Hss Dragger (Golden Test: Class11th (Subject:Zoology)

Flame cells are specialized cells found in the excretory system of flatworms. These cells play a crucial role in the process of excretion by filtering waste materials from the body fluids and removing them from the organism. They help in maintaining the osmotic balance and getting rid of metabolic waste products such as ammonia. Therefore, flame cells are primarily involved in excretion rather than respiration, digestion, or circulation.

The correct answer is "All the above" because all the given options - Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca - belong to the categories mentioned in the question: Enterozoa, Bilateria, Eucoemomata, Schizocoelous, and protostomatic.

Tube feet are characteristic of Echinodermata. Echinoderms are a group of marine animals that include sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Tube feet are small, fluid-filled structures that extend from the body of echinoderms and are used for locomotion, feeding, and attachment. These tube feet have suction cups at their ends, allowing the echinoderms to grip onto surfaces and move. This unique characteristic is not found in Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals), or Mollusca (snails, clams).

The correct answer is the Fluid Mosaic Model. This model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The phrase "Proteins are icebergs in the sea of lipids" refers to the idea that proteins are scattered throughout the lipid bilayer, much like icebergs in the sea. This model also suggests that the membrane is dynamic, with proteins and lipids able to move laterally within the membrane.

The stinging cells of coelenterates serve multiple purposes. They are used for offense and defense, as they can inject venom into predators or prey. These cells also aid in food capturing, as they can immobilize and capture small organisms. Additionally, stinging cells help with attachment, allowing coelenterates to anchor themselves to surfaces. Therefore, the correct answer is "All the above," as the stinging cells of coelenterates contribute to offense, defense, food capturing, and attachment.

Phagocytosis refers to the process by which cells engulf and ingest solid particles or other cells. This process is commonly known as "cell eating" because the cell engulfs and digests the particles, similar to how we eat and digest food. The term "cell drinking" refers to pinocytosis, which is a different process where cells take in liquid or dissolved substances. "Cell vomiting" and "cell making" are not accurate descriptions of phagocytosis.

Ascaris lumbricoides is classified as a roundworm because it belongs to the phylum Nematoda, which includes roundworms. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans and can cause a condition called ascariasis. Ascaris lumbricoides has a long, cylindrical body and is typically white or pinkish in color. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water and can cause various symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. Treatment usually involves medication to eliminate the worms from the body.

The correct answer is "All the above". The larva of Platyhelminthes can exist in different forms depending on their life cycle stage. The redia, cercaria, and miracidium are all different types of larval forms that Platyhelminthes can go through. Therefore, the correct answer is that the larva of Platyhelminthes can be any of these forms.

Peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls and is responsible for providing structural support and protection. It is composed of two main components, NAG (N-Acetyl Glucosamine) and NAM (N-Acetyl Muramic Acid). Both of these components are present in peptidoglycan, making "Both of the above" the correct answer. Cellulose, on the other hand, is a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants and is not a component of peptidoglycan.

Jointed appendages are not present in Annelida. Annelids, which include earthworms and leeches, have a segmented body plan with repeating units called metameres. They exhibit bilateral symmetry and possess a coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity. However, unlike arthropods (which have jointed appendages), annelids lack specialized limbs or appendages for locomotion and other functions. Therefore, the absence of jointed appendages is a characteristic feature that distinguishes Annelida from arthropods.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support and protection. Teichoic acids are also present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria, playing a role in cell wall maintenance and attachment to surfaces. Additionally, gram-positive bacteria have less lipid content in their cell wall compared to gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations for gram-positive bacteria.

The cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is made up of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a unique molecule found in the cell walls of bacteria and archaea. It is a complex structure made up of alternating sugar units and short peptide chains. This molecule provides strength and rigidity to the cell wall, protecting the cell from external stresses and maintaining its shape. The presence of peptidoglycan is a characteristic feature that distinguishes prokaryotic cell walls from the cell walls of other organisms, such as plants and fungi.

The phrase "Omnis cellula e cellula" translates to "Every cell comes from a cell." This statement supports the concept of cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells and that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "New cells arise from pre-existing cells."

Aschelminthes is the correct answer because it is a phylum of animals that have a pseudocoelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm. Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes do not have a pseudocoelom.

Jawless vertebrates are classified under the group Agnathostomata. This group includes organisms such as lampreys and hagfish, which lack jaws and possess a cartilaginous skeleton. They are considered primitive vertebrates and are characterized by their eel-like bodies and lack of paired fins. Agnathostomata is a taxonomic category specifically used to classify jawless vertebrates, distinguishing them from other groups such as gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates).

Excretion in Arthropoda involves multiple mechanisms, including the presence of Malpighian tubules, Green Glands, and Uricotelism. Malpighian tubules are found in insects and some other arthropods, and they play a crucial role in excreting waste materials from the body. Green Glands are excretory organs found in crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, and they help in eliminating nitrogenous waste. Uricotelism is a type of excretion that involves the production and elimination of uric acid, which is less toxic and requires less water than other nitrogenous waste products. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

Plasmodesmata are connections in plant cells that allow for the transport of materials between adjacent cells. These connections are formed by channels that pass through the cell walls, linking the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Plasmodesmata play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, enabling the exchange of nutrients, signaling molecules, and other important substances. Unlike animal cells, which use gap junctions for intercellular communication, plant cells rely on plasmodesmata to maintain their structural integrity and coordinate their functions.

The correct answer is Arthropoda because silverfish are small, wingless insects that belong to the order Zygentoma. They have a flattened, elongated body covered in silvery scales, and they are known for their ability to eat materials containing starches and sugars. Silverfish are not fish at all, but rather arthropods, which is a large phylum that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans.

Volvox is a type of green algae that exhibits universal symmetry. It has a spherical shape and its cells are arranged in a way that they are evenly distributed around the center. This symmetry allows Volvox to move efficiently through water and perform photosynthesis effectively. The other options, sponges, cnidaria, and ctenophores, do not exhibit universal symmetry. Sponges have asymmetrical body plans, cnidaria like jellyfish have radial symmetry, and ctenophores have a biradial symmetry. Therefore, the correct answer is Volvox.

Annelida is the correct answer because it includes animals that are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, coelomate, and truly segmented. Annelids, such as earthworms and leeches, have a well-developed coelom and a segmented body plan, with each segment containing a set of organs. They also exhibit bilateral symmetry, meaning their body can be divided into two equal halves. This distinguishes them from arthropods, mollusks, and echinoderms, which do not possess all of these characteristics.

The correct answer is Polyp. In Cnidaria, such as jellyfish and sea anemones, the sessile, asexual, and tube-like zooids are known as polyps. Polyps are the stationary form of Cnidaria and typically have a cylindrical body with tentacles surrounding a central mouth. They reproduce asexually by budding to form new polyps or sexually by releasing gametes. Medusa, on the other hand, is the free-swimming, bell-shaped form of Cnidaria, while gonozooids are specialized reproductive polyps found in some colonial Cnidaria species.

Colloblasts are characteristic cells found in Ctenophores. Ctenophores, also known as comb jellies, are a phylum of marine animals that are known for their unique comb-like rows of cilia. Colloblasts are specialized cells found in these organisms that are used for capturing prey. These cells contain adhesive structures that help the ctenophores to immobilize their prey. Therefore, the correct answer is Ctenophores.

Mycoplasma is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that is known for having the smallest cells among all living organisms. Unlike other bacteria, Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, which allows its cells to be smaller in size. This feature also makes Mycoplasma cells flexible and able to take on various shapes. Due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, Mycoplasma cells are able to easily pass through filters that would typically trap other bacteria.

The exception to the cell theory is "All the above" because viruses are not considered living organisms and do not have cells. Acellular organisms, such as prions and viroids, also do not have cells. Bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular organisms that do have cells. Therefore, all three options mentioned in the question are exceptions to the cell theory.

The sandwich model of the plasma membrane, also known as the fluid mosaic model, was proposed by Singer and Nicolson. This model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The phospholipids form the two layers of the "sandwich," while the proteins are scattered throughout, giving it a mosaic-like appearance. Gorter and Grandel conducted experiments that supported the idea of a lipid bilayer, but they did not propose the sandwich model. Robertson is not associated with the development of the sandwich model.

Leeuwenhoek is credited with being the first person to observe living cells under a microscope. He used a single-lens microscope that he designed himself to examine various samples, including bacteria, yeast, and blood cells. His observations of these microscopic organisms laid the foundation for the field of microbiology and greatly contributed to our understanding of the complexity and diversity of life. Robert Hooke, on the other hand, is known for his observations of non-living cells, specifically cork cells, which he called "cells" due to their resemblance to small rooms or compartments.

Glycophorin and Band 3 are classified as integral proteins because they are firmly embedded within the plasma membrane. Integral proteins have hydrophobic regions that interact with the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer, allowing them to span the entire membrane. This positioning enables integral proteins to perform various functions such as transporting molecules across the membrane, acting as receptors, and providing structural support. In contrast, peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the membrane's surface, while extrinsic proteins refer to proteins that are not associated with the plasma membrane.

The primary plant cell wall grows by intussusception. Intussusception refers to the process of adding new materials to the existing cell wall, resulting in its expansion and growth. This process occurs through the deposition of new cellulose microfibrils and other components within the cell wall matrix. Accretion, on the other hand, refers to the process of cell wall expansion by the addition of new layers on the outer surface of the existing wall, which is not the primary mechanism of growth for the plant cell wall. Therefore, the correct answer is Intussusception.

Oligosaccharides are the components of the cell membrane that help in recognizing self and non-self cells. They are carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins and lipids on the cell surface. These oligosaccharides act as markers or identification tags, allowing the immune system to distinguish between cells that belong to the body (self) and foreign cells (non-self). This recognition is crucial for maintaining proper immune function and preventing the body from attacking its own cells. Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol are also important components of the cell membrane, but they do not directly participate in the recognition of self and non-self cells.

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