State Board Barbering Exam Review 2

A keratoma is a type of hypertrophy that is not related to pigmentation.

There are three major subdermal systems associated with the performance of facial treatments.

Eczema is characterized by dry or moist lesions. This skin condition is typically accompanied by itching, redness, and inflammation. Eczema can occur in various forms, such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, or nummular dermatitis. It is a chronic condition that can be triggered by allergens, irritants, or genetic factors. The lesions in eczema can be dry, scaly, and rough, or they can be moist and oozing. Treatment options for eczema include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, and antihistamines to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.

The skin's form, strength, and flexibility come from proteins in the dermis called collagen and elastin. These proteins provide structure and support to the skin, allowing it to maintain its shape and elasticity. Collagen gives the skin its strength, while elastin allows it to stretch and bounce back. Without these proteins, the skin would be weak, saggy, and prone to wrinkles and other signs of aging.

Dermatitis venenata refers to a type of skin inflammation that occurs as a result of frequent contact with certain substances. In this case, the correct answer is "chemicals" because it is the most likely cause for this condition. Bacteria and milia are not typically associated with dermatitis venenata, while frequent contact with chemicals, such as certain irritants or allergens, can trigger an inflammatory response in the skin leading to dermatitis.

A cyst is a closed, abnormally developed sac that can contain fluid, semifluid, or morbid matter. This means that the contents of a cyst can vary and may include substances such as fluid, pus, or other abnormal matter.

The correct answer is sebaceous glands. The palms and soles of the feet do not have sebaceous glands, which are responsible for producing oil to moisturize the skin and hair. This is why these areas tend to be drier compared to other parts of the body.

Hair follicles are the correct answer because they are structures in the skin that produce hair. Hair follicles are normally resistant to bacterial attack due to their protective layers, such as sebum and keratin. However, they also allow the entry of special drugs and chemicals into the body, as these substances can be absorbed through the hair follicles and reach the bloodstream. This is why certain medications, such as topical creams or solutions, are applied to the skin and can be absorbed through the hair follicles for systemic effects.

Leukoderma is characterized by abnormal white patches on the skin. This condition is also known as vitiligo, where the melanocytes, which are responsible for producing skin pigment, are destroyed. As a result, depigmented patches appear on the skin. Nevi refers to moles or birthmarks, which are not necessarily characterized by white patches. A stain is a discoloration on the skin, but it does not specifically refer to white patches. Eczema is a skin condition characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed skin, but it does not typically cause white patches. Therefore, the correct answer is Leukoderma.

The top layer of the epidermis is commonly referred to as the horny layer. This layer is composed of dead skin cells that have become flat and filled with keratin, a protein that provides strength and protection to the skin. The horny layer acts as a barrier against external factors such as bacteria, UV radiation, and water loss, helping to maintain the integrity of the skin.

The inner layer of the skin, known as the dermis, is a vascular layer of connective tissue. It is responsible for providing strength and elasticity to the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It also houses collagen and elastin fibers, which give the skin its structure and flexibility. The dermis plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and protecting the body from external factors such as UV radiation and pathogens.

The risorius muscle extends from the masseter to the angle of the mouth. This muscle is responsible for pulling the corners of the mouth laterally, helping to produce a smile or a grimace. It is located deep within the cheek and is one of the muscles involved in facial expressions.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by red, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin. It is an autoimmune condition, meaning it is caused by an overactive immune system. There is no evidence to suggest that psoriasis is caused by animal parasites such as mites or lice. Therefore, the correct answer is "an unknown cause" as the exact cause of psoriasis is still not fully understood.

Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that helps keep the skin moisturized. Disorders of the sebaceous glands can lead to various skin conditions, including rosacea. Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and small, pus-filled bumps on the face. It is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it often affects individuals with sensitive skin or those with overactive sebaceous glands. Therefore, the correct answer is sebaceous glands.

Basal cell carcinoma is the least severe form of skin cancer. It develops in the basal cells, which are responsible for producing new skin cells. Although it is the most common type of skin cancer, it is usually slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Malignant melanoma, on the other hand, is the most severe form of skin cancer and can spread to other organs if not detected and treated early. Excoriation and seborrhea are not forms of skin cancer, but rather dermatological conditions characterized by skin picking and excessive oil production, respectively.

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores fat cells. It is found beneath the dermis layer of the skin and acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin. Adipose tissue provides insulation, regulates body temperature, and protects the body against mechanical shocks and impacts. It also serves as an energy reserve by storing excess calories in the form of fat. Therefore, adipose tissue plays a crucial role in protecting the skin and maintaining its integrity.

The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of the tongue. It innervates the muscles of the tongue, allowing it to perform various functions such as speaking, swallowing, and chewing. Damage or dysfunction of the hypoglossal nerve can lead to difficulty in moving the tongue properly, resulting in speech and swallowing difficulties.

The cells of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are made of keratin. Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that provides strength and protection to the skin. It helps to form a barrier against environmental factors, such as moisture loss and harmful substances. Keratin also contributes to the overall structure and integrity of the skin.

The sense of taste is controlled by the glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve carries taste information from the back of the tongue to the brain. It is responsible for transmitting signals related to the perception of taste, such as sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. The glossopharyngeal nerve also plays a role in other functions, such as swallowing and salivation. Therefore, it is the correct answer in this context.

Verruca is a condition caused by a virus that leads to the abnormal growth or enlargement of a particular tissue or organ, known as hypertrophy. Lentigine refers to small, dark spots on the skin, fissure refers to a narrow opening or crack in the skin, and mole refers to a dark spot or irregularity on the skin. None of these options accurately describe the condition of verruca, which is why hypertrophy is the correct answer.

Secondary skin lesions are characterized by a collection of material on the skin. Unlike primary lesions, which arise from previously normal skin, secondary lesions result from changes in primary lesions or from external factors such as scratching, infection, or trauma. Examples of secondary lesions include scales, crusts, ulcers, scars, and excoriations. These lesions often provide valuable clues about the underlying cause or progression of a skin condition.

The frontalis muscle is part of the epicranius, which is a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. The frontalis muscle specifically covers the forehead and is responsible for raising the eyebrows and creating horizontal forehead wrinkles. It works in conjunction with the occipitalis muscle to allow for various facial expressions, such as surprise or concern.

Melanocytes are cells found in the germinativum and papillary layers that produce pigment granules. These pigment granules are responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of these body parts.

The jugular veins are a pair of major veins that carry deoxygenated blood from various parts of the head, face, and neck back to the heart. Therefore, all the given answers (head, face, neck) are correct as they represent different regions from where the jugular veins carry blood to the heart.

Sebum is an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin. Its primary function is to prevent evaporation of moisture from the skin. Sebum forms a protective barrier on the skin's surface, helping to retain moisture and prevent dehydration. It also helps to lubricate the skin and hair, keeping them soft and supple.

The correct answer is acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is the medical term for common pimples. It is a chronic skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to the formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. It is the most common type of acne and can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in teenagers due to hormonal changes.

The seventh cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve, affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheeks. This nerve controls the movements of the facial muscles, including those involved in smiling, frowning, and raising the cheeks. It also plays a role in the sense of taste on the front two-thirds of the tongue. Therefore, the correct answer is the seventh cranial nerve.

Sensory nerve fibers react to pressure. This means that when pressure is applied to the body, these nerve fibers send signals to the brain to perceive the sensation of pressure. This is how we are able to feel objects pressing against our skin or the weight of something on our body. Cold and heat, as well as pain, are also stimuli that sensory nerve fibers can react to, but the question specifically asks for the correct answer, which is pressure.

Sweat is excreted by the sudoriferous glands. These glands are responsible for producing sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and remove toxins from the body. Sebum is an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands, not sweat glands. Lymph is a fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system, not a gland. Oil is a general term for a viscous liquid, but it is not specifically related to the production of sweat.

The occipitalis and frontalis muscles are connected by the aponeurosis. The occipitalis muscle is located at the back of the head and the frontalis muscle is located at the front of the head. The aponeurosis is a strong, flat tendon-like structure that connects these two muscles, allowing them to work together in certain actions, such as raising the eyebrows or wrinkling the forehead.

The oculomotor and trochlear nerves are responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. These nerves innervate the muscles that control eye movements, allowing us to move our eyes in different directions and track objects. Therefore, the correct answer is "motion of the eye."

The cutaneous colli nerve affects the front and sides of the head. This nerve is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the skin in these areas, allowing for the perception of touch, pain, and temperature. It does not affect the external ears, scalp to the top of the head, or the chin and lips.

The external maxillary artery supplies blood to the mouth. This artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and provides oxygenated blood to various structures in the mouth, including the gums, teeth, and tongue. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the blood supply to these structures, allowing for proper functioning and health of the mouth.

Vitamin E helps to fight against the harmful effects of the sun's rays by acting as an antioxidant. It protects the skin from damage caused by free radicals, which are produced when the skin is exposed to UV radiation. By neutralizing these free radicals, vitamin E helps to prevent sunburn, skin aging, and the development of skin cancer.

An example of an objective symptom is pimples. Objective symptoms are observable and measurable signs of a medical condition that can be seen or detected by a healthcare professional. In the case of pimples, they can be visually observed on the skin and are a common symptom of acne. Unlike subjective symptoms, which are based on a patient's perception or feeling, objective symptoms provide concrete evidence of a condition. Therefore, pimples serve as an example of an objective symptom.

Melanin is the dark protective pigment found in the basal layer of the skin. The basal layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis, and it contains cells called melanocytes that produce melanin. Melanin helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by absorbing and scattering the UV rays. It also gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes.

Applying cold to the skin causes relaxation because cold temperatures can help to reduce inflammation and numb pain. Cold therapy constricts blood vessels, which can decrease swelling and provide a numbing effect. Additionally, cold temperatures can slow down nerve impulses, resulting in a calming and soothing sensation on the skin.

Cranial nerves are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain and are responsible for connecting the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and upper body. Unlike spinal nerves, which are connected to the spinal cord, cranial nerves directly emerge from the brain surface. Therefore, the statement "cranial nerves are all connected to a part of the brain surface" is correct.

The correct answer is stratum lucidum. The stratum lucidum is the second layer of the epidermis. It is a thin, translucent layer of cells that is found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. The stratum lucidum is responsible for providing additional protection to the skin and helping to prevent water loss.

Prickly heat is a common skin condition characterized by small red bumps and itching. The correct answer, miliaria rubra, refers specifically to the type of prickly heat that occurs when sweat ducts become blocked, leading to inflammation and the formation of red bumps. This condition is commonly seen in hot and humid climates, and can be triggered by excessive sweating.

The depressor labii inferioris is a muscle that surrounds the lower part of the lip. It is responsible for depressing or pulling down the lower lip. The buccinator muscle is located in the cheek and is responsible for compressing the cheek. The levator labii superioris muscle is located in the upper lip and is responsible for elevating or lifting the upper lip. The orbicularis oris muscle is a circular muscle that surrounds the mouth and is responsible for closing and puckering the lips.

The sense of smell is controlled by the olfactory nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting signals from the olfactory receptors in the nose to the brain, allowing us to perceive and distinguish different smells. The other options, sight, touch, and taste, are not controlled by the olfactory nerve.

The papillary layer of the dermis contains papillae, which are small projections that increase the surface area for nutrients and oxygen exchange. Additionally, this layer also contains nerve endings, which are responsible for transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain to the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is nerve endings.

The procerus muscle covers the top of the nose. It is a small, triangular muscle located between the eyebrows. Its main function is to wrinkle the skin of the forehead vertically, contributing to facial expressions such as frowning or concentrating. The procerus muscle also helps to pull the skin of the nose downwards, which can assist in flaring the nostrils.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that commonly presents with scaly red papules or nodules. This cancer arises from the squamous cells of the skin and can occur on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, and hands. The scaly appearance is due to the abnormal growth and accumulation of these cells. It is important to detect and treat squamous cell carcinoma early as it can be invasive and potentially spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

The barber is concerned with massaging the muscles of the head for relaxation and therapeutic purposes. These muscles, such as those in the scalp, temples, and jaw, are voluntary muscles that can be consciously controlled by the individual. Massaging these muscles can help relieve tension, promote blood circulation, and provide a sense of relaxation and well-being.

Complex lesions may be characterized by flat, nonpalpable changes in skin color. This means that the lesions have multiple components or features, making them more intricate and difficult to classify. These lesions may involve a combination of different types of skin color changes, such as patches of different colors or patterns. Unlike primary or secondary lesions, which have specific characteristics and can be easily identified, complex lesions require more careful examination and evaluation to determine their nature and potential underlying causes.

The external maxillary artery supplies blood to the mouth. This artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and plays a crucial role in providing oxygenated blood to the structures of the oral cavity, including the gums, teeth, and tongue. It also supplies blood to the muscles involved in chewing and the salivary glands. Therefore, the correct answer is "mouth."

A papule is a primary skin lesion. A papule is a small, elevated, solid bump on the skin that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter. It is usually caused by inflammation or infection in the skin. Unlike a blister or a pustule, a papule does not contain any fluid or pus. It can vary in color and can be itchy or tender to the touch. Examples of conditions that can cause papules include acne, eczema, and insect bites.

The submental artery is responsible for supplying blood to the chin and lower lip. It is a branch of the facial artery and runs along the lower border of the mandible. This artery provides the necessary blood flow to these areas, ensuring proper oxygenation and nutrient supply. The other options, middle temporal artery, auricular artery, and angular artery, do not specifically supply blood to the chin and lower lip.

The dermis is the correct answer because it is the layer of skin that contains blood vessels, which supply oxygen and nutrients to the skin. The reticular layer is the deeper layer of the dermis and is responsible for providing support and structure to the skin.