Renal Pathophysiology Exam: Trivia Quiz!

The correct answer is that all the given options are correct. Neuropathy of chronic renal failure (CRF) can lead to various symptoms including parasthesia (abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness), foot drop (difficulty in lifting the front part of the foot), delayed gastric emptying (slower digestion), diarrhea, and postural hypotension (a drop in blood pressure upon standing).

The given answer is correct because the statement "All answer is correct" implies that all the statements mentioned about the clinical features of CRF are true. The early stage of CRF can indeed appear without symptoms, and nocturia can be an early symptom caused by the loss of concentration ability of the kidneys. Patients with CRF may also present with complaints that are not directly related to the kidneys, such as breathlessness or tiredness. In the late stage of CRF, the patient may appear ill and anemic. Therefore, all the statements mentioned in the question are correct.

Hypotension is not a sign or manifestation of Glomerulonephritis (GN). Glomerulonephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can lead to various symptoms such as proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine), hematuria (presence of blood in the urine), reduced renal volume, and Na+ retention. However, hypotension, which refers to low blood pressure, is not typically associated with GN.

Osteoporosis is a bone condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass. This means that the density and strength of the bones decrease, making them more prone to fractures. Osteoporosis occurs when the rate of bone resorption (breakdown) exceeds the rate of bone formation. It is a common complication of chronic renal failure (CRF) due to various factors, including hormonal imbalances and vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, the given answer correctly describes osteoporosis as a condition associated with a reduction in bone mass.

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the presence of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Hypercoagulability, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperproteinuria are all clinical features commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome. However, hypergammaglobulinemia, which refers to an increase in the levels of immunoglobulins in the blood, is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome.

ATN, or acute tubular necrosis, is the most common cause of acute renal failure (ARF). It occurs when there is damage to the tubules in the kidneys, leading to a decrease in kidney function. This can be caused by various factors such as ischemia, toxins, or certain medications. ATN is characterized by a sudden decrease in urine output, increased levels of waste products in the blood, and electrolyte imbalances. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause of ATN to prevent further kidney damage and restore kidney function.

The given correct answer states that "It is irreversible" refers to Acute tubular necrosis (ATN). This means that ATN is a condition that cannot be reversed or cured.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is associated with a bad prognosis, often leading to end-stage renal failure. This condition causes scarring in the glomeruli of the kidneys, which impairs their function. As a result, the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. This can lead to a decline in kidney function over time, ultimately resulting in end-stage renal failure.

The given answer is "Electrolyte disturbances such as Hypocalcemia." This is because the question is asking about clinical features of established acute renal failure (ARF), and hypocalcemia is one of the electrolyte disturbances that can occur in this condition. ARF can lead to impaired kidney function, resulting in abnormalities in urine volume, blood chemistry, and electrolyte balance. Hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood, which can be a manifestation of ARF.

Polyuria refers to excessive urine production. The given answer states that polyuria occurs with diuretic drugs, which are medications that increase urine output. On the other hand, antidiuretics are medications that decrease urine output and do not lead to polyuria. This explanation aligns with the definition and understanding of polyuria.

ARF stands for Acute Renal Failure, which is a sudden loss of kidney function. One of the most indicative factors of ARF is an elevated level of plasma creatinine, which is a waste product that is normally filtered by the kidneys. A plasma creatinine level higher than 200 µmole/liter suggests impaired kidney function and is therefore a strong indication of ARF. The other options mentioned, such as urea levels and potassium levels, are also relevant indicators of kidney function but do not specifically point to ARF. Heart failure, on the other hand, is not directly related to kidney function and is therefore not an indication of ARF.

In complete CRF (Chronic Renal Failure), the kidneys are unable to properly filter and excrete waste products from the body. This leads to an accumulation of metabolic acids, causing a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels in the plasma. This decrease in HCO3 concentration results in a condition known as metabolic acidosis, which is characterized by low HCO3 plasma concentration. Therefore, the correct answer is low HCO3 plasma concentration.

Anemia of CRF may be caused by a reduction in dietary intake and absorption of iron and other substances needed for erythropoiesis. In chronic renal failure, the kidneys are unable to properly filter and excrete waste products, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body. This can affect the production of red blood cells, as the body may not receive enough iron and other necessary substances from the diet. Without an adequate supply of these nutrients, the bone marrow is unable to produce enough red blood cells, resulting in anemia.

Dropsy refers to the accumulation of fluid all over the body. This condition is characterized by swelling and edema in various parts of the body, such as the legs, ankles, and abdomen. It is often caused by underlying medical conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, or liver disease, which impair the body's ability to regulate fluid balance. The accumulation of fluid leads to the characteristic swelling and discomfort experienced by individuals with dropsy.

All of the given conditions can contribute to the development of hypertension in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Renal artery stenosis reduces renal blood flow, chronic glomerulonephritis causes thickening of the glomerular capillary membrane, conditions that increase aldosterone secretion lead to increased tubular Na+ absorption, and conditions that increase renin secretion lead to the formation of angiotensin II. Therefore, the statement "no answer is correct" is incorrect as all the given options are correct explanations for the development of hypertension in CRF patients.

The statement "UTI can lead to Haematuria" is incorrect. UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) typically causes symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine, but it does not directly cause blood in the urine (Haematuria). Haematuria is usually a result of other factors such as kidney stones, urinary tract injuries, or bladder or kidney infections.

The given options provide definitions for different medical conditions related to CRF (Chronic Renal Failure) and haematuria. However, the answer states that none of the provided definitions are correct. Therefore, it can be inferred that the given options do not accurately define the mentioned medical conditions.

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is characterized by an irreversible deterioration in renal function due to the loss of a small number of functioning nephrons. Serious symptoms typically do not occur until the number of functioning nephrons decreases below 60% - 40% of normal. However, when the functioning nephron decreases to 20-30% of normal, it does not indicate CRF. The correct answer, "Azotemia takes place in the body," is a statement that is consistent with the information provided about CRF. Azotemia refers to the buildup of nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and creatinine, in the blood due to impaired kidney function.

Creatininuria is not an indication of acute renal failure (ARF). Creatininuria refers to the presence of creatinine in the urine, which is a normal physiological process. In ARF, the kidneys are not able to properly filter and remove waste products, leading to an increase in creatinine levels in the blood. Therefore, creatininuria is not a characteristic feature of ARF.

The answer is correct because one of the causes of nephrotic syndrome is glomerulonephritis (GN). GN is a condition that affects the glomeruli, which are the tiny filters in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood. When the glomeruli are damaged, it can lead to proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine) and other symptoms associated with nephrotic syndrome, such as edema (swelling) and changes in urine output. Therefore, GN is indeed one of the causes that can lead to nephrotic syndrome.