1.
The outer cortex and inner medulla of the adrenal gland are connected by the intra-adrenal duct.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
No connection. 2 separate glands.
2.
____ and ______ increase in response to stress.
Correct Answer
A. Cortisol, corticisterone
Explanation
Cortisol and corticosterone are hormones that increase in response to stress. These hormones are released by the adrenal glands and play a role in the body's stress response. Cortisol helps regulate various body functions during stress, such as blood sugar levels, immune system response, and metabolism. Corticosterone also plays a role in the stress response and has similar functions to cortisol. Together, these hormones help the body cope with and adapt to stressful situations.
3.
The secretion of glucocorticoids is regulated by _____ from the ______.
Correct Answer
A. ACTH, anterior pituitary gland
Explanation
The secretion of glucocorticoids is regulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release glucocorticoids, such as cortisol. This feedback loop helps to regulate the levels of glucocorticoids in the body, ensuring they are released when needed and suppressed when not necessary.
4.
The adrenal cortex produces ______.
Correct Answer
A. Steroid hormones
Explanation
The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones. These hormones are essential for various bodily functions, such as regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Examples of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone. Adrenaline, calcitonin, and PTH are not produced by the adrenal cortex, making steroid hormones the correct answer.
5.
Glucocorticoids _____ blood glucose levels by reducing glucose ____ by the cells.
Correct Answer
A. Increase, uptake
Explanation
Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake by the cells. This means that glucocorticoids inhibit the cells' ability to take in and utilize glucose, leading to an increase in the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
6.
_________ is the conversion of amino acids to ____ from the adipose tissue.
Correct Answer
A. Glucogenesis, gluose
Explanation
Glucogenesis is the process of converting amino acids into glucose in the liver or kidneys. Glucose is a type of sugar that serves as a primary source of energy for the body. The adipose tissue, also known as fat tissue, does not directly convert amino acids into glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is Glucogenesis, glucose.
7.
By increasing blood glucose levels, glucocorticoids increase _______.
Correct Answer
A. Glucogenesis
Explanation
Glucocorticoids are hormones that increase blood glucose levels by promoting the process of glucogenesis. Glucogenesis is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and fatty acids. Therefore, the correct answer is glucogenesis.
8.
When in large quantities, _____ depress the ______, which delays healing and repair.
Correct Answer
A. Glucocorticoids, inflammatory reaction
Explanation
Glucocorticoids are a type of corticosteroids that can suppress the inflammatory reaction in the body. When present in large quantities, they can inhibit the immune response, leading to a delay in healing and repair. Therefore, the correct answer is "Glucocorticoids, inflammatory reaction."
9.
Select all the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Glucocorticoids
B. Mineralcorticoids
C. Adrenal Sex Hormones
Explanation
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal sex hormones are all steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are involved in regulating metabolism and immune responses. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, are responsible for maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance in the body. Adrenal sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens, play a role in sexual development and function. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, on the other hand, are not steroid hormones but rather catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla.
10.
Adrenal sex hormones disappear in neutered animals.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
They are secreted in small quantities and may show some sexual behavior in neutered animals.
11.
Aldosterone acts on the ________ of the kidney where it regulates ______ of the plasma and ECF by excretion of H+ ions.
Correct Answer
A. Distal convoluted tubule, acid base balance
Explanation
Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney where it regulates the acid base balance of the plasma and extracellular fluid (ECF) by excretion of H+ ions. The distal convoluted tubule is responsible for fine-tuning the reabsorption and secretion of substances in the urine, including hydrogen ions. By excreting H+ ions, aldosterone helps to maintain the balance of acids and bases in the body, ensuring proper pH levels in the plasma and ECF.
12.
Apart from balancing acid base of the plasma, Aldosterone also controls ______.
Correct Answer
A. The excretion of Na+ and K+
Explanation
Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) and the excretion of potassium ions (K+). This helps to maintain proper levels of these ions in the body and is important for maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance. Therefore, the correct answer is "The excretion of Na+ and K+."
13.
The hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla are...
Correct Answer
A. Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Explanation
The correct answer is adrenaline and noradrenaline. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing and releasing these two hormones, which are also known as catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline play important roles in the body's response to stress and are involved in increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. They are part of the fight-or-flight response and help prepare the body for physical activity or emergency situations.
14.
The fancy name of adrenaline is _____.
Correct Answer
A. EpinepHrine
Explanation
Epinephrine is the correct answer because it is the medical term for adrenaline. Adrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is released in response to stress or danger, preparing the body for a "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine is commonly used in medical settings to treat severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, and cardiac arrest.
15.
The fancy name for noradrenaline is .....
Correct Answer
A. NorepinepHrine
Explanation
Noradrenaline is the same as norepinephrine. Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter and hormone that is involved in the body's stress response and regulation of blood pressure. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger. Therefore, the correct answer is norepinephrine.
16.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline prepare the body for ____.
Correct Answer
A. The fight or flight response
Explanation
You know this is a bonus question.
17.
The fight or flight response is regulated by ______.
Correct Answer
A. The sympathetic nervous system
Explanation
Their motto is "Together, knight or flight!"
18.
What does the fight or flight response trigger in the body? (Select all that apply)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Increase blood glucose levels (Glycogenolysis)
B. Increase HR and RR + respiratory depth
C. Vasodilation in skeletal muscles
D. Decrease GI and bladder activity
Explanation
The fight or flight response triggers several physiological changes in the body. It increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis, providing energy for the muscles. It also increases heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as the depth of respiration, to supply more oxygen to the muscles. Vasodilation occurs in skeletal muscles, increasing blood flow to these areas. The response also decreases gastrointestinal and bladder activity to conserve energy. Pupils dilate to enhance visual awareness. Hypertension may occur as a result of increased blood flow and vasoconstriction. The statement about developing pogo stick syndrome and suddenly hopping out of the way is not relevant to the fight or flight response.
19.
Cushing syndrome happens when the body is exposed to prolonged and high levels of _____, or when body produces too much cortisol for medical reasons.
Correct Answer
A. Cortisol
Explanation
Cushing syndrome occurs when the body is exposed to prolonged and excessive levels of cortisol or when the body produces an excessive amount of cortisol for medical reasons. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism and immune response. When cortisol levels are consistently high, it can lead to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness, which are characteristic of Cushing syndrome.
20.
Select the causes of Hyperadrenocorticism
Correct Answer(s)
A. Pituitary tumor
B. Pituitary hyperplasia
C. Adrenal tumor
D. Adrenal hyperplasia
Explanation
Hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing's syndrome, is a condition characterized by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The causes of hyperadrenocorticism include pituitary tumors, which can lead to overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and subsequently stimulate the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol. Pituitary hyperplasia, an enlargement of the pituitary gland, can also result in increased ACTH production and cortisol release. Adrenal tumors, such as adrenal adenomas or carcinomas, can directly produce excessive cortisol. Adrenal hyperplasia, an overgrowth of adrenal tissue, can also lead to increased cortisol production. The options "Rebellious cortex" and "Cortex and medulla want a divorce" are not valid causes of hyperadrenocorticism.
21.
Select the breeds that are prone to Cushing syndrome.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Miniature poodle
B. Dachshund
C. Boxer
D. Boston Terrier
E. Beagle
Explanation
Usually around 7-12 years of age.
22.
85% of dogs with Cushing syndrome have a pituitary dependent disease,
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Sad but true.
23.
____ of Cushing Syndrome cases are due to adrenal tumors and are most commonly seen in ______. Females are three times more likely to be affected.
Correct Answer
A. 15%, large breed dogs
Explanation
It's rare in cats. Usually of pituitary origin.
24.
Select the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism.
Correct Answer(s)
A. PU/PD/PolypHagia
B. Heat intolerance/lethargy
C. Abdominal enlargement/obesity
D. Panting
E. Muscle weakness
F. Recurrent UTIs
G. Alopecia, pjlebactisias, comodones
H. Bruising, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, calcinosis cutis
J. Seborrhea, secondary demodecosis
K. Felines: Severe thinning of the skin
Explanation
This answer includes all the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism, which include PU/PD/Polyphagia, heat intolerance/lethargy, abdominal enlargement/obesity, panting, muscle weakness, recurrent UTIs, alopecia, pjlebactisias, comodones, bruising, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, calcinosis cutis, seborrhea, secondary demodecosis, and severe thinning of the skin in felines.
25.
Select the results you'll observe from chemistries of a hyperadrenocorticism patient.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Increased ALKpHos and ALT
B. Hypercholesterolemia
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Decreased BUN, T4 and T3
26.
The hemogram of Hyperadrenocorticism patients will show....
Correct Answer
A. Increased nRBC, stress leukogram, basopHilia
Explanation
Patients with Hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing's disease, often exhibit an increased number of nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) in their hemogram. This is due to the excessive production of cortisol, a hormone that can cause the bone marrow to release immature red blood cells. Additionally, these patients may also present a stress leukogram, which refers to an increase in white blood cell count and a shift in the types of white blood cells present. Lastly, basophilia, an increase in the number of basophils, may also be observed in the hemogram of Hyperadrenocorticism patients.
27.
Patients with hyperadrenocorticism may show insulin resistance resulting in diabetes.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Cuz Cushing wasn't enough.
28.
A urinalysis for patients with Cushing syndrome will reveal....
Correct Answer
A. UTI w/o pyuria, proteinuria, decreased USG
Explanation
What is USB?! Urine Specific Bravity....... *Looks down and walks away*