Physiology Review Test For Students! Trivia Quiz

The facial nerve has mixed motor and sensory functions. It controls the muscles of facial expression, which are responsible for various facial movements. Additionally, it carries sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Therefore, the facial nerve serves both motor and sensory functions, making it a mixed nerve.

Circadian rhythms refer to the natural biological processes that occur in a 24-hour cycle, including hormone regulation. These rhythms are controlled by an internal biological clock located in the brain, which responds to environmental cues such as light and darkness. Hormone levels fluctuate throughout the day and night due to circadian rhythms, helping to regulate various physiological functions. This mechanism ensures that hormone levels are appropriately timed and synchronized with the body's needs and external factors.

Aldosterone is the correct answer because it is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of ions, specifically sodium (Na) and potassium (K). It is produced by the adrenal glands and acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, which helps maintain the balance of these ions in the body. This hormone also helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

The concentration of calcium ions in plasma is regulated by multiple factors, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from the intestines and also aids in calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Calcitonin, on the other hand, lowers calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium excretion in the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is A+B+C, as all three factors play a role in regulating calcium ion concentration in plasma.

Hydrophilic hormones can affect the activation of specific enzymes and also the deactivation of specific enzymes. These hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, which then triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the activation or deactivation of certain enzymes. This can have various effects on cellular processes and functions. However, the given options do not include the possibility of gene transcription being affected by hydrophilic hormones.

The pancreas is the correct answer because it is the only organ listed that is part of both the endocrine system and the digestive system. The pancreas plays a vital role in both systems. It produces and releases hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream, which are important for regulating blood sugar levels and metabolism. Additionally, the pancreas also produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help break down food and aid in the digestion process.

The submucosa is the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. It lies beneath the mucosa and is responsible for supplying the mucosa with nutrients and removing waste products. The submucosa also plays a role in regulating the movement of the digestive tract and is involved in the absorption of nutrients.

Beta waves are the brain waves that are typically observed when a person is awake and engaged in active mental activity. These waves have a high frequency and low amplitude, indicating alertness and focused attention. They are associated with tasks that require concentration, problem-solving, and decision-making. Therefore, beta waves are the most suitable option as they align with the given scenario of a person being awake and with their eyes open.

The correct answer is B+C because both the sweat glands and salivary glands receive parasympathetic nerve fibers. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as sweating and salivation. The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the fight or flight response and does not directly control these glandular functions. Therefore, the correct answer is B+C, which indicates that both sweat glands and salivary glands receive parasympathetic nerve fibers.

The CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) has several functions, including allowing the brain to float and separating the blood and brain fluid at capillaries. However, removing potentially harmful brain metabolites is not a function of CSF.

The correct answer is acetylcholine only. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is released at effectors organs in the somatic nervous system. This neurotransmitter is responsible for transmitting signals from the motor neurons to the skeletal muscles, allowing for voluntary muscle movement. Norepinephrine is not involved in the somatic nervous system, but rather in the sympathetic nervous system, where it helps to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.

The brain primarily chooses carbohydrates to produce energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is the brain's preferred fuel source. Glucose provides a quick and efficient source of energy for brain cells to function optimally. While fats can also be used for energy, they are not the brain's preferred choice as they take longer to break down and metabolize. Amino acids are primarily used for building proteins, not for energy production. Therefore, the correct answer is carbohydrate.

Excess thyroid hormone secretion leads to hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by symptoms such as hyper ventilation (increased respiratory rate) and heat intolerance. These symptoms occur due to the increased metabolic rate caused by excess thyroid hormone. Hypoventilation, on the other hand, is not associated with excess thyroid hormone secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is a+b, as both hyper ventilation and heat intolerance are symptoms of excess thyroid hormone secretion.

GH (growth hormone) and cortisol both increase blood glucose levels. GH stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, while cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Insulin, on the other hand, decreases blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Therefore, the correct answer is A+C, as both GH and cortisol increase blood glucose levels.

Norepinephrine is considered hydrophilic because it is a neurotransmitter that is primarily released into the synaptic cleft, where it acts on target cells by binding to specific receptors on their surface. Being hydrophilic means that it has an affinity for water and can easily dissolve in the aqueous environment of the synaptic cleft. This allows it to travel through the watery extracellular fluid to reach its target cells and exert its effects.

C cells release calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It is produced by the C cells, also known as parafollicular cells, which are found in the thyroid gland. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining calcium balance by inhibiting the breakdown of bone and promoting calcium excretion by the kidneys. Calcitonin also helps to reduce calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

Ependymal cells are specialized cells that line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord. They contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which helps regulate the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and the brain. Additionally, ependymal cells help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles. However, they do not play a direct role in the immune defense of the central nervous system (CNS). This function is primarily carried out by other specialized cells, such as microglia and astrocytes.

The cerebellum is responsible for increasing muscle tone. It plays a crucial role in coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining muscle tone and posture. It receives information from various sensory systems and integrates it to fine-tune motor movements. Damage to the cerebellum can result in decreased muscle tone, causing difficulties in movement coordination. Therefore, the cerebellum is the correct answer for this question.

Saliva does not start the digestion of carbohydrates by converting polysaccharides to glucose. The process of carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase breaking down complex carbohydrates into smaller molecules called maltose. The breakdown of polysaccharides into glucose occurs primarily in the small intestine through the action of pancreatic amylase. Saliva's main role in digestion is to moisten food and facilitate swallowing, while also providing lubrication through mucus. It also has antibacterial properties due to the presence of lysozyme and helps rinse the mouth.

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The basal nuclei, also known as the basal ganglia, play a crucial role in fine-tuning muscle tone. They are involved in regulating voluntary movements and ensuring smooth coordination between different muscle groups. By adjusting the level of muscle tone, the basal nuclei help to refine and optimize motor control, allowing for precise and coordinated movements. This function is essential for activities such as walking, reaching, and grasping objects. The basal nuclei do not send final motor commands to the spinal cord or stimulate muscle tone throughout the body, nor do they select useless or unwanted patterns of movement.

When target cells increase the number of receptors to a certain hormone, it is called the primary effect. Additionally, if there is an increase in the number of receptors due to the regulation of vasopressin (vp), it can also be considered a primary effect. Therefore, the correct answer is a+c.

The thalamus is responsible for routing important sensory impulses to appropriate areas of the somatosensory cortex, screening out unnecessary sensations, and anatomically it is a group of nuclei. However, it is not true that all incoming sensations should pass through the thalamus before reaching the cortex. Some sensory information, such as olfactory information, can bypass the thalamus and directly reach the cortex.

Abnormalities in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands can affect the production and regulation of cortisol. The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. If there are abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary glands, this can disrupt the normal production and regulation of cortisol, leading to imbalances in cortisol levels in the body.

If there is a disease affecting the cerebellum, one of the symptoms will be intention tremors. Intention tremors are involuntary shaking or trembling movements that occur when a person is trying to perform a voluntary movement, such as reaching for an object or touching their nose. This is different from resting tremors, which occur when the muscles are at rest, and increase muscle tone or rigidity, which refers to stiffness and resistance to movement. Slowness in initiating and carrying out different motor behaviors is a symptom commonly associated with Parkinson's disease, not cerebellar disease.