1.
Mycobacteria are motile and can produce spores
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
They are nonmotile and do not produce spores.
2.
Mycobacteria are what?
Correct Answer
C. Thin, straight or slightly curved rods
Explanation
Mycobacteria are classified as thin, straight or slightly curved rods. This means that they have a long and slender shape, with some flexibility in their curvature. This characteristic shape helps in their identification and differentiation from other types of bacteria.
3.
Cell wall has a high what?
Correct Answer
B. Lipid content
Explanation
The cell wall has a high lipid content. Lipids are a major component of the cell wall, providing structural support and acting as a barrier to protect the cell from external factors. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that form a lipid bilayer, which gives the cell wall its strength and flexibility. This lipid content helps maintain the integrity of the cell wall and contributes to its function in maintaining cell shape and protecting the cell from mechanical stress and environmental changes.
4.
Mycobacteria resist decolorization with acid alcohol
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Mycobacteria resist decolorization with acid alcohol. This statement is true because mycobacteria have a unique cell wall composition that includes high amounts of mycolic acids. These mycolic acids make the cell wall impermeable to many chemicals, including acid alcohol used in the decolorization step of acid-fast staining. As a result, mycobacteria retain the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) and appear red under a microscope, while other bacteria are decolorized and appear blue after counterstaining with methylene blue. This characteristic is a key feature used in the identification of mycobacteria.
5.
Are mycobacteria strictly aerobic or anaerobic?
Correct Answer
A. Aerobic
Explanation
Mycobacteria are strictly aerobic, meaning they require oxygen to survive and grow. They cannot survive in the absence of oxygen. This is an important characteristic of mycobacteria and helps in their identification and differentiation from other bacteria that may be anaerobic or facultative anaerobic.
6.
Mycobacteria tend to do what compared to other pathogenic bacteria?
Correct Answer
B. Grow slowly
Explanation
Mycobacteria tend to grow slowly compared to other pathogenic bacteria. This is because they have unique cell wall structures that make them resistant to many antibiotics and immune responses. Their slow growth rate allows them to persist and establish chronic infections in the host, making them difficult to treat and eradicate.
7.
Most rapidly growing species of mycobacteria will grow in less than how many days?
Correct Answer
C. 7
Explanation
Most rapidly growing species of mycobacteria will grow in less than 7 days.
8.
Most rapidly growing species of mycobacteria grow at temperatures ______ degrees celsius
Correct Answer
B. 20-40
Explanation
Most rapidly growing species of mycobacteria grow at temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees Celsius. This temperature range provides optimal conditions for their growth and metabolism. At lower temperatures, their growth rate is slower, while at higher temperatures, they may not be able to survive or grow efficiently. Therefore, the range of 20-40 degrees Celsius is the most suitable for the rapid growth of these mycobacteria species.
9.
Most mycobacteria associated with disease will grow in _______ weeks.
Correct Answer
A. 2-6
Explanation
Most mycobacteria associated with disease will grow in 2-6 weeks. This means that it takes 2 to 6 weeks for these specific types of mycobacteria to grow and become detectable in laboratory cultures. This growth period is important for diagnosing and treating mycobacterial infections, as it allows healthcare providers to identify the presence of the bacteria and determine the appropriate course of treatment.
10.
M.leprae will not grow on artificial media
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
M.leprae is the bacterium that causes leprosy. It is an obligate intracellular bacterium, which means it can only survive and replicate inside host cells. It cannot grow on artificial media or laboratory culture conditions. This is one of the reasons why it has been difficult to study and develop effective treatments for leprosy. Therefore, the given statement is true.
11.
The Mycobacteria lab should be separated from the rest of the microbacteriology lab
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Mycobacteria lab should be separated from the rest of the microbacteriology lab because Mycobacteria are a unique group of bacteria that require special handling and precautions. They are known to cause diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy, which can be highly contagious. By separating the Mycobacteria lab from the rest of the microbacteriology lab, the risk of cross-contamination and spreading of these potentially dangerous bacteria can be minimized. This separation ensures a safer working environment for laboratory personnel and prevents the accidental release of Mycobacteria into the surrounding area.
12.
Areas where specimens and cultures are processed should have _____ air pressure.
Correct Answer
B. Negative
Explanation
Areas where specimens and cultures are processed should have negative air pressure. This is because negative air pressure helps to prevent the spread of airborne contaminants from the processing area to other parts of the facility. It creates a pressure gradient that ensures that air flows into the processing area, rather than out of it, minimizing the risk of contamination. This is especially important in laboratories and healthcare settings where the handling of specimens and cultures requires a controlled and sterile environment.
13.
A biological safety cabinet is not essential for a mycobacteria lab.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The use of a biological safety cabinet is essential; proper use of this cabinet will protect the technologist from aerosols created during specimen and culture handling
14.
UV light does what to bacteria?
Correct Answer
B. Kills them
Explanation
UV light kills bacteria so the biological safety cabinet, after cleaning with disinfectant, should have the light left on overnight
15.
Mycobacteria be cultured from a variety of clinical specimens, the most common being ______ specimens.
Correct Answer
B. Respiratory
Explanation
Mycobacteria can be cultured from various clinical specimens, with the most common being respiratory specimens. This means that samples taken from the respiratory system, such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, are more likely to yield positive results for the growth of Mycobacteria. Other specimens like urine or stool may also be used for culturing, but respiratory specimens are more commonly used due to the higher likelihood of finding Mycobacteria in the respiratory system.
16.
If immediate transport is not possible for Mycobacteria specimens what should be done?
Correct Answer
A. Refrigerate the specimens
Explanation
If immediate transport is not possible for Mycobacteria specimens, refrigerating the specimens is the best course of action. Refrigeration helps to slow down the growth and multiplication of the bacteria, preserving the integrity of the specimen until it can be transported to the appropriate laboratory for further analysis. This helps to ensure accurate and reliable test results. Leaving the specimens out in room temperature can lead to bacterial overgrowth and contamination, while placing them in an anaerobic jar or storing them in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius may not be necessary or suitable for Mycobacteria specimens.
17.
Delay in specimen processing can lead to what?
Correct Answer
A. False negatives
Explanation
Delays in processing may lead to false negative culture due to increased bacterial contamination
18.
Swabs can be used for sputum specimens.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Swabs are not used for sputum specimens. Sputum specimens are usually collected by asking the patient to cough deeply and produce phlegm from their lungs. Swabs, on the other hand, are typically used to collect samples from surfaces or body cavities, such as the throat or nose. Therefore, the statement that swabs can be used for sputum specimens is false.
19.
How many specimens of sputum is typically needed to make a diagnosis?
Correct Answer
A. 3
Explanation
Typically, three specimens of sputum are needed to make a diagnosis. This is because multiple samples increase the chances of detecting any potential pathogens or abnormalities. By analyzing multiple specimens, healthcare professionals can ensure a more accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.
20.
A volume of _____ ml sputum should be sent.
Correct Answer
A. 5-10
Explanation
A volume of 5-10 ml sputum should be sent. This range is typically sufficient for diagnostic testing and analysis. It provides enough material for accurate examination while minimizing the risk of dilution or contamination.
21.
Gastric Aspirates are used primarily by
Correct Answer(s)
A. Children < 3 years of age
B. Nonambulatory people
C. Those who cannot produce sputum by induction
Explanation
Gastric aspirates are used primarily by children < 3 years of age because they are unable to produce sputum effectively. Nonambulatory people, who are unable to move around freely, may also require gastric aspirates as they may not be able to produce sputum by induction. Additionally, those who cannot produce sputum by induction may need gastric aspirates as an alternative method to obtain respiratory samples for testing.
22.
Gastric aspirates are collected in the morning after an overnight fast. How many specimens are collected within 3 days?
Correct Answer
A. 3
Explanation
Gastric aspirates are collected in the morning after an overnight fast. This means that one specimen is collected each day. Since we are considering a time frame of 3 days, the number of specimens collected within 3 days would be 3.
23.
Urine is usually used to diagnose Renal TB. First morning midstream specimen is preferred; minimum volume is ____ ml
Correct Answer
C. 15
Explanation
Urine is commonly used to diagnose Renal TB, and the first morning midstream specimen is the preferred sample. The minimum volume required for this specimen is 15 ml.
24.
No AF smear is performed with Urine specimens.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
No AF smear is performed due to fewer organisms present and the potential for contamination
25.
No AF smear is preformed with Stool specimens.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
AF smears are not done due to the low numbers of organisms present
26.
Larger volumes of specimens does what to the recovery of mycobacteria?
Correct Answer
A. Improves the recovery
Explanation
Increasing the volume of specimens improves the recovery of mycobacteria. This means that when larger volumes of specimens are used, there is a higher likelihood of successfully isolating and detecting mycobacteria. This could be due to the fact that larger volumes provide more opportunities for the bacteria to be present, increasing the chances of their recovery.
27.
This is a complete UA and microbiology kit that can be purchased from BD. which of the three contains preservative for microbiology
Correct Answer
A.
28.
This is a complete UA and microbiology kit that can be purchased from BD. which of the three is for urinalysis
Correct Answer
B. Answer option2
Explanation
Answer option2 is for urinalysis because the question states that this is a complete UA (urinalysis) and microbiology kit. Therefore, it can be inferred that answer option2 is the correct choice for urinalysis.
29.
This is a complete UA and microbiology kit that can be purchased from BD. which of the three is the patient sample urine collection with screw cap equipped with transfer device to transfer urine
Correct Answer
C. Answer option3
Explanation
The correct answer is option 3 because it mentions a patient sample urine collection with a screw cap equipped with a transfer device to transfer urine. This indicates that option 3 is the correct answer as it specifically mentions the required features for urine collection and transfer.
30.
which of the following is a preservative for bacterial culture
Correct Answer
D. Answer option4
Explanation
Answer option4 is a preservative for bacterial culture.
31.
which of the following is a clean vial for stool specimen with no additive and can be used for bacterial culture if delivered to lab quickly
Correct Answer
G.
32.
which of the following is an all in one fixative that is also safe
Correct Answer
A. Answer option1
33.
which of the following is 10% formalin
Correct Answer
B. Answer option2
34.
which of the following is poly vinyl alcohol
Correct Answer
C. Answer option3
Explanation
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer that is soluble in water. It is commonly used in various applications such as adhesives, coatings, and films. Answer option 3 is the correct answer because it indicates that the substance mentioned is polyvinyl alcohol.
35.
Each blood culture bottle contains a sensor that responds to changes in CO2, which is released as microorganisms grow. when the bacTalert detector detects a change in the sensor, the instrument alarm goes off and stays on until the bottle has been removed. after this bottle is removed, what is next
Correct Answer
A. Inoculation unto agar plates and gram stain for identification
Explanation
After the blood culture bottle has been removed, the next step is to inoculate the sample onto agar plates and perform a gram stain for identification. This process allows for the growth of microorganisms on the agar plates, which can then be observed and identified based on their characteristics. The gram stain is used to differentiate between different types of bacteria based on their cell wall composition. This combination of inoculation onto agar plates and gram staining is a common method used in microbiology laboratories to identify and classify microorganisms.
36.
When using a winged infusion set (butterfly needles) to draw blood culture bottle set, which tube gets drawn first
Correct Answer
A. Aerobic
Explanation
When using a winged infusion set (butterfly needles) to draw blood culture bottle set, the aerobic tube is drawn first. This is because aerobic bacteria require oxygen to grow, and by drawing blood into the aerobic tube first, it ensures that any aerobic bacteria present in the blood sample have access to oxygen. This helps to promote the growth of aerobic bacteria in the culture, making it easier to identify and diagnose any potential infections caused by aerobic bacteria.
37.
Healthcare personnel who are carriers of resistant bacteria such as MRSA can unknowingly transmit the bacteria to others.Thus carriers of MRSA should be identified by culturing nasal swabs
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because healthcare personnel who are carriers of resistant bacteria like MRSA can unknowingly spread the bacteria to others. Culturing nasal swabs is a common method to identify carriers of MRSA, as the bacteria often colonize in the nasal passages. By identifying carriers, appropriate measures can be taken to prevent the transmission of MRSA within healthcare settings and protect vulnerable patients.
38.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pnuemoniae are two examples of bacteria that causes pneumonia (an inflammatory condition of the lung) that can be isolated from the sputum of affected individuals
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae are indeed two examples of bacteria that can cause pneumonia. These bacteria can be isolated from the sputum of individuals who are affected by this inflammatory lung condition.
39.
Can formalin and PVA be used to preserve stool specimen for O & P
Correct Answer
A. Yes
Explanation
Formalin and PVA can be used to preserve stool specimens for O&P (ova and parasites) testing. Formalin is a commonly used preservative that helps to fix and preserve the structure of the parasites, while PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) is a liquid medium that helps to maintain the integrity of the stool sample and prevent dehydration. Using these preservatives ensures that the specimen remains suitable for microscopic examination, allowing for accurate detection and identification of parasites and their eggs in the stool sample.
40.
Can formalin and PVA be used to preserve stool specimen for C & S
Correct Answer
B. No
Explanation
Formalin and PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) are not suitable for preserving stool specimens for Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) testing. Formalin is a fixative commonly used for histopathological examination, but it can interfere with the growth of microorganisms in culture. PVA is used for preserving parasites, but it is not effective for preserving bacteria for C&S testing. Therefore, neither formalin nor PVA can be used to preserve stool specimens for C&S.
41.
Can cary blair or be used to preserve stool specimen for C & S
Correct Answer
A. Yes
Explanation
Cary Blair can be used to preserve stool specimens for culture and sensitivity testing.
42.
Can cary blair or be used to preserve stool specimen for O & P
Correct Answer
B. No
Explanation
Cary Blair is a transport medium used to preserve stool samples for bacterial culture, not for O&P (Ova and Parasite) examination. O&P examination requires specific preservatives like formalin or SAF (Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid-Formalin) to fix and preserve the parasites and eggs for microscopic examination. Therefore, Cary Blair cannot be used to preserve stool specimens for O&P examination.
43.
What causes relapsing fever?
Correct Answer
B. B. recurrentis
Explanation
Relapsing fever is caused by the bacterium Borrelia recurrentis. This bacterium is transmitted to humans through the bites of lice or ticks. The infection causes recurring episodes of fever, headache, muscle aches, and other flu-like symptoms. B. recurrentis is the specific bacterium responsible for this particular type of fever, making it the correct answer.
44.
What causes lyme disease?
Correct Answer
C. B. burgdorferi
Explanation
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium B. burgdorferi. This bacterium is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. These ticks are commonly found in wooded and grassy areas. When an infected tick bites a person, the bacterium enters the bloodstream and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes. If left untreated, Lyme disease can lead to more serious complications, affecting the joints, heart, and nervous system. Therefore, B. burgdorferi is the correct answer for the cause of Lyme disease.
45.
What is also called weil's disease and is characterized by an acute febrile jaundice and nephritis?
Correct Answer
D. Leptospirosis
Explanation
Leptospirosis is also called Weil's disease and is characterized by an acute febrile jaundice and nephritis.
46.
What is the ability to build all required components from basic carbon and nitrogen sources?
Correct Answer
C. PrototropHic
Explanation
The term "prototrophic" refers to the ability of an organism to synthesize all the necessary components it needs for growth and survival from basic carbon and nitrogen sources. This means that the organism does not rely on external sources or specific nutrients for its growth. It is self-sufficient in obtaining all the essential nutrients from its environment.
47.
Which of the following are not antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "none of the above." This means that all of the options listed (purified protein derivative, old tuberculin, and cord factor) are antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An antigen is a substance that can stimulate an immune response, and in the case of tuberculosis, these antigens are used in diagnostic tests or vaccines to detect or prevent the disease.
48.
What is the waxy exterior coating unigue to myocbacteria?
Correct Answer
D. Mycolic acid
Explanation
Mycolic acid is a waxy exterior coating that is unique to mycobacteria. It is a major component of the cell wall of these bacteria and plays a crucial role in their survival and pathogenesis. The presence of mycolic acid contributes to the acid-fast staining property of mycobacteria, which is used for their identification. This waxy coating helps to protect the bacteria from the host's immune system and allows them to resist the effects of antibiotics. Therefore, mycolic acid is a characteristic feature of mycobacteria, distinguishing them from other bacteria.
49.
What are the intracellular and extracellular masses found in victims of lepromatous?
Correct Answer
A. Globi
Explanation
In victims of lepromatous leprosy, globi are found. Globi are large collections of bacteria within the cells, specifically within the macrophages, and are a characteristic feature of lepromatous leprosy. These globi are responsible for the dissemination of the bacteria throughout the body and contribute to the severity of the disease.
50.
What is the most severe form of leprosy?
Correct Answer
B. Lepromatous
Explanation
Lepromatous leprosy is the most severe form of leprosy. It is characterized by widespread skin lesions, nerve damage, and a weak immune response to the bacteria that causes leprosy. This form of leprosy is highly contagious and can lead to disfigurement and disability if left untreated.