Mlsp 5112 Micro - Spirochetes

T. pallidum is the organism that causes Syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium T. pallidum. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. T. pallidum infects the genital area, anus, lips, and mouth, and can cause a wide range of symptoms if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have been exposed to T. pallidum or if you are experiencing any symptoms of Syphilis.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that is indeed common in rats. The bacteria are present in the urine of infected rats, and humans can become infected by coming into contact with this urine. Therefore, the statement is true.

Borrelia is transferred through the bite of infected lice or ticks. These arthropods act as vectors, carrying the Borrelia bacteria and transmitting it to humans or animals when they bite and feed on their blood. This transmission occurs during the feeding process when the bacteria from the tick or lice enters the bloodstream of the host.

Non-treponemal serologic testing is a screening test used to detect the presence of antibodies that may indicate a syphilis infection. However, these tests are not specific to syphilis and can produce false positive results. On the other hand, treponemal testing is more specific and confirms the presence of syphilis antibodies. Therefore, the statement that non-treponemal serologic testing is non-specific and used as a screening test, while treponemal testing is specific and confirmatory, is true.

The statement is true because OspA (Outer surface protein A) is indeed an important protein for B. burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme Disease. OspA plays a crucial role in the transmission of the bacteria from ticks to humans, as it is found on the outer surface of the bacteria and helps in attaching to the tick's gut. Additionally, OspA is also involved in the pathogenesis of Lyme Disease, as it triggers an immune response in the host, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

In Relapsing Fever, the recurrent fever episodes are caused by the antigenic variation of surface proteins. This means that the bacteria responsible for the infection constantly change the proteins on their surface, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and eliminate them. As a result, the immune response is not able to fully clear the infection, leading to recurrent episodes of fever. New infections, neutrophil reaction, and eosinophilic reaction are not the primary causes of the recurrent fever episodes in Relapsing Fever.

Fletcher's semi-solid media is used to culture Leptospira. This media provides a suitable environment for the growth and reproduction of Leptospira bacteria. It contains specific nutrients and additives that support the growth of these bacteria. The semi-solid consistency of the media allows for the detection of motility and helps in the isolation and identification of Leptospira. Other options like Middlebrook media, PPLO broth, and cell culture are not typically used for culturing Leptospira.

An infection >1 year requires additional doses of penicillin for successful treatment.

There is low yield from human samples when cultured. Typically clinical diagnosis is used (erythema migrans) or serological diagnosis with ELISA.

The statement suggests that using killed organisms in serological testing of Leptospira is more sensitive than using live organisms. However, this is not true. In serological testing, live organisms are typically used because they can produce a stronger immune response in the patient, leading to more accurate results. Using killed organisms may not elicit the same level of immune response and can result in false negative results. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Leptospira is a type of bacteria that is characterized by short tight spirals. It is not easy to identify and requires the use of dark field microscopy for proper visualization. Therefore, the correct answer is "Answers 1 and 3" which includes the characteristics of short tight spirals and the requirement of dark field microscopy.

The correct answer is Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, low dose antibiotics. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a complication of Leptospirosis, which is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. This reaction occurs when the bacteria are killed off by antibiotics, leading to the release of toxins and an inflammatory response in the body. Low dose antibiotics can help prevent this reaction by gradually killing off the bacteria, reducing the severity of the immune response.

Relapsing Fever is caused by multiple organisms, including Borrelia recurrentis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia hermsii. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" or "Answers 1 and 2."

It is actually the nymph stage.

The transplacental transfer of syphilis refers to the transmission of the infection from the mother to the fetus through the placenta during pregnancy. This can occur during both the primary and secondary phases of syphilis. The primary phase is characterized by the presence of a painless sore or ulcer at the site of infection, while the secondary phase is characterized by a rash, fever, and other systemic symptoms. Therefore, both the primary and secondary phases are associated with the transplacental transfer of syphilis.

The correct answer is "contains normal flora treponemes." This is because the presence of normal flora treponemes in oral samples can lead to false-positive results for syphilis. These normal flora treponemes are similar in appearance to the syphilis-causing organism, making it difficult to differentiate between the two under microscopic examination. Therefore, oral samples are not suitable for direct microscopic examination for syphilis.

The correct answer is Short, thick, tightly coiled spirals, Not culturable, Caused by Spirillium minor, No serologic testing available. Rat-bite fever is associated with short, thick, tightly coiled spirals, which refers to the characteristic shape of the bacteria. It is not culturable, meaning it cannot be grown in a laboratory setting. The disease is caused by the bacteria Spirillium minor. Additionally, there is no serologic (blood) testing available for diagnosing Rat-bite fever.

Amoxicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline are all antibiotics that can be used to treat relapsing fever. Relapsing fever is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia species, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks or lice. These antibiotics are effective in treating the infection by targeting and killing the bacteria. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, and tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The choice of antibiotic may depend on factors such as the severity of the infection, the patient's age, and any known allergies.