Physiology Week 4 Quiz
- 1.
Which statement is incorrect?
- A.
The term “homeostasis” describes the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the body
- B.
In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no longer operating in the body
- C.
The body’s compensatory mechanisms often lead to deviations from the normal range in some of the body’s functions
- D.
Disease is generally considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis
Correct Answer
B. In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no longer operating in the bodyExplanation
The incorrect statement is "In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no longer operating in the body". This statement is incorrect because in most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are actually still operating in the body, but they may be disrupted or dysfunctional. Homeostasis is the body's natural ability to maintain stable internal conditions, and even in the presence of disease, the body tries to restore balance and stability.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Compared with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid has __________ sodium ion concentration, __________ potassium ion concentration, __________ chloride ion concentration, and __________ phosphate ion concentration.
- A.
Lower, lower, lower, lower
- B.
Lower, higher, lower, lower
- C.
Lower, higher, higher, lower
- D.
Higher, lower, higher, lower
- E.
Higher, higher, lower, higher
- F.
Higher, higher, higher, higher
Correct Answer
D. Higher, lower, higher, lowerExplanation
The correct answer is "Higher, lower, higher, lower." This is because the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of sodium ions compared to the intracellular fluid. On the other hand, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of potassium ions compared to the intracellular fluid. Additionally, the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of chloride ions compared to the intracellular fluid. Lastly, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of phosphate ions compared to the intracellular fluid.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The term “glycocalyx” refers to what?
- A.
The negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into the cytosol from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins
- B.
The negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface
- C.
The layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane
- D.
The large glycogen stores found in “fast” muscles
- E.
A mechanism of cell–cell attachment
Correct Answer
B. The negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surfaceExplanation
The term "glycocalyx" refers to the negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface. This layer is composed of glycolipids and integral glycoproteins that protrude into the cytosol. It plays a crucial role in cell recognition, cell adhesion, and protection against mechanical and chemical damage. The glycocalyx also helps in maintaining the cell's shape and acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of harmful substances into the cell.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion shares which of the following characteristics?
- A.
Can be blocked by specific inhibitors
- B.
Require transport protein
- C.
Do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- D.
Saturation kinetics
- E.
Transport solute against concentration gradient
Correct Answer
C. Do not require adenosine tripHospHate (ATP)Explanation
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) because they are passive processes that rely on the concentration gradient to drive the movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Unlike active transport, which requires ATP, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion allow molecules to move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following best describes the changes in cell volume that will occur when red blood cells (previously equilibrated in a 280-milliosmolar solution of NaCl) are placed in a solution of 140-millimolar NaCl containing 20-millimolar urea, a relatively large but permeant molecule?
- A.
Shrink, then swell and lyse
- B.
Shrink, then return to original volume
- C.
Swell and lyse
- D.
Swell, then return to original volume
- E.
No change in cell volume
Correct Answer
B. Shrink, then return to original volumeExplanation
When red blood cells are placed in a solution of 140-millimolar NaCl containing 20-millimolar urea, the cells will initially shrink due to the higher osmolarity of the solution compared to the cytoplasm. However, urea is permeable to the cell membrane, allowing it to enter the cell and equilibrate with the cytoplasm. As a result, the osmolarity inside and outside the cell becomes equal, causing the cell to return to its original volume. Therefore, the correct answer is "Shrink, then return to original volume."Rate this question:
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- 6.
In the figure below, two compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (lipid bilayer). The concentrations of glucose in compartments X and Y at time zero are shown. There are no transporters for glucose in the membrane, and the membrane is impermeable to glucose. Which of the figures best represent the volumes of compartments X and Y when the system reaches equilibrium?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
- E.
E
Correct Answer
B. B -
- 7.
Which of the following transport mechanisms is not rate limited by an intrinsic Vmax?
- A.
Facilitated diffusion via carrier proteins
- B.
Primary active transport via carrier proteins
- C.
Secondary co-transport
- D.
Secondary counter-transport
- E.
Simple diffusion through protein channels
Correct Answer
E. Simple diffusion through protein channelsExplanation
Simple diffusion through protein channels is not rate limited by an intrinsic Vmax. In simple diffusion, molecules move across a concentration gradient without the need for energy or carrier proteins. The rate of diffusion is determined solely by the concentration gradient and the permeability of the channel. There is no maximum rate of transport (Vmax) for simple diffusion because it is a passive process that does not rely on any specific transport proteins or energy sources.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Na+-dependent transport of Ca++ from the cytosol to the extracellular fluid IS example on :
- A.
Co-transport
- B.
Primary active transport
- C.
Counter-transport
- D.
Facilitated diffusion
- E.
Simple diffusion
Correct Answer
C. Counter-transportExplanation
Counter-transport refers to the movement of two different molecules in opposite directions across a membrane. In this case, Na+-dependent transport of Ca++ from the cytosol to the extracellular fluid involves the movement of Na+ ions into the cell and Ca++ ions out of the cell. This is an example of counter-transport because the two ions are being transported in opposite directions.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal epithelial cell is example on:
- A.
Co-transport
- B.
Counter-transport
- C.
Primary active transport
- D.
Facilitated diffusion
- E.
Simple diffusion
Correct Answer
A. Co-transportExplanation
Co-transport is the process in which two different substances are transported across a membrane together, using the energy from the movement of one substance to drive the movement of the other. In the case of glucose transport from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal epithelial cell, glucose is transported along with sodium ions through a sodium-glucose co-transporter protein. This co-transporter uses the energy from the movement of sodium ions down their concentration gradient to transport glucose against its concentration gradient into the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is co-transport.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The ECF osmoliraty is mainly determined by :
- A.
Na+
- B.
Ca++
- C.
Mg++
- D.
K+
- E.
Plasma protein
Correct Answer
A. Na+Explanation
The ECF osmolarity is mainly determined by Na+ because it is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid. Sodium ions play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating osmotic pressure. Changes in the concentration of Na+ can lead to alterations in water distribution and affect cell function. The other ions mentioned, Ca++, Mg++, and K+, also contribute to osmolarity but to a lesser extent compared to Na+. Plasma proteins, while important for maintaining osmotic pressure, have a minimal impact on ECF osmolarity compared to electrolytes like Na+.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What is a hyperosmotic solution for 1 ml of NaCl ?
- A.
1 ml of glucose
- B.
2 ml of glucose
- C.
1 ml of NaCl
- D.
1 ml of CaCl2
- E.
0.5 ml ofCaCO3
Correct Answer
D. 1 ml of CaCl2Explanation
A hyperosmotic solution refers to a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure compared to another solution. In this case, a hyperosmotic solution for 1 ml of NaCl would be 1 ml of CaCl2. This means that the CaCl2 solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the NaCl solution when both are at the same volume.Rate this question:
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- 12.
What can leads to a Hyponatremia ?
- A.
Inability to secret ADH
- B.
Diabetes insipidus
- C.
Dehydration
- D.
Excessive secretion of Aldosterone
- E.
Over use of Diuretics
Correct Answer
E. Over use of DiureticsExplanation
Overuse of diuretics can lead to hyponatremia. Diuretics are medications that increase urine production and help remove excess fluid from the body. However, when diuretics are used excessively, they can cause an imbalance in the body's electrolytes, including sodium. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance in the body. When sodium levels are too low, it can result in hyponatremia, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, headache, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures or coma. Therefore, overuse of diuretics can disrupt the body's electrolyte balance and lead to hyponatremia.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following characteristics is shared by simple and facilitated diffusion?
- A.
Occurs down an electrochemical gradient
- B.
Is saturable
- C.
Requires carrier protein
- D.
Is competitive
- E.
Requires a Na+ gradient
Correct Answer
A. Occurs down an electrochemical gradientExplanation
Both simple and facilitated diffusion occur down an electrochemical gradient. This means that molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, driven by both electrical and chemical forces. In simple diffusion, molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, while in facilitated diffusion, molecules move across the membrane through specific protein channels or carriers. The electrochemical gradient is the driving force for both types of diffusion, allowing molecules to move across the membrane without the need for energy expenditure.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Simple diffusion:
- A.
Is a carrier mediated
- B.
Requires the activity of Na+/K+ pump
- C.
Indirectly requires metabolic energy
- D.
Is governed only by the concentration gradient across the membrane
- E.
Occurs down a concentration gradient until a state of equilibrium is reached
Correct Answer
E. Occurs down a concentration gradient until a state of equilibrium is reachedExplanation
Simple diffusion is a passive process that occurs down a concentration gradient until a state of equilibrium is reached. This means that molecules or ions move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until there is an equal concentration on both sides of the membrane. It does not require any carrier proteins or the activity of the Na+/K+ pump. Additionally, it does not directly require metabolic energy, as it is driven solely by the concentration gradient.Rate this question:
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- 15.
simple diffusion of a substance:
- A.
Shows saturation properties
- B.
Can occur against an electrochemical gradient
- C.
Is not carrier mediated
- D.
Requires metabolic energy
- E.
Shows competition properties
Correct Answer
C. Is not carrier mediatedExplanation
Simple diffusion of a substance refers to the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the involvement of any carrier proteins. This process does not require any metabolic energy and can occur against an electrochemical gradient. Additionally, simple diffusion does not exhibit saturation properties or competition with other molecules for transport. Therefore, the correct answer is that simple diffusion is not carrier mediated.Rate this question:
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- 16.
all the following about active transport of a substance are true Except:
- A.
Can occur against a concentration gradient.
- B.
Can occur against an electrochemical gradient
- C.
is a carrier – mediated transport.
- D.
Shows saturation properties.
- E.
Does not require metabolic energy.
Correct Answer
E. Does not require metabolic energy.Explanation
Active transport is a process that requires the use of energy to move substances against their concentration or electrochemical gradient. It is a carrier-mediated transport, meaning that specific proteins called carriers are involved in the movement of substances across the cell membrane. Active transport also exhibits saturation properties, meaning that there is a maximum rate at which substances can be transported. However, it is incorrect to say that active transport does not require metabolic energy, as energy from ATP is needed to drive the process.Rate this question:
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- 17.
which of the following is an example of simple diffusion?
- A.
Movement of Na+ by the Na+ - K+ pump.
- B.
Uptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle.
- C.
movement of O2 through the cell membrane.
- D.
The Na+ - glucose cotransport.
- E.
The Na+ - Ca2+ countertransport.
Correct Answer
C. movement of O2 through the cell membrane.Explanation
The movement of O2 through the cell membrane is an example of simple diffusion. Simple diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the need for energy or a transport protein. In this case, O2 molecules move freely across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration (outside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (inside the cell) until equilibrium is reached.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Osmosis is movement of water from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, not the other way around. This process occurs across a semipermeable membrane, where water molecules move to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect.Rate this question:
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- 19.
In the context of the human body, isosmotic solution means a solution that has the same osmolarity as body fluids
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
An isosmotic solution refers to a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the body fluids. This means that the osmolarity of the solution is equal to that of the body fluids. In other words, the solution and the body fluids have an equal number of solute particles per unit volume. Therefore, the statement that an isosmotic solution has the same osmolarity as body fluids is true.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Facilitated diffusion is carrier mediated, and therefore requires use of metabolic energy
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport where molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins. Unlike active transport, facilitated diffusion does not require the use of metabolic energy such as ATP. Instead, it relies on the concentration gradient of the molecules to drive their movement. Therefore, the statement that facilitated diffusion requires the use of metabolic energy is false.Rate this question:
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- 21.
In primary active transport, transport is driven by the energy stored in the concentration gradient of another molecule
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
In primary active transport, transport is driven by the energy stored in ATP molecules, not by the concentration gradient of another molecule. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that is used to power the transport of molecules against their concentration gradient. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 22.
The human body has 70% water out of total body mass and 60% water out of lean body mass
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because the human body does not have 70% water out of total body mass. The actual percentage of water in the human body varies depending on factors such as age, sex, and body composition. On average, adult males have about 60% water content, while adult females have about 55% water content. Therefore, the statement is incorrect.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Capillary pressure works in an opposite direction to interstitial fluid pressure
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Capillary pressure refers to the pressure difference between the inside and outside of a capillary. Interstitial fluid pressure, on the other hand, is the pressure exerted by the fluid in the spaces between cells. The statement suggests that capillary pressure and interstitial fluid pressure work in opposite directions. This means that when capillary pressure increases, interstitial fluid pressure decreases, and vice versa. Therefore, the given answer, "True," accurately reflects the relationship between capillary pressure and interstitial fluid pressure.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Fluid lost in diarrhea is hypotonic solution
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because the fluid lost in diarrhea is actually hypotonic. Diarrhea leads to the loss of water and electrolytes from the body, resulting in a more concentrated solution in the intestines. This causes water to be drawn from the body into the intestines, leading to dehydration. Therefore, the fluid lost in diarrhea is not hypotonic, but rather hypertonic due to the increased concentration of solutes.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Feb 17, 2017Quiz Created by
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