Musculoskeletal Practice MCQs: Jan-APR 08 c. Rhodes Phd
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- 1.
What time point in gestation would a neural crest cell differentiate into a flat skull bone?
- A.
During epiblast cell ingression
- B.
In the second trimester
- C.
During the fetal period
- D.
Immediately following cleavage
- E.
During embryogenesis
Correct Answer
E. During embryogenesisExplanation
During embryogenesis, neural crest cells differentiate into a variety of tissues, including flat skull bones. This process occurs during the early stages of development when the embryo is forming its basic structures. The differentiation of neural crest cells into flat skull bones is a crucial step in the formation of the skull and occurs before the second trimester or the fetal period. Therefore, the correct time point for this differentiation is during embryogenesis.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Bones that develop from the structure labeled ‘A’ below form by intramembranous ossification. True or false?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The bones that develop from the structure labeled 'A' do not form by intramembranous ossification.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The bones of the chordal chondrocranium develop by
- A.
Both endochondral & membranous ossification
- B.
Only endochondral ossification
- C.
Only membranous ossification
- D.
By direct ossification of mesenchyme
- E.
By ossification of neural crest cells
Correct Answer
B. Only endochondral ossificationExplanation
The bones of the chordal chondrocranium develop only through endochondral ossification. This process involves the replacement of cartilage with bone tissue. In endochondral ossification, a cartilage model is first formed and then gradually replaced by bone as osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue. This process is responsible for the development of most of the bones in the body, including those in the skull. Membranous ossification, on the other hand, involves the direct ossification of mesenchyme without a cartilage intermediate and is responsible for the formation of flat bones, such as those in the skull.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the developing limb?
- A.
Mesenchyme
- B.
Apical ectodermal ridge
- C.
Neural crest cells
- D.
Hyaline cartilage
- E.
Ectoderm
Correct Answer
C. Neural crest cellsExplanation
Neural crest cells are not a component of the developing limb. The developing limb primarily consists of mesenchyme, which gives rise to the bones, muscles, and connective tissues of the limb. The apical ectodermal ridge is a specialized region of the ectoderm that plays a crucial role in limb development by directing the outgrowth and patterning of the limb. Hyaline cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides support and structure to the developing limb. The ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells that gives rise to the skin and nervous system. Neural crest cells, on the other hand, are a group of cells that originate from the neural tube and give rise to various tissues and structures outside of the developing limb, such as the peripheral nervous system and certain facial structures.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The diaphyseal plate is a growth plate where chondrocytes proliferate to elongate the growing bone. True or false?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because the diaphyseal plate is not a growth plate where chondrocytes proliferate to elongate the growing bone. The diaphyseal plate, also known as the epiphyseal plate or growth plate, is actually a layer of cartilage located near the ends of long bones in children and adolescents. It is responsible for longitudinal bone growth by allowing the proliferation and ossification of chondrocytes. Once the bone has reached its full length, the diaphyseal plate closes and is replaced by solid bone, marking the end of bone growth.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Syndactyly is
- A.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in shortened digits
- B.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in fusion of two or more digits.
- C.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in extra digits.
- D.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in the absence of the long bones of the limb
- E.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in a lobster-claw deformity
Correct Answer
B. A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in fusion of two or more digits.Explanation
Syndactyly is a malformation of the hand or foot resulting in fusion of two or more digits. This means that the individual's fingers or toes are joined together, either partially or completely, due to the failure of proper separation during development. This condition can vary in severity, with some individuals having only a small webbing between the digits, while others may have complete fusion. Syndactyly can occur in both hands and feet and can be present at birth or develop later in life. Surgical intervention may be necessary to separate the fused digits, depending on the functional and aesthetic concerns of the individual.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is a cluster of cells located in the developing limb bud. Which limb axis is the ZPA responsible for patterning?
- A.
Anteroposterior
- B.
Sagital
- C.
Dorsoventral
- D.
Proximodistal
- E.
Transverse
Correct Answer
A. AnteroposteriorExplanation
The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is responsible for patterning the anteroposterior axis of the developing limb bud. This means that it helps to determine the positioning and formation of structures along the front-to-back axis of the limb, such as fingers and toes.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Scoliosis is a congenital anomaly that results in a reduced number of cervical vertebrae. True or false?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Scoliosis is not a congenital anomaly that results in a reduced number of cervical vertebrae. Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, which can occur in any part of the spine, not just the cervical region. The cause of scoliosis is not fully understood, but it is not primarily related to a reduced number of cervical vertebrae.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A newborn infant presents with an abdominal wall defect which was caused by a failure of mesenchymal cells to migrate beneath the surface ectoderm during development. Where would these mesenchymal cells migrate from?
- A.
Paraxial mesoderm
- B.
Lateral plate mesoderm
- C.
Somatic mesoderm
- D.
Splanchnic mesoderm
- E.
Neural crest cells
Correct Answer
A. Paraxial mesodermExplanation
During development, mesenchymal cells migrate from the paraxial mesoderm to different regions of the embryo. In this case, the failure of these cells to migrate beneath the surface ectoderm has resulted in an abdominal wall defect in the newborn infant. This defect suggests that the paraxial mesoderm cells responsible for abdominal wall formation did not reach their proper destination, leading to the defect. Therefore, the correct answer is paraxial mesoderm.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which myogenic region will give rise to the external intercostal muscles?
- A.
Dorsomedial lip (DML)
- B.
Sclerotome
- C.
Dermomyotome
- D.
Ventrolateral lip (VLL)
- E.
Intermediate mesoderm
Correct Answer
D. Ventrolateral lip (VLL)Explanation
The ventrolateral lip (VLL) is the myogenic region that will give rise to the external intercostal muscles. The VLL is located in the somite, which is a segment of the developing embryo. It is responsible for the formation of skeletal muscles, including the intercostal muscles that are found between the ribs. The external intercostal muscles play a role in expanding the ribcage during inhalation, helping with the process of breathing.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following statements about vertebrae is correct?
- A.
Each vertebrae develops from a single somite
- B.
The nucleus pulposus forms from the sclerotome
- C.
Vertebrae form from the dermatome portion of each somite
- D.
Each vertebral myotome bridges two vertebrae to permit spinal movement
- E.
Vertebrae are patterned by Pax genes
Correct Answer
D. Each vertebral myotome bridges two vertebrae to permit spinal movementExplanation
Each vertebral myotome bridges two vertebrae to permit spinal movement. This statement is correct because the myotomes, which are muscle groups formed from the somites, are responsible for movement in the vertebral column. The myotomes extend from one vertebra to the next, allowing for flexion, extension, and rotation of the spine.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following gives rise to the muscle system?
- A.
Ectoderm
- B.
Intraembryonic mesoderm
- C.
Endoderm
- D.
Extraembryonic mesoderm
- E.
Hypoblast cells
Correct Answer
B. Intraembryonic mesodermExplanation
The correct answer is the intraembryonic mesoderm. During embryonic development, the mesoderm layer gives rise to various structures, including the muscle system. The mesoderm differentiates into different types of mesenchymal cells, which further differentiate into myoblasts. These myoblasts then fuse together to form muscle fibers, ultimately forming the muscle system.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following is derived from the hypaxial divisions of the myotomes?
- A.
Scalenes, prevertebral, geniohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles
- B.
Flexor muscles of the trunk
- C.
Quadratus lumborum
- D.
Pelvic diaphragm
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the listed muscles (scalenes, prevertebral, geniohyoid, infrahyoid, flexor muscles of the trunk, quadratus lumborum, and pelvic diaphragm) are derived from the hypaxial divisions of the myotomes.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Trunk musculature arises from mesoderm derived from which region of the somite?
- A.
None, trunk muscles are not derived from paraxial mesoderm
- B.
Sclerotome
- C.
Dermatome
- D.
Myotome
- E.
All regions of the somite
Correct Answer
D. MyotomeExplanation
Trunk musculature arises from the myotome region of the somite. The myotome is responsible for the development of skeletal muscles, including those found in the trunk. These muscles play a crucial role in providing support, stability, and movement to the trunk region of the body. Therefore, it is the myotome region that gives rise to the trunk musculature.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The limb musculature is derived from
- A.
Splanchnic mesoderm
- B.
Somatic mesoderm
- C.
Somitic mesoderm
- D.
Sclerotome
- E.
Endoderm
Correct Answer
B. Somatic mesodermExplanation
The limb musculature is derived from the somatic mesoderm. The somatic mesoderm is the layer of mesoderm that gives rise to the muscles, bones, and connective tissues of the limbs. This layer develops from the lateral plate mesoderm and is responsible for the formation of the musculoskeletal system in the limbs. Therefore, the somatic mesoderm is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Limb buds are first perceptible during the ________________ of development.
- A.
Third week
- B.
Fourth week
- C.
Fifth week
- D.
Sixth week
- E.
Seventh week
Correct Answer
B. Fourth weekExplanation
During the fourth week of development, limb buds become first perceptible. This is the stage when the embryo starts developing its limbs, and small protrusions called limb buds begin to form. These limb buds will eventually grow and differentiate into the arms and legs of the developing fetus.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The limb skeleton consists of cartilage during week ________ of development.
- A.
4
- B.
5
- C.
6
- D.
9
- E.
12
Correct Answer
C. 6Explanation
During week 6 of development, the limb skeleton consists of cartilage. This is because during early embryonic development, the skeleton initially forms as a template made of cartilage before it is replaced by bone in a process called ossification. By week 6, the limb buds have developed and the cartilage is present to provide structure and support for the developing limbs.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following statements regarding limb rotation is CORRECT?
- A.
The upper limb rotates almost 90 degrees in a medial direction
- B.
Limb rotation is necessary for correct muscle positioning
- C.
The lower limb rotates 90 degrees in a lateral direction
- D.
The upper limb rotates before the lower limb
- E.
Limb rotation does not affect limb innervation
Correct Answer
B. Limb rotation is necessary for correct muscle positioningExplanation
Limb rotation is necessary for correct muscle positioning because it allows the muscles to align properly with the bones and joints, ensuring optimal movement and function. Without proper rotation, the muscles may be misaligned, leading to inefficient movement and potential injury.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The notochord degenerates along its length, specifically in segments where which of the following form?
- A.
Ribs
- B.
Vertebral bodies
- C.
Intervertebral segments
- D.
Dermis
- E.
Intersegmental nerves
Correct Answer
B. Vertebral bodiesExplanation
The notochord degenerates along its length specifically in segments where vertebral bodies form. The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure that serves as the primary axial support in the early development of vertebrate embryos. As the embryo develops, the notochord is gradually replaced by the formation of vertebral bodies, which make up the backbone or spine. This process is known as vertebral segmentation, and it involves the degeneration and replacement of the notochord with bony structures called vertebral bodies.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following gives rise to bones of the face?
- A.
Chondrocranium
- B.
Membranous neurocranium
- C.
Viscerocranium
- D.
Pre-chordal chondrocranium
- E.
Cartilaginous neurocranium
Correct Answer
C. ViscerocraniumExplanation
The viscerocranium gives rise to the bones of the face. The viscerocranium is a part of the skull that develops from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. It includes bones such as the maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone, and nasal bones, which form the structure of the face. The chondrocranium, membranous neurocranium, pre-chordal chondrocranium, and cartilaginous neurocranium are all different parts of the skull but do not give rise to the bones of the face.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What is craniosynostosis?
- A.
Premature fusion of the anterior fontanelle
- B.
Premature fusion of the posterior fontanelle
- C.
Premature fusion of one or more fibrous sutures
- D.
Fusion of the meninges to the fibrous sutures
- E.
An evagination of the meninges through an opening in the one or more fibrous sutures
Correct Answer
C. Premature fusion of one or more fibrous suturesExplanation
Craniosynostosis refers to the premature fusion of one or more fibrous sutures in the skull. The fibrous sutures are the areas where the skull bones join together. When these sutures fuse too early, it can lead to abnormal skull growth and shape. This condition can cause various complications, such as increased pressure on the brain, developmental delays, and facial deformities. Treatment for craniosynostosis often involves surgery to release the fused sutures and allow for normal skull growth.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following statements regarding the molecular regulation of limb development is CORRECT?
- A.
The AER is responsible for regulating patterning across the thumb to the pinky
- B.
The progress zone contains differentiated, amitotic cells
- C.
Fingers and toes are the first limb structures to form
- D.
The ZPA produces SHH which diffuses to form a concentration gradient
- E.
The limbs are the only structures devoid of Hox gene expression
Correct Answer
D. The ZPA produces SHH which diffuses to form a concentration gradientExplanation
The correct answer states that the ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) produces SHH (sonic hedgehog) which diffuses to form a concentration gradient. This is correct because during limb development, the ZPA is a specialized region in the posterior limb bud that secretes SHH. SHH then forms a concentration gradient, with higher levels near the ZPA and lower levels in the anterior limb bud. This concentration gradient helps to determine the pattern of digit formation by influencing the expression of specific genes in the developing limb.Rate this question:
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- 23.
With regard to the fetal skull, what is ‘molding’?
- A.
An adaptation on the skull bones to the birth canal which allows the skull bones to overlap during birth
- B.
The progressive shaping of the flat bones of the skull throughout gestation
- C.
The molecular interaction between the skull bones and the brain to help shape the skull
- D.
The fusing together of the three sections of the fetal skull; the chondrocranium, the viscerocranium and the membranous neurocranium
- E.
The growth of paranasal air-sinuses and maturation of the skull bones to make the skull more proportioned
Correct Answer
A. An adaptation on the skull bones to the birth canal which allows the skull bones to overlap during birthExplanation
Molding refers to the adaptation of the skull bones to the birth canal, allowing them to overlap during birth. This process occurs to facilitate the passage of the baby through the narrow birth canal, ensuring a safer and easier delivery. The other options mentioned in the question do not accurately describe the concept of molding.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Thalidomide is used today as one of many treatments for AIDS patients. Why is this a concern for women of child bearing age?
- A.
Thalidomide can also cause sterility
- B.
Thalidomide is a potent teratogen linked to severe facial malformations
- C.
Thalidomide should not be taken during the fetal period for risk of intra-uterine growth retardation
- D.
Thalidomide should not be taken during the critical period of limb development because it can cause severe limb defects
- E.
Thalidomide increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy
Correct Answer
D. Thalidomide should not be taken during the critical period of limb development because it can cause severe limb defectsExplanation
Thalidomide is a concern for women of childbearing age because it can cause severe limb defects if taken during the critical period of limb development. This means that if a woman takes Thalidomide during the time when her baby's limbs are forming, it can lead to serious abnormalities in the baby's limbs. This is particularly important for women of childbearing age because they may not be aware that they are pregnant during this critical period, and taking Thalidomide could have devastating effects on the developing fetus.Rate this question:
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.JPG "Bones that develop from the structure labeled ‘A’ below form by intramembranous ossification. True or false?")
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