MS 2 Exam Reviewer

The correct answer is False. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness in a patient. It consists of three components: eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response. The verbal response component of the GCS has five values, not four. These values range from oriented (fully aware and able to communicate) to unresponsive (no verbal response). Therefore, the statement that the verbal response of the GCS is 4 valued as Obtunded is incorrect.

In stroke, E.C.G. patterns can include T-wave inversion, prolonged Q-T, and S-t inversion. However, PVC's (premature ventricular contractions) are not typically associated with stroke. PVC's are abnormal heartbeats that originate in the ventricles of the heart, and while they can have various causes, they are not directly related to stroke. Therefore, the presence of PVC's would be an exception among the listed E.C.G. patterns in stroke.

Chorea is characterized by involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements. It is a neurological condition that affects the coordination and control of movements. The movements in chorea can be jerky, twitchy, and unpredictable. This distinguishes it from athetosis, which is characterized by slow, writhing, and twisting movements. Therefore, the correct answer is Chorea.

Resting tremor is characterized by involuntary shaking or trembling of a body part that occurs when the muscles are at rest. It typically disappears or decreases significantly with voluntary movement or activity. This type of tremor is often seen in Parkinson's disease and is considered a hallmark symptom of the condition. The tremor usually affects the hands, fingers, or limbs, and may also occur in the jaw, face, or legs.

Chorea is a neurological symptom characterized by involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements of the limbs, face, and trunk. It is a hallmark feature of Huntington's disease, a genetic disorder that affects the brain and leads to progressive degeneration of neurons. These abnormal movements, known as chorea, are caused by the dysfunction of certain brain regions involved in movement control. As the disease progresses, chorea becomes more pronounced and can significantly impact a person's ability to perform daily activities. Therefore, the presence of chorea is a key diagnostic feature of Huntington's disease.

Hyperkinesis refers to an abnormal increase in motor activity or movement. It is characterized by excessive, involuntary, and often repetitive movements. This condition is commonly associated with conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and can manifest as fidgeting, restlessness, and difficulty sitting still. In contrast, athetosis refers to slow, writhing movements, bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement, and akinesia refers to a lack or absence of voluntary movement.

Akinesia refers to the inability to initiate movement. It is characterized by a lack of voluntary muscle movement and is often associated with a fixed posture. This condition can be caused by various factors such as neurological disorders or damage to the basal ganglia, which is responsible for initiating and controlling movements. Symptoms of akinesia may include difficulty starting or stopping movements, a decrease in spontaneous movements, and a general feeling of stiffness or rigidity.

The hallmark of vasospastic disease of an artery is the dilation of the vessel followed by spasm. This means that initially, the artery widens or dilates, and then it experiences a sudden and involuntary contraction or spasm. This spasm leads to the constriction of the artery, reducing its diameter and restricting blood flow. The other options, shearing and tearing, do not accurately represent the characteristic sequence of events in vasospastic disease.

Hypokinesis refers to a decrease in motor response or movement. It is characterized by reduced voluntary movements, resulting in a decrease in physical activity. This can manifest as a general slowing down of movements, including both fine and gross motor skills. Hypokinesis can be caused by various factors, such as neurological disorders or the side effects of certain medications. It is often associated with conditions like Parkinson's disease, where individuals experience a progressive loss of motor function.

Postural tremor refers to a tremor that occurs when maintaining a position against gravity, such as holding the arm outstretched. It is a type of tremor that requires voluntary or purposive contraction of muscles. This is different from resting tremors, which occur when the muscles are at rest, and intention tremors, which occur during purposeful movements. Therefore, the correct answer is postural tremor.

The Glasgow Coma Scale is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness in a patient. It consists of three components: eye-opening response, verbal response, and motor response. Each component is assigned a score, and the scores are then totaled to determine the patient's overall level of consciousness. In this case, the values given for "Obeys" (6) and "Withdraws" (4) are correct scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale. However, "Abnormal Flexion" should be assigned a score of 3, not 2.

Lhermittes Sign is a symptom often associated with posterior column lesions. It is characterized by an electric shock-like sensation that radiates down the spine and into the limbs when the neck is flexed. This symptom is commonly seen in conditions such as multiple sclerosis or cervical spinal cord injury. The other options listed are not related to this specific symptom.

The hallmark of occlusive disease is an increase in permeability. This means that the blood vessels become more leaky, allowing fluid and other substances to escape into the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling and inflammation in the affected area. Increased permeability is a common response to vascular stasis, which refers to a decrease in blood flow or stagnation of blood within the vessels. The combination of vascular stasis and increased permeability can contribute to the development of various symptoms and complications associated with occlusive disease.

Milmaid's Sign refers to the weakness or inability to maintain a grip when an object is placed in the hand and the wrist is extended. This sign is often associated with ulnar nerve compression or injury, causing weakness in the muscles responsible for gripping and flexing the wrist. It is named after the appearance of the hand resembling a limp or flaccid hand of a maid holding a tray. This sign is commonly seen in conditions like ulnar neuropathy, nerve entrapment, or nerve injuries.

Lewy bodies are indeed characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that are formed due to neuronal degeneration. These bodies are primarily composed of abnormal aggregates of a protein called alpha-synuclein. They are commonly found in the brains of individuals with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. The presence of Lewy bodies is considered a hallmark feature of these diseases and plays a role in the progression of neuronal damage and cell death. Therefore, the statement "Lewy Bodies are characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies due to neuronal degeneration" is true.

Hyperpathia is a condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli, as well as an exaggerated response to minor stimuli that are normally not painful. This can result in a heightened perception of pain and discomfort. Unlike hyperesthesia, which refers to increased sensitivity to all sensory stimuli, hyperpathia specifically relates to pain perception. Dysesthesia refers to abnormal sensations, while paresthesia refers to tingling or numbness. Therefore, hyperpathia is the most appropriate term to describe hypersensitivity to minor stimuli.

The given answer, "occlusive dse," suggests that arterial thrombo-embolism is commonly caused by occlusive disease. This means that the blockage or narrowing of the arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis or plaque buildup can lead to the formation of blood clots, resulting in arterial thrombo-embolism. This explanation implies that occlusive disease plays a significant role in the occurrence of arterial thrombo-embolism, but it does not provide any information about the other options listed in the question.

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