Psyc 100 Midterm Practice Quiz 2018
The PSYC 100 midterm will consist of 30 multiple choice questions and 3 short-answer questions. Matching questions and true/false questions will NOT be on the exam, but there are some in this quiz to cover more material.
This quiz is student-designed to provide practice for the upcoming midterm. This is not a quiz from the psychology department at Queen's University.
- 1.
Which of the following is NOT an ethical guideline for conducting studies/experiments?
- A.
All of these are ethical guidelines
- B.
Benefits must outweigh the risks
- C.
Informed consent must be received
- D.
Participants must be debriefed before the experiment begins
- E.
None of these are ethical guidelines
Correct Answer
D. Participants must be debriefed before the experiment beginsExplanation
Participants must be debriefed AFTER the experiment, not before.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What is the difference between data and information?
- A.
Data = measurements or simple facts, information = organization
- B.
Data = organization, information = measurements or simple facts
- C.
Neither of these are correct
- D.
There is no difference (data and information mean the same thing)
Correct Answer
A. Data = measurements or simple facts, information = organizationExplanation
Data refers to raw facts or measurements that are unprocessed and have no meaning on their own. On the other hand, information is the result of organizing and interpreting data, giving it context and making it meaningful. Therefore, the correct answer states that data represents measurements or simple facts, while information refers to the organization and interpretation of that data.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What type of correlation is depicted in this graph?
- A.
Strong negative correlation
- B.
Strong positive correlation
- C.
Weak negative correlation
- D.
Weak positive correlation
Correct Answer
A. Strong negative correlationExplanation
The graph shows a strong negative correlation because as one variable increases, the other variable consistently decreases. The dots on the graph form a clear downward trend, indicating a strong negative relationship between the two variables.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The __________ is the genetic makeup of a trait and the __________ is the expression of a trait.
- A.
Genotype; phenotype
- B.
Phenotype; genotype
- C.
Epigenetic; polygenic
- D.
Polygenetic; epigenetic
Correct Answer
A. Genotype; pHenotypeExplanation
The genetic makeup of an individual, which determines the traits they inherit, is referred to as the genotype. On the other hand, the expression or manifestation of these traits in an individual is known as the phenotype. The genotype is responsible for providing the instructions for the development and functioning of an organism, while the phenotype is the observable result of these instructions.Rate this question:
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- 5.
__________ is a continuous series of frequent pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
- A.
Contiguity
- B.
Contingency
- C.
Discrimination training
- D.
Acquisition
Correct Answer
A. ContiguityExplanation
Contiguity refers to the close temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). In classical conditioning, contiguity is essential for the formation of an association between the two stimuli. The CS must consistently precede the US in order for the association to be established. This continuous series of frequent pairings of the CS and US strengthens the association and leads to the acquisition of a conditioned response. Therefore, contiguity is the correct answer as it best describes the process of repeated pairing of the CS and US in classical conditioning.Rate this question:
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- 6.
__________ is the degree to which the occurrence of some event (UCS) is predicted by another event (CR).
- A.
Contiguity
- B.
Contingency
- C.
Classical conditioning
- D.
Shaping
Correct Answer
B. ContingencyExplanation
Contingency refers to the degree to which the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is predicted by a conditioned response (CR). In classical conditioning, the contingency between the CR and UCS determines the strength of the conditioned response. If the UCS consistently follows the CR, a strong contingency is established, leading to a more robust conditioned response. Therefore, contingency plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of classical conditioning.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The two subsystems of the nervous system are __________ and __________.
- A.
Central nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
- B.
Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
- C.
Peripheral nervous system; autonomic nervous system
- D.
Autonomic nervous system; skeletal nervous system
Correct Answer
B. Central nervous system; peripHeral nervous systemExplanation
The nervous system is divided into two main subsystems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and coordinating information. The PNS includes all the nerves outside the CNS, which transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body. The correct answer, therefore, is central nervous system; peripheral nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following is NOT part of a neuron?
- A.
Axon
- B.
Nucleus
- C.
Reflex arc
- D.
Synapse
- E.
Dendrites
- F.
All of these are part of a neuron
Correct Answer
C. Reflex arcExplanation
A reflex arc is not a part of a neuron. A reflex arc refers to the pathway that allows for a reflex action to occur. It involves a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron, but it is not a physical component of a neuron itself.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The __________ nervous system enhances the internal processes related to the digestion of food and the __________ nervous system mobilizes one's body for rapid energy bursts.
- A.
Skeletal; autonomic
- B.
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
- C.
Parasympathetic; sympathetic
- D.
Autonomic; skeletal
Correct Answer
C. Parasympathetic; sympatheticExplanation
The parasympathetic nervous system enhances the internal processes related to the digestion of food, such as increasing saliva production and promoting the release of digestive enzymes. On the other hand, the sympathetic nervous system mobilizes one's body for rapid energy bursts, such as the fight or flight response.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is NOT involved in the spinal reflex arc?
- A.
Brain
- B.
Integration centre
- C.
Sensory neuron
- D.
Motor neuron
Correct Answer
A. BrainExplanation
The brain is not involved in the spinal reflex arc. The spinal reflex arc is a pathway that allows for rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli without the involvement of the brain. It involves the integration center, which is typically located in the spinal cord, sensory neurons that transmit sensory information to the integration center, and motor neurons that transmit motor commands from the integration center to the muscles or glands. However, the brain is not directly involved in this reflex arc, as it is bypassed to allow for quick reflexive actions.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Motor neurons send signals from the brain to the body.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Motor neurons are a type of nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body. These neurons are responsible for controlling voluntary movements, such as walking or talking, as well as involuntary movements, such as breathing or digestion. Therefore, it is correct to say that motor neurons send signals from the brain to the body.Rate this question:
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- 12.
__________ is the reinforcement of each response with the opportunity to perform the next response.
- A.
Chaining
- B.
Shaping
- C.
Acquisition
- D.
Discrimination training
Correct Answer
A. ChainingExplanation
Chaining is the process of reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response. This means that each behavior or response is reinforced in a sequence, where the completion of one behavior leads to the opportunity to perform the next behavior. This allows for the development of complex behaviors by breaking them down into smaller, manageable steps and reinforcing each step in the sequence. Shaping, on the other hand, involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior, while acquisition refers to the initial learning of a behavior. Discrimination training involves teaching an individual to respond differently to different stimuli.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Assuming the scales are the same, which graph shows the greater variability?
- A.
Graph
- B.
Graph
Correct Answer
A. GrapHExplanation
The given question asks which graph shows greater variability assuming the scales are the same. Since there is no additional information or context provided about the graphs, it is impossible to determine the exact reason why one graph may have greater variability than the other. Variability refers to the spread or dispersion of data points, so without any data or visual representation of the graphs, it is not possible to provide a specific explanation.Rate this question:
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- 14.
An example of a third-degree relative is one's aunt or uncle.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Third-degree relatives include cousins, great-grandparents and great-grandchildren. Aunts and uncles are second-degree relatives.Rate this question:
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- 15.
25% of alleles are shared with/between __________.
- A.
Second-degree relatives
- B.
First-degree relatives
- C.
Third-degree relatives
- D.
Dizygotic twins
- E.
Monozygotic twins
Correct Answer
A. Second-degree relativesExplanation
Second-degree relatives share 25% of alleles with each other. This includes relationships such as half-siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, and aunts/uncles with nieces/nephews. The 25% genetic similarity is due to the fact that second-degree relatives share one out of four grandparents or one out of four great-grandparents. This level of genetic relatedness is lower than that of first-degree relatives (50% shared alleles) but higher than third-degree relatives (12.5% shared alleles).Rate this question:
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- 16.
Male cardinals are vibrant red in colour even though this makes them more visible to predators. This is due to:
- A.
Sexual selection
- B.
Genetic drift
- C.
Evolution through natural selection
- D.
Parental investment
Correct Answer
A. Sexual selectionExplanation
Male cardinals are vibrant red in color due to sexual selection. This means that female cardinals are more attracted to males with vibrant red plumage, which increases their chances of mating. The preference for red coloration has likely evolved over time because it signals the male's genetic fitness and ability to acquire resources. Although being more visible to predators may seem like a disadvantage, the benefits gained from attracting mates outweigh the risks. Therefore, sexual selection is the most plausible explanation for the vibrant red coloration of male cardinals.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Suppose that you do not want to complete your readings today. You decide to reward yourself with one episode of your favourite TV show if you complete the readings. This is an example of:
- A.
Positive reinforcement
- B.
Negative reinforcement
- C.
Positive punishment
- D.
Negative punishment
Correct Answer
A. Positive reinforcementExplanation
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour while adding a stimulus.Rate this question:
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- 18.
A child touches an open flame. He pulls his hand back and receives a burn. This is an example of:
- A.
Positive punishment
- B.
Negative punishment
- C.
Positive reinforcement
- D.
Negative reinforcement
Correct Answer
A. Positive punishmentExplanation
Positive punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour while adding a stimulus.
(Flame was added and child will most likely not touch the flame again)Rate this question:
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- 19.
Suppose you want to teach a dog how to roll over. Whenever the dog does something close to rolling over, your reward it. This scenario is an example of:
- A.
Shaping
- B.
Chaining
- C.
Habituation
- D.
Classical conditioning
Correct Answer
A. ShapingExplanation
This scenario is an example of shaping. Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning where desired behaviors are reinforced gradually. In this case, the dog is rewarded whenever it does something close to rolling over, encouraging it to eventually perform the complete behavior. This process involves breaking down the desired behavior into smaller steps and reinforcing each step until the final behavior is achieved.Rate this question:
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- 20.
A dog is standing outside in the snow and wants to come inside. You say "Paw" and when the dog raises his paw, you let it inside. This is an example of:
- A.
Negative reinforcement
- B.
Positive reinforcement
- C.
Negative punishment
- D.
Positive punishment
Correct Answer
A. Negative reinforcementExplanation
This scenario is an example of negative reinforcement because the dog's behavior of raising its paw is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (standing outside in the snow). By allowing the dog to come inside when it raises its paw, you are reinforcing the behavior of raising the paw and increasing the likelihood that the dog will repeat this behavior in the future to avoid standing outside in the snow.Rate this question:
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- 21.
"Fixed ratio" and "variable interval" are both categorized as:
- A.
Intermittent reinforcement
- B.
Continuous reinforcement
- C.
Ratio schedules
- D.
Interval schedules
Correct Answer
A. Intermittent reinforcementExplanation
"Fixed ratio" and "variable interval" are both categorized as intermittent reinforcement. Intermittent reinforcement refers to a schedule of reinforcement where the desired behavior is only reinforced occasionally or at irregular intervals. In the case of fixed ratio, reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses, while in variable interval, reinforcement is provided after a varying amount of time has passed. Both of these schedules involve intermittent reinforcement because they do not provide reinforcement for every instance of the behavior, but rather at specific intervals or ratios.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A few years back, Coca Cola advertised their product in a TV commercial featuring the acoustic version of Avicii's song "Brother." Now, whenever a certain individual hears the song, she wants a Coca Cola product. This is an example of:
- A.
Classical conditioning
- B.
Operant conditioning
- C.
Shaping
- D.
Adaption
Correct Answer
A. Classical conditioningExplanation
This scenario demonstrates classical conditioning, which is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive or involuntary response. In this case, the individual has developed an association between hearing the song "Brother" and wanting a Coca Cola product due to the previous advertisement. The song, which was initially a neutral stimulus, has now become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the desire for a Coca Cola product, which is the conditioned response.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Oct 11, 2018Quiz Created by
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