1.
A cone pedicle has more invaginations than a rod spherule.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Cones have 12-25 invaginations/pedicle and rods have 1 invag/spherule....this is because the cone pedicle is much larger than the rod spherule
2.
Describe the post synaptic cell arrangement in cone ribbon synapses.
3.
In cones, the invaginating synapses are involved in the ___ pathway and the flat synapses are involved in the ___ pathway.
Correct Answer
B. On; off
Explanation
Non-invaginating synapses are typically with a flat BP
4.
Rods typically have more than 1 central process.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Rods have more than 3 processes that synapse due to more central processes.
5.
In cone ribbon synapses, the horizontal cells are NOT connected by gap junctions.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
In rod ribbon synapses, there is no junction btw the laterally placed H cells (like those of the cone pedicles). Cone horizontal cells are separated by glial tissue, but as the glial tissue thins you start to get adherent (gap) junctions
6.
Gap junctions:
Correct Answer
D. 2 of the above
Explanation
a and b are true. c would be true if it said, CONE ribbon synapses instead of rod
7.
Adherent junctions are made of ___ gap junctions which are made of _______ (protein)
Correct Answer
C. 3; connexins
Explanation
We can stain connexins in order to locate gap junctions
8.
How many different BPs are there in primates?
Correct Answer
C. 7
Explanation
There are seven different BPs in primates.
9.
Diffuse BPs contact ____ cone(s) and midget BPs contact ____ cone(s)
Correct Answer
A. Many; 1
Explanation
Diffuse bipolar cells (BPs) make contact with multiple cones, while midget bipolar cells (BPs) only make contact with a single cone. This means that diffuse BPs receive input from a broader range of cones, allowing for more generalized visual information processing. On the other hand, midget BPs have a more specific connection with a single cone, enabling them to relay detailed information about color and fine visual details.
10.
Indicate the types of IPL synapses.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Conventional dyad
C. Amacrine-amacrine
D. Reciprocal
F. Serial
Explanation
The types of IPL synapses indicated in the answer are conventional dyad, amacrine-amacrine, reciprocal, and serial. A conventional dyad synapse refers to a synapse between a bipolar cell and a ganglion cell. An amacrine-amacrine synapse occurs between two amacrine cells. A reciprocal synapse involves the exchange of signals between two neurons. A serial synapse refers to a chain of synapses where the output of one synapse becomes the input for the next synapse.
11.
What are the first and second most common IPL synapses in primate?
Correct Answer
B. 1. conventional dyad; 2. amacrine-amacrine
Explanation
The first and second most common IPL synapses in primate are the conventional dyad and amacrine-amacrine synapses.
12.
In an amacrine-amacrine synpase; one BP synapses with one amacrine which then synpases on another amacrine
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
in this synapse, 1 BP synapses with 2 amacrines.
In a serial synapse; 1 BP syns with 1 amacrine and then that amacrine syns with another amacrine which syns with a GC
13.
A serial synapse in the IPL allows for:
Correct Answer
D. 2 of the above
Explanation
a and c are correct
14.
In a reciprocal synapse in the IPL, information can flow both ways between a BP and a GC
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Info can flow both ways between a BP and an amacrine cell --> this allwos the amacrine cell to determine what info it gets from the BP cell (feedback loop)
15.
Cats have ___ GCs and primates have___.
Correct Answer
B. 3;2
Explanation
Gatos: alpha, beta, gamma
Primates: P-alpha; P-beta
16.
Which type of GC has the largest dendritic spread, axon diamter and cell body?
Correct Answer
A. AlpHa
Explanation
Alpha neurons typically have the largest dendritic spread, axon diameter, and cell body compared to beta and gamma neurons. This means that alpha neurons have more extensive branching of their dendrites, a larger diameter for their axons, and a larger cell body. These characteristics allow alpha neurons to transmit signals over longer distances and integrate information from a larger number of inputs.
17.
Which type of GC has the smallest dendritic spread?
Correct Answer
B. Beta
Explanation
The dendritic spread will tell us how far from the cell body the cell is getting info from