses all the elements mentioned in the question - primordial bonds, material interests, and social psychology. When studying ethno-national conflict, researchers often seek to understand and explain the causes and factors that contribute to such conflicts. These explanations may include the role of primordial bonds (such as ethnic or national identity), material interests (such as competition for resources), and social psychology (such as intergroup biases and prejudices).Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is true of the theory of perennialism?
- A.
National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identity
- B.
National identity is dependent on evolutionary theory
- C.
National identity is based on ancestry
- D.
National identity is continuous with pre-historical forms of identity
Correct Answer
A. National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identityExplanation
The theory of perennialism suggests that national identity is not solely a modern concept, but it also has connections to pre-historical forms of identity. It implies that national identity is not a completely new phenomenon, but rather has roots in the past. This means that national identity is not exclusively modern, but it also has elements that can be traced back to earlier times.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What is “heteronormativity”?
- A.
The presumption that homosexuality is not biological
- B.
The presumption that heterosexuality is the "norm"
- C.
The presumption that homosexuality is the "norm"
- D.
The presumption that heterosexuality is the only biological option
Correct Answer
B. The presumption that heterosexuality is the "norm"Explanation
Heteronormativity refers to the assumption or belief that heterosexuality is the standard or normal sexual orientation. It is the idea that society and culture primarily revolve around and validate heterosexual relationships, while other sexual orientations are marginalized or seen as deviant. This presumption of heterosexuality as the norm can lead to discrimination, prejudice, and exclusion of individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc.).Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following is true of jobs traditionally gendered as male?
- A.
They tend to have equal wages with jobs traditionally gendered as female
- B.
Jobs are not gendered in a free labour market
- C.
They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female
- D.
They tend to have lower wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female
Correct Answer
C. They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as femaleExplanation
The correct answer states that jobs traditionally gendered as male tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female. This suggests that there is a gender wage gap, where jobs that are typically associated with men tend to be paid more than jobs typically associated with women. This wage disparity is a result of various factors such as societal norms, discrimination, and occupational segregation.Rate this question:
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- 33.
What is the process through which ideas of race are constructed and developed over time?
- A.
Racial separation
- B.
Biological determinism
- C.
Racialization
- D.
Racialism
Correct Answer
C. RacializationExplanation
Racialization refers to the process by which ideas of race are constructed and developed over time. It involves the social, cultural, and political processes that assign meaning and significance to different racial categories. Racialization goes beyond biological differences and encompasses the social and historical factors that shape racial identities and hierarchies. It is a complex and dynamic process that varies across different societies and time periods.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The state plays a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity by doing which of the following?
- A.
States do not play a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity
- B.
Demanding the formation of "official" ethnic parties in the legislature
- C.
Making "official" proclamations about whether race or ethnicity is more salient in political life
- D.
Making "official" decisions about how to use ethnic categories in political life and law
Correct Answer
D. Making "official" decisions about how to use ethnic categories in political life and lawExplanation
The state plays a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity by making "official" decisions about how to use ethnic categories in political life and law. This means that the state has the power to determine how ethnicity is recognized and represented in political processes and legal frameworks. By making these official decisions, the state can shape the way ethnicity is understood and experienced by individuals and communities, and can influence the allocation of resources and rights based on ethnic identity.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following is true of gender?
- A.
Gender is biological, while sex is cultural
- B.
Gender is cultural, while sex is biological
- C.
Gender is static, while sex can be changed
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Gender is cultural, while sex is biologicalExplanation
Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. It is a social construct that varies across different societies and can change over time. On the other hand, sex refers to the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes. Therefore, the statement "Gender is cultural, while sex is biological" is true because gender is influenced by societal norms and expectations, while sex is determined by biological factors.Rate this question:
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- 36.
An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of what kind of discrimination?
- A.
Implicit cultural discrimination
- B.
Explicit cultural discrimination
- C.
Implicit gender discrimination
- D.
Explicit gender discrimination
Correct Answer
D. Explicit gender discriminationExplanation
An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of explicit gender discrimination. This means that the discrimination is intentional and overt, with the employer openly and knowingly paying the woman less based on her gender. This is in contrast to implicit gender discrimination, which refers to biases and stereotypes that may unconsciously influence decision-making processes.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The LGBT movement in the United States is an example of what kind of empowerment?
- A.
Revolutionary empowerment
- B.
Ethnic empowerment
- C.
Economic empowerment
- D.
Symbolic empowerment
Correct Answer
D. Symbolic empowermentExplanation
The LGBT movement in the United States can be considered as an example of symbolic empowerment because it has brought about significant changes in the way society perceives and treats the LGBTQ+ community. Through activism, advocacy, and visibility, the movement has challenged societal norms and stereotypes, and has empowered individuals to express their identities openly and without fear. While there are still many challenges to overcome, the progress made by the LGBT movement symbolizes a shift towards greater acceptance and equality for the community.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Which of the following phenomena most closely relates to ethnic groups?
- A.
A sense of shared cultural background
- B.
National identity
- C.
The state
- D.
Group biological differences
Correct Answer
A. A sense of shared cultural backgroundExplanation
Ethnic groups are primarily defined by a sense of shared cultural background. This refers to a group of people who share common traditions, customs, language, beliefs, and values. Ethnicity is often associated with a particular geographic region or ancestry. While national identity and the state can also be related to ethnic groups, they are not as closely linked as a shared cultural background. Group biological differences, on the other hand, are not the defining factor of an ethnic group as ethnicity is primarily a social construct rather than a biological one.Rate this question:
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- 39.
South African apartheid was an example of which of the following?
- A.
National inequality
- B.
Regional inequality
- C.
Native inequality
- D.
Racial inequality
Correct Answer
D. Racial inequalityExplanation
The South African apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government. It involved the systematic oppression and marginalization of the non-white population, particularly the black majority. Racial inequality was at the core of this oppressive system, as it aimed to maintain the dominance and privileges of the white minority over other racial groups in South Africa.Rate this question:
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- 40.
What might be considered the opposite of discrimination?
- A.
Participation
- B.
Empowerment
- C.
Support
- D.
Appreciation
Correct Answer
B. EmpowermentExplanation
Empowerment can be considered the opposite of discrimination because it involves giving individuals the power and authority to make decisions and take actions that affect their lives. Discrimination, on the other hand, involves treating individuals unfairly or unequally based on certain characteristics. Empowerment promotes equality, inclusivity, and the belief that everyone should have the opportunity to thrive and succeed. It focuses on providing individuals with the tools, resources, and support they need to have control over their own lives and make meaningful contributions to society.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following societies is most often identified as a “lay state” or associated with the idea of laïcité?
- A.
United States
- B.
France
- C.
Due to the global tide of fundamentalism, there are no more "lay" states
- D.
Iran
Correct Answer
B. FranceExplanation
France is most often identified as a "lay state" or associated with the idea of laïcité. Laïcité is a concept that refers to the strict separation of church and state, where the government remains neutral and does not favor any particular religion. France has a long history of secularism and has implemented laws and policies to ensure the separation of religion and state. This includes the banning of religious symbols in public institutions and the promotion of secular education. Therefore, France is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of the “End of History”?
- A.
Rodney Stark
- B.
Samuel Huntington
- C.
José Casanova
- D.
Francis Fukuyama
Correct Answer
D. Francis FukuyamaExplanation
Francis Fukuyama is most closely associated with the idea of the "End of History." In his book "The End of History and the Last Man," Fukuyama argues that the end of the Cold War marked the triumph of liberal democracy and free market capitalism, and that this would be the final form of human government and economic system. He believed that with the collapse of communism, there would be no more ideological challenges to liberal democracy, leading to a global consensus on the best political and economic system.Rate this question:
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- 43.
What is the process through which societies become less religious as they become more modern?
- A.
Atheization
- B.
Ratiocination
- C.
Secularization
- D.
Institutionalization
Correct Answer
C. SecularizationExplanation
Secularization refers to the process in which societies become less religious as they become more modern. This can be attributed to various factors such as advancements in science and technology, increased access to education, and the influence of secular ideologies. As societies progress and develop, individuals tend to rely more on rationality and empirical evidence rather than religious beliefs. Consequently, religious institutions and practices lose their significance and influence in shaping societal norms and values.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Which of the following is an example of ideology?
- A.
A person's opinion on music
- B.
A person's religious beliefs
- C.
A person's systematically elaborated political opinions
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. A person's systematically elaborated political opinionsExplanation
An ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape a person's worldview and guide their actions and decisions. It provides a framework for understanding and interpreting the world. A person's systematically elaborated political opinions can be considered an example of ideology as it reflects their organized and structured set of political beliefs and principles. This suggests that the person has a comprehensive understanding of political issues and has formulated a coherent and consistent set of opinions based on their ideology.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following is not a key part of classical liberal ideology?
- A.
A democratic political system should be representative
- B.
Individuals' relationships to the state should be organized through democratic citizenship
- C.
Individuals are more important than groups
- D.
State-controlled markets are the most natural way to organize the economy
Correct Answer
D. State-controlled markets are the most natural way to organize the economyExplanation
Classical liberal ideology emphasizes individual freedom and limited government intervention in the economy. It advocates for free markets and minimal state control over economic activities. The other options mentioned in the question align with classical liberal ideology, such as the belief in a representative democratic political system, organizing individuals' relationships with the state through democratic citizenship, and prioritizing the importance of individuals over groups. Therefore, the statement "State-controlled markets are the most natural way to organize the economy" contradicts classical liberal ideology, as it supports government intervention in the market, which goes against the principles of free markets and limited government interference.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which if the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of the “Clash of Civilizations”?
- A.
José Casanova
- B.
Rodney Stark
- C.
Francis Fukuyama
- D.
Samuel Huntington
Correct Answer
D. Samuel HuntingtonExplanation
Samuel Huntington is most closely associated with the idea of the "Clash of Civilizations." He introduced this concept in his 1993 article and later expanded it into a book. According to Huntington, future conflicts will occur along cultural and religious lines rather than ideological or economic ones. He argued that the world will be divided into different civilizations, each with its own values, beliefs, and traditions, leading to clashes and tensions between them. This concept has been widely debated and criticized but has also influenced discussions on international relations and global politics.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Which of the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of “multiple modernities”?
- A.
José Casanova
- B.
Samuel Huntington
- C.
Francis Fukuyama
- D.
S.M. Eisenstadt
Correct Answer
D. S.M. EisenstadtExplanation
S.M. Eisenstadt is most closely associated with the idea of "multiple modernities." This concept suggests that there are different paths and forms of modernity that can exist in various societies, rather than a single universal model of modernity. Eisenstadt's work emphasized the importance of cultural and historical factors in shaping different modernities around the world.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following is not typically considered a major modern ideology?
- A.
Liberalism
- B.
Socialism
- C.
Christianity
- D.
Fascism
Correct Answer
C. ChristianityExplanation
Christianity is not typically considered a major modern ideology because it is primarily a religious belief system rather than a political or economic ideology. While Christianity may have influenced certain political and social movements throughout history, it is not generally categorized as a major modern ideology like liberalism, socialism, or fascism, which are more focused on specific political and economic ideologies and systems.Rate this question:
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- 49.
What might explain a future increase in global religiosity?
- A.
Global religiosity is decreasing
- B.
Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religious
- C.
The Mayan calendar predicted the end of the world is coming
- D.
There has been an increase of theocratic states
Correct Answer
B. Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religiousExplanation
Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religious because when there is a higher birthrate, there is often a stronger emphasis on family values and traditions. This can lead to a greater likelihood of religious beliefs being passed down through generations and a higher level of religious participation within the society. Additionally, larger families may also provide a sense of community and support that can be found within religious institutions. Therefore, the increase in global religiosity can be attributed to societies with higher birthrates.Rate this question:
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- 50.
How does fascism differ from liberalism?
- A.
Fascism values the state before the individual
- B.
Fascism values individual rights less than liberalism
- C.
Fascism is decidedly militaristic
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Fascism differs from liberalism in several ways. Firstly, fascism values the state before the individual, prioritizing the collective over individual rights and freedoms. Secondly, fascism places less importance on individual rights compared to liberalism. Lastly, fascism is characterized by its militaristic nature, often glorifying war and promoting aggressive expansion. Therefore, all of the above statements accurately describe the differences between fascism and liberalism.Rate this question:
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