{GST 2208} Peace Studies & CoNFLict Resolution

In every conflict situation, regardless of how long it lasts, the ultimate resolution can only be achieved through negotiation. This process involves discussions and compromises between the conflicting parties in order to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Marrying together and smiling at each other do not provide any practical solution to resolve conflicts, making negotiation the only viable option. Therefore, negotiation is the correct answer.

The term "international community" is commonly used to refer to a group of nations or states that come together to address common issues and promote cooperation. This group is often represented by international organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, or World Trade Organization. These organizations serve as platforms for member countries to engage in diplomatic discussions, make collective decisions, and work towards shared goals. Therefore, "international organization" is the most appropriate term to describe the concept of the international community.

According to Islam, peace can be built through practicing and enjoining good deeds, maintaining justice at all times, and embracing human natural diversity. However, fighting for one's rights at all costs is not considered a means to build peace in Islam. This is because Islam promotes peaceful resolution of conflicts and encourages individuals to seek justice through peaceful means rather than resorting to violence or aggression.

According to Islamic teachings, religion is believed to have the power to resolve conflicts. It emphasizes the importance of peace and encourages followers to seek resolution through religious principles and teachings. Therefore, the statement "religion cannot resolve conflicts" is not correct in the context of Islamic teachings.

ADR stands for Alternative Dispute Resolution. This term refers to a method of resolving legal disputes outside of the traditional court system. It involves the use of mediation, arbitration, negotiation, or other techniques to reach a settlement or agreement between the parties involved. ADR is often considered a more efficient and cost-effective approach to resolving conflicts, as it allows for more flexibility and control over the outcome.

The statement "Long time ago" suggests that the management of conflict using peaceful means has been practiced for a significant period of time. This implies that peaceful conflict resolution techniques have been used throughout history, indicating that the concept is not a recent development. Therefore, the answer "Long time ago" is a suitable explanation for the given question.

Indecision refers to the inability to make a decision or choose between options. In this context, it is described as a form of intra-personal conflict. This means that the conflict arises within an individual's mind, where they may have conflicting thoughts, desires, or emotions that make it difficult for them to make a decision. It is not related to inter personal conflict, communal conflict, or violent conflict, which involve conflicts between individuals, communities, or the use of physical force respectively.

A dependent capitalist economy is one that is largely controlled by foreign economic interests. This means that foreign companies and investors have significant influence and control over the economy, such as owning major industries, controlling key resources, and making important economic decisions. This can lead to a situation where the economic development and policies of the country are heavily influenced by the interests and priorities of foreign entities rather than being driven by the needs and aspirations of the local population.

To resolve any conflict, the root causes must be addressed. This means that in order to find a solution and bring about a resolution, it is necessary to identify and tackle the underlying reasons or factors that have led to the conflict in the first place. By addressing the root causes, parties involved can work towards resolving the conflict effectively and preventing its recurrence in the future. This approach focuses on understanding the core issues and addressing them directly, rather than just addressing the surface-level symptoms of the conflict.

Peace making refers to a process that is focused on resolving conflicts through negotiation and dialogue. It involves bringing conflicting parties together to find common ground and reach a mutually acceptable agreement. This approach emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the root causes of the conflict in order to achieve a sustainable and lasting peace. Peace making differs from peace keeping, which involves maintaining peace and stability in an already resolved conflict, and peace enforcement, which involves the use of force to impose peace in a conflict situation.

Sigmund Freud believed that the death energy responsible for intergroup conflict is known as "Suppression." Suppression refers to the act of consciously or unconsciously pushing down or repressing certain thoughts, emotions, or desires. Freud argued that these suppressed feelings and impulses can build up over time and manifest in destructive ways, including intergroup conflict. Suppression can create tension and hostility between different groups, as individuals may project their repressed feelings onto others, leading to conflict and aggression.

The United Nations organization is the correct answer because it is a global institution that is specifically designed to address and resolve conflicts between nations. It has the authority and resources to intervene in conflicts, promote peacekeeping efforts, and facilitate negotiations between conflicting parties. The United Nations also works closely with local organizations to implement strategies and initiatives aimed at preventing and resolving conflicts at a grassroots level. Therefore, more hope is placed in the United Nations organization when it comes to issues of preventing and resolving conflicts.

Communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals or groups. It plays a crucial role in diffusing tensions and removing problems as they evolve. Effective communication allows for open dialogue, understanding, and compromise, which are essential in resolving conflicts and maintaining good governance. Through clear and transparent communication, individuals can express their concerns, negotiate solutions, and build trust, ultimately contributing to a peaceful and harmonious environment. Therefore, communication is the most appropriate choice to explain how tensions are diffused and problems are resolved.

The response to a conflict situation according to Islamic teachings reveals a person's disposition and understanding of God. This means that how a person reacts and handles conflicts can reflect their attitude, beliefs, and understanding of God's teachings. It shows whether they are able to maintain patience, forgiveness, and empathy, or if they resort to aggression or negative behavior. This response is seen as a reflection of their faith and relationship with God.

Competition is different from conflict because it is regulated by rules. In a competitive situation, there are established guidelines and boundaries that participants must adhere to. These rules ensure fair play, prevent cheating or unethical behavior, and create a level playing field for all involved. Conflict, on the other hand, typically lacks these regulations and can often involve more aggressive or hostile actions between opposing groups.

Conflict management is the process of reducing negative and destructive capacity through a number of measures. It involves various strategies and techniques to handle conflicts effectively, such as negotiation, communication, problem-solving, and compromise. Conflict management aims to prevent conflicts from escalating and finding mutually beneficial solutions for all parties involved. Mediation and conciliation are specific methods of conflict management that involve the intervention of a neutral third party to facilitate communication and resolution between conflicting parties. Therefore, the correct answer is conflict management.

The term "international community" refers to the collective body of nations and states that interact and cooperate with each other on a global scale. In this context, when the question mentions an involvement of many different countries, it suggests that the situation or issue being referred to requires the collaboration and participation of multiple nations. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is "international community" as it encompasses the idea of a global alliance or cooperation among various countries.

The correct answer is Communication. During the Cuban Missile crisis, direct communication between the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union played a crucial role in resolving the conflict. Through backchannel negotiations and the use of diplomatic channels, both sides were able to understand each other's concerns and find a peaceful resolution. The ability to communicate effectively and directly helped prevent a potential nuclear war and averted the crisis.

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Repressive violence refers to the use of force or power by the government to suppress or control a certain group of people or population. In this context, the inability of the government to help people living in extreme poverty can be seen as a form of repressive violence. It implies that the government is neglecting its responsibility to provide basic necessities and support to those in need, which can result in further marginalization and suffering for the impoverished population.

Q10V25 is the correct answer. This portion of the Holy Qur'an describes the ideal society because it emphasizes the importance of justice and equality. It states that Allah does not burden a soul beyond its capacity and that every person will be rewarded or punished based on their deeds. This promotes a society where individuals are treated fairly and justly, and where everyone is held accountable for their actions.

The correct answer is USA and USSR. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962. It began when the United States discovered that the Soviet Union was installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, just a short distance from the US mainland. This led to a 13-day period of intense negotiations and brinkmanship, with the world on the brink of nuclear war. Ultimately, the crisis was resolved through a diplomatic agreement, with the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba and the Soviet Union removing its missiles from the island.

According to Qur'anic teachings, variations in human creation are considered as a trial designed by the Almighty God (Allah). This means that the differences and diversity among human beings are seen as a test from God, where individuals are expected to embrace and appreciate these variations as part of their faith. It highlights the importance of unity and acceptance in the face of diversity, and encourages believers to value and respect each other regardless of their differences.

The correct answer is African Traditional ADR. African Traditional ADR refers to the use of traditional African religious beliefs and customs to resolve disputes and conflicts. Both Islam and Christianity have had a significant impact on African societies, including their legal and dispute resolution systems. However, the question specifically asks about the influence of these religions on the mechanism of African Traditional ADR, indicating that African Traditional ADR is the most appropriate answer.

Wisdom is considered the most important ingredient in Islamic principles of conflict resolution because it encompasses the ability to make sound judgments and decisions based on knowledge, experience, and understanding. It involves using reasoning and foresight to find peaceful resolutions and avoid further conflicts. Wisdom allows individuals to approach conflicts with empathy, compassion, and a balanced perspective, seeking solutions that are fair and just for all parties involved. It is through wisdom that conflicts can be resolved in a manner that upholds Islamic principles of justice, harmony, and peace.

Peacekeepers are responsible for maintaining peace and security in conflict zones. They are deployed by international organizations, such as the United Nations, to prevent violence and protect civilians. The use of force by peacekeepers is limited to self-defense, meaning they can only use force to protect themselves or others when under direct threat. This restriction ensures that peacekeepers prioritize peaceful resolutions and do not escalate conflicts unnecessarily. Peace enforcement and peace building, on the other hand, involve more proactive measures and may involve the use of force beyond self-defense. Therefore, the correct answer is peacekeepers.

These ethnic groups, namely Eggon, Fulani, Tiv, and Alago, have engaged in conflicts with each other over land in Nassarawa state at some point in time.

A company with a policy of not employing disabled people would be committing alienating violence. This is because by excluding disabled individuals from employment opportunities, the company is perpetuating discrimination and marginalization, which ultimately alienates disabled people from participating fully in society.

According to Salmi (1993), rape is classified as repressive violence. This means that rape is considered a form of violence that is used to control, oppress, and dominate individuals. Repressive violence involves the use of force, coercion, and intimidation to maintain power and authority over others. In the case of rape, it is an act of violence that violates the rights and autonomy of the victim, causing physical and psychological harm.

According to the SALAM model, emphasizing the areas of disagreement hampers the success of conflict resolution. This is because when parties involved in a conflict focus on their differences and highlight their disagreements, it becomes difficult to find common ground and reach a mutually beneficial solution. By emphasizing the areas of disagreement, the parties may become more entrenched in their positions and less willing to compromise, making it harder to resolve the conflict effectively.

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An ethnic conflict refers to a conflict between different ethnic groups within a single state or nation. It typically involves tensions and disputes over issues such as identity, territory, resources, and power. Intra state conflict, on the other hand, refers to conflicts that occur within the borders of a single state, involving various actors such as the government, rebel groups, or different factions within the state. Therefore, an ethnic conflict can be seen as a specific type of intra state conflict, making it an example of intra state conflict rather than an exception to it.

The correct answer is 1999. The African Union was inaugurated in 1999 to replace the defunct organization of African Unity.

In 2001, the African Union (AU) initiated a mission in Sudan with the objective of halting the conflict between the Rebels and Arab militia.

According to the S.N.T model of conflict resolution in Islam, it is important to clearly define the nature, source, and size of disagreement to all parties involved in the conflict. This model emphasizes the need for open communication and understanding between conflicting parties in order to effectively resolve the conflict. By clearly defining the disagreement, all parties can have a better understanding of each other's perspectives and work towards finding a mutually agreeable solution.

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In 1989, the OAU (Organization of African Unity) conducted a peacekeeping mission in Chad to intervene and bring an end to the Chadian civil war. This suggests that the conflict in Chad was ongoing and required external intervention to restore peace and stability. The OAU's involvement demonstrates the international community's recognition of the need to address the civil war and prevent further violence and suffering in Chad.

An indirect conflict refers to a situation where there is a conflict or disagreement that does not involve direct physical violence or destruction of life and property. It may involve disputes, disagreements, or tensions between individuals, groups, or nations that can lead to negative consequences but do not necessarily involve direct violence.

The correct answer is Tiv, Jukun, Kuteb, and Fulani. This answer includes all the ethnic groups mentioned in the question that have fought one another over land in Taraba state.

Setting is an important feature of decentralized African ADR because it refers to the physical or virtual location where the dispute resolution process takes place. In decentralized ADR, the setting can vary depending on the specific needs and preferences of the parties involved. It is crucial to have a suitable setting that promotes transparency, fairness, and accessibility for all parties. By having a well-defined and appropriate setting, decentralized African ADR can effectively address disputes and provide a conducive environment for resolution.

According to Islam, affluence is capable of minimizing conflicts in human settings. This is because when individuals have sufficient resources and financial stability, they are less likely to engage in disputes over limited resources. Affluence allows people to meet their basic needs and live comfortably, reducing the potential for conflicts arising from scarcity or inequality. Additionally, having financial security can promote a sense of contentment and satisfaction, which can contribute to a more harmonious social environment.