Macroeconomie

On an efficient financial market, prices must reflect all relevant information continuously, so that any new information is integrated into the price of the security. This means that investors cannot consistently earn higher returns than the market average because prices already incorporate all available information.

The correct answer is Banca centrala. The term "Banca centrala" refers to the central bank, which is the institution responsible for granting credit to banks. It is an essential institution in the financial system, as it regulates and supervises the banking sector, manages the country's monetary policy, and acts as a lender of last resort.

The correct answer is that operatiunile cu prima simpla "a la hausse" ofera posibilitatea cumparatorului de a alege intre executarea sau rezilierea contractului, in functie de situatia existenta la termenul de scadenta. This means that the buyer has the option to either execute or terminate the contract based on the situation at the maturity date.

The correct answer explains that the short-term capital market is an interbank market where banks borrow from each other, acting as a mechanism to balance surplus and deficit of bank liquidity. It clarifies that this market does not include operations of discounting and rediscounting credit securities, but does involve transactions with long-term financial assets.

The correct answer is "Promisiuni de plata" because in today's financial system, most exchange mediums are based on the concept of promises to pay. This includes various forms of currency such as paper money, electronic transactions, and even digital cryptocurrencies. These mediums of exchange rely on the trust and confidence that people have in the issuer's ability to honor their promises to pay.

The correct answer is "rare". The history of money shows that many societies have chosen metals such as copper, silver, and gold as their preferred medium of exchange because these metals are scarce or rare.

Keynes believed that during an economic cycle, surpluses and deficits should balance out over the course of a fiscal year. This means that in times of economic downturn, when there is a deficit, the government should increase spending to stimulate the economy. Conversely, during times of economic growth, when there is a surplus, the government should reduce spending to prevent overheating of the economy. Keynes argued that deficits are not inherently bad for the economy, as they can be used as a tool to stabilize and promote growth. By compensating for deficits and surpluses over a fiscal year, Keynesian economics aims to maintain stability and promote economic growth.

Banks that want to maximize profits need to maintain a balance between the desire to grant as many loans at high interest rates and the need to maintain the public's trust in their ability to repay deposits. This means that while they may want to offer high-interest loans to generate more income, they also need to ensure that borrowers are able to repay those loans. By doing so, they can maintain the confidence of the population and prevent a situation where depositors start withdrawing their funds due to concerns about the bank's stability.

The correct answer is "de a obtine dividend". As the owner of shares, the shareholder is entitled to receive dividends. Dividends are a portion of a company's profits that are distributed to its shareholders as a return on their investment. This is one of the ways in which shareholders can earn income from their ownership in a company.

During economic booms, low interest rates encourage excessive consumption, which can lead to an economic crisis. This is because people tend to borrow more money to finance their consumption, creating a debt bubble. When the economy eventually slows down or interest rates rise, people struggle to repay their debts, causing financial instability and a potential economic crisis.

Excesul de oferta fata de cererea de moneda conduce la inflatie. Cand oferta de moneda este mai mare decat cererea, exista mai multa moneda disponibila pentru achizitii, ceea ce poate duce la cresterea preturilor bunurilor si serviciilor. Aceasta crestere a preturilor este cunoscuta sub numele de inflatie. Inflatia poate avea efecte negative asupra economiei, cum ar fi scaderea puterii de cumparare a consumatorilor, reducerea investitiilor si cresterea costurilor de productie pentru companii. Prin urmare, excesul de oferta fata de cererea de moneda poate duce la inflatie.

The correct answer is "Bilet de banca" because it refers to a banknote, which is a type of promissory note issued by a bank and is used as a form of currency. It is a physical document that represents a specific amount of money and can be exchanged for goods and services.

The real exchange rate is used to calculate the impact of the exchange rate on the competitiveness of an economy. This means that it takes into account the possible changes in prices of domestic products compared to those of foreign products. It is no longer used after the abandonment of currency convertibility into precious metal.

The essential characteristic of a good used as money is its acceptability. This means that the good is widely recognized and accepted as a form of payment by a large number of people. Without acceptability, the good would not be able to function effectively as a medium of exchange and would not be widely used as a means of conducting transactions.

The correct answer is "politicile monetare expansioniste din anii 1920" because these policies contributed to the errors that led to the crisis in the 10-30 years. Expansionary monetary policies involve increasing the money supply and lowering interest rates to stimulate economic growth. However, in the 1920s, these policies led to excessive speculation, overproduction, and a credit boom, which eventually resulted in the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression.

The correct answer is "Se desfasoara intre guvern si angajatori" (They are carried out between the government and employers). This answer states that the transactions in the labor market are conducted between the government and employers. This suggests that there is a regulatory and institutional framework in place to govern these transactions, ensuring that they are conducted legally and in accordance with established rules and regulations.

The correct answer is "Populatia somera si populatia activa". Rata somajului reprezinta raportul procentual intre populatia somera (persoanele care sunt in cautarea unui loc de munca) si populatia activa (persoanele care sunt angajate sau in cautarea unui loc de munca). Aceasta rata este utilizata pentru a masura nivelul somajului intr-o tara si pentru a evalua eficienta pietei muncii.

The job of a jobber is to determine the stock exchange quotes based on the interaction between supply and demand, and to display them on the exchange boards. They do this by executing the orders given by brokers. Jobbers do not engage in trading on their own account. They have the ability to buy financial instruments at a slightly higher price than the selling price, resulting in their profit. Similarly, they can sell financial instruments at a slightly lower price than the buying price, also resulting in their profit.

The correct answer is "interventia statului in economie, orientata catre stimularea cererii agregate" because when the state intervenes in the economy to stimulate aggregate demand, it can create more job opportunities. By implementing policies that encourage consumer spending and investment, the government can boost economic activity and create a demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to increased production and job creation. This approach is considered effective in combating unemployment as it focuses on increasing demand for labor.

Inflation refers to the increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It distorts the relative prices of different goods and services, meaning that the prices of some items may increase at a faster rate than others. This can create imbalances in the economy and affect the purchasing power of consumers. Inflation also tends to disadvantage the banking system and the government, as it erodes the value of money and can lead to higher interest rates and borrowing costs. Additionally, inflation discourages living on debt and encourages long-term consumption decisions.

The correct answer is "Egalitatea dintre cererea si oferta de moneda" which translates to "Equality between the demand and supply of money." This means that in a monetary equilibrium, the amount of money demanded by individuals and businesses is equal to the amount of money supplied by the central bank or financial institutions. This balance ensures stability in the economy and helps prevent inflation or deflation.

The correct answer is "Rata curenta a somajului este egala cu rata naturala a somajului" which translates to "The current unemployment rate is equal to the natural unemployment rate." This means that the current level of unemployment in the economy is at its natural level, indicating that there is full employment. The natural unemployment rate refers to the level of unemployment that exists even when the economy is operating at its potential output. When the actual unemployment rate equals the natural unemployment rate, it suggests that there is no cyclical unemployment, and all available labor resources are being utilized.

The ability of an unregulated bank to continue creating money indefinitely is limited by its ability to maintain people's trust in the constant value of its guarantees. This means that if people start doubting the bank's ability to honor its guarantees or if the value of its guarantees fluctuates, people may lose confidence in the bank and withdraw their money. This loss of trust can lead to a decrease in deposits and ultimately limit the bank's ability to create money.

The correct answer is "ofera posibilitatea vanzatorului de a allege intre executarea sau rezilierea contractului." This means that operations with the first compound "a la baisse" offer the seller the possibility to choose between executing or terminating the contract.

The correct answer is "atat eficienta operationala cat si eficienta alocarii" (both operational efficiency and allocation efficiency). This means that market efficiency aims to achieve both efficient operations within the market and efficient allocation of resources. Operational efficiency refers to the ability of the market to function smoothly and effectively, while allocation efficiency refers to the ability of the market to allocate resources in a way that maximizes their value and benefits the economy as a whole. Both types of efficiency are important for a well-functioning financial market.

Keynes sustinea faptul ca excedentele si deficitele trebuie sa se compenseze pe parcursul unui an fiscal. Aceasta inseamna ca, in perioadele de crestere economica, cand exista excedente bugetare, acestea ar trebui utilizate pentru a compensa deficitele din perioadele de recesiune. Prin aceasta abordare, se urmareste stabilizarea economiei si evitarea fluctuatiilor bruste. Keynes considera ca deficitele nu sunt neaparat rele pentru economie, ci pot fi utilizate strategic pentru a stimula cererea si a sustine cresterea economica. Astfel, compensarea excedentelor si deficitele pe parcursul unui an fiscal ar putea contribui la mentinerea unei economii echilibrate.

Expansiunea monetară il determină pe angajator să recurgă la concedieri. This means that when there is an increase in the money supply, it leads to inflation and higher prices. As a result, businesses may struggle to afford the increased costs and may need to cut back on expenses, including reducing their workforce through layoffs or firings. This is because the increased money supply reduces the purchasing power of money, making it more expensive for businesses to operate and maintain their current level of employment.

During an electoral period, politicians are more likely to prioritize policies that yield short-term benefits, as these can have a more immediate impact on voters and increase their chances of winning the election. However, these policies may come with long-term costs that are not immediately visible or may be passed on to future generations. This approach allows politicians to gain popularity in the short term while potentially disregarding the long-term consequences of their decisions.

In the primary financial market, where new securities are issued and sold for the first time, banks play a crucial role. They act as intermediaries between the issuers of securities (such as companies or governments) and the investors. Banks help in underwriting and distributing the securities, facilitating the process of raising capital for the issuers. They also provide advisory services and assist in pricing the securities. Therefore, it is banks that primarily mediate the operations in the primary financial market.

When banks create new currency by granting new loans, the total monetary mass in circulation increases. This means that when banks provide loans, they are essentially creating new money that enters the economy. As a result, the total amount of money in circulation increases.

The predominant negative character of inflation is derived from the distortion of relative prices. Inflation causes prices to rise unevenly, which leads to a misallocation of resources and a loss of purchasing power for individuals. As prices increase at different rates, it becomes difficult for businesses and consumers to make informed decisions about spending and investment. This distortion can also lead to market inefficiencies and economic instability. Therefore, the distortion of relative prices is a key factor in understanding the negative impact of inflation.

The correct answer is "Persoana care se afla in cautarea unui loc de munca" because the question asks for the "purtatorii cererii de munca" which translates to "job seekers" in English. Out of the given options, only "Persoana care se afla in cautarea unui loc de munca" represents an individual who is actively looking for employment. The other options, "Lucratorii" refers to workers, "Angajatorii" refers to employers, and "Liderii de sindicat" refers to union leaders, none of which necessarily represent job seekers.

The given answer states that one of the causes that can generate unemployment is voluntary leaving of the workplace. This means that individuals who choose to quit their jobs contribute to the unemployment rate. This could be due to various reasons such as dissatisfaction with the job, seeking better opportunities, or personal circumstances. When people voluntarily leave their jobs without immediately finding new employment, it adds to the number of unemployed individuals in the labor market.

Politicile expansioniste au ca rezultat aspecte pozitive pe termen scurt, deoarece pot duce la creșterea economiei, la obținerea de noi teritorii sau resurse și la consolidarea puterii politice. Cu toate acestea, pe termen lung, aceste politici pot avea consecințe negative, cum ar fi tensiuni geopolitice, conflicte sau dependență excesivă de resurse externe.

Inflatia permite unui numar mare de indivizi sa consume mai mult decat au economisit. Inflatia este o crestere generala a preturilor bunurilor si serviciilor, ceea ce inseamna ca aceeasi suma de bani poate cumpara mai putine bunuri sau servicii in timp. Prin urmare, daca indivizii au economisit o anumita suma de bani, dar preturile au crescut din cauza inflatiei, ei pot cumpara mai putine bunuri decat ar fi putut inainte. Astfel, inflatia le permite sa consume mai mult decat au economisit initial.

The correct answer is "Emiterea de moneda suplimentara de catre Banca Centrala" (The issuance of additional currency by the Central Bank). This is the basic method through which money creation is achieved. When the Central Bank issues additional currency, it increases the money supply in the economy, allowing for economic growth and expansion. This process is often used to stimulate economic activity or to stabilize the financial system.

The correct answer states that "Situatia de ocupare deplina a fortei de munca exista atunci cand rata curenta a somajului este egala cu rata naturala a somajului." This means that full employment occurs when the current unemployment rate is equal to the natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment refers to the level of unemployment that exists when the economy is operating at its full potential. In this situation, there is no cyclical unemployment, and the economy is considered to be functioning at its optimal level.

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A contracyclical fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economy by adjusting government spending and taxation in response to economic fluctuations. When the economy is in a recession and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is declining, a contracyclical fiscal policy would result in deficits. This is because the government would increase spending or reduce taxes to stimulate economic activity and boost the GDP. Therefore, the correct answer is "deficite atunci cand scade PIB."

The correct answer is "Capacitatea indivizilor de a asigura cooperarea." This is because the functioning of the economy relies on the ability of individuals to cooperate with each other. Cooperation among individuals is necessary for various economic activities such as trade, investment, and production. Without cooperation, it would be difficult for the economy to function efficiently and effectively. Therefore, the ability of individuals to ensure cooperation is crucial for the overall functioning of the economy.

Expansiunea monetară conduce la creșterea generalizată a prețurilor deoarece prin injectarea de lichiditate în economie, se crește oferta de bani disponibili pentru cheltuieli și investiții. Odată cu creșterea disponibilității de bani, cererea pentru bunuri și servicii crește, ceea ce duce la o creștere a prețurilor în general. Astfel, inflația poate apărea ca rezultat al expansiunii monetare, deoarece valorile prețurilor cresc într-un ritm mai rapid decât creșterea productivității economiei.

The correct answer is "Migratie definitiva." This refers to permanent migration, where individuals relocate to a new location with no intention of returning to their original place of residence. It implies a long-term or permanent change in residency and often involves individuals seeking better job opportunities, improved living conditions, or a higher quality of life in the new location.

The correct answer is "Cresterea productiei". The Great Depression of 1929-1933 was caused by a decrease in employment and a reduction in the volume of credit being extended. However, the growth in production is not a factor that contributed to the crisis.

The given answer states that the European Union is currently both a customs union and an internal market. This means that the EU member states have eliminated tariffs and trade barriers between them, allowing for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor within the EU. Additionally, the EU has established common regulations and standards for these areas. However, the answer also mentions that the EU does not have exclusive competences in any field, indicating that decision-making power is shared between the EU institutions and the member states.

When a customer of a bank repays a loan, the amount of money in circulation decreases. This is reflected in the M1 aggregate, which includes physical currency and demand deposits. However, the M2 aggregate, which includes M1 plus savings deposits and other time deposits, remains unchanged as these types of deposits are not affected by loan repayments. Therefore, the correct answer is that M1 decreases while M2 does not change.

Expansive monetary and fiscal policies are attractive to voters because they often involve measures such as tax cuts, increased government spending, or lower interest rates, which can stimulate economic growth and improve people's financial situation. These policies are seen as beneficial by many voters as they can lead to increased employment, higher wages, and improved living standards. Therefore, the statement "sunt atragatoare pt alegatori" (they are attractive to voters) is the correct answer.

During periods of recession, people tend to prefer holding more cash as a way to protect their money. This is because they may be uncertain about the stability of other investment options such as stocks or long-term investments. By holding cash, they have immediate access to their funds and can navigate through the economic uncertainty more easily. Additionally, holding cash allows them to take advantage of potential opportunities that may arise during the recession.

Anti-inflationary policies are not advantageous for governments because they limit the funding of expenses. These policies aim to reduce the purchasing power of the currency in order to control inflation. By implementing measures such as reducing government spending or increasing interest rates, governments may face challenges in financing their expenditures. Therefore, anti-inflationary policies can be seen as a constraint on government budgets, which may not be favorable for them.

When the Central Bank sells bonds, it reduces the money supply in the economy. This decrease in money supply leads to an increase in the demand for money, which in turn causes interest rates to rise. Therefore, the correct answer is that the interest rate increases when the Central Bank sells bonds.

Intr-o societate cu economie de piata, productia pentru un produs se desfasoara anticipat fata de cerere. Aceasta inseamna ca producatorii estimeaza cererea viitoare pentru un produs si incep procesul de productie inainte ca cererea sa fie manifestata efectiv de catre consumatori. Acest lucru se face pentru a se asigura ca produsele sunt disponibile in cantitati suficiente atunci cand cererea creste, evitand astfel situatia in care cererea depaseste oferta si se creeaza penurii. Prin anticiparea cererii, producatorii pot planifica eficient procesul de productie si pot asigura un flux constant de produse pe piata.