Oral Prep Stage (Oral Disease)

FEES (Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing) offers several advantages. Firstly, there is no radiation involved, making it a safe procedure for patients. Additionally, FEES provides a clear view of all structures involved in swallowing, allowing for accurate assessment and diagnosis. It also enables the evaluation of airway closure during swallowing, which is crucial in identifying any potential issues. However, FEES does not visualize the oral preparation or oral stage of swallowing.

A PEG tube, or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, is used in patients who are unable to consume adequate nutrition orally. Patients with head and neck cancer often experience difficulty swallowing due to tumors or treatment-related complications, making a PEG tube necessary for nutrition support. Acute stroke patients with persistent dysphagia after hospital discharge may also require a PEG tube to ensure proper nutrition intake. ALS patients, who experience progressive muscle weakness and impaired swallowing, may benefit from a PEG tube as well. Lastly, individuals with malignant bowel obstruction may require a PEG tube to bypass the obstruction and maintain nutrition.

Residue on the tongue base during a video fluoroscopic study indicates reduced tongue movement or strength. This means that the tongue is not able to adequately clear food and liquid from the mouth and back of the throat, leading to residue remaining on the tongue base. This can potentially cause swallowing difficulties and increase the risk of aspiration.

The disadvantages of FEES (Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing) are that it cannot provide a clear view during swallowing, it limits the assessment of velopharyngeal (VP) closure, and it requires the problem to be defined based on the location of residue.

The supraglottic swallow is the appropriate swallowing maneuver to use in this case. It involves the patient holding their breath, closing their vocal folds tightly to prevent aspiration, and then swallowing. This maneuver helps to improve vocal fold closure and prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. It is effective in cases where there is reduced vocal fold closure and a delayed pharyngeal swallow.

The given directions describe the Effortful Swallowing maneuver. It involves squeezing hard with all of your muscles while swallowing and acting like you are swallowing a golf ball. This maneuver is often used in dysphagia therapy to improve swallowing function and increase the strength and coordination of the swallowing muscles.

The advantages of VFSS include the ability to view the motor aspects of the pharyngeal swallow, observe mastication and the oral phase of swallowing, and understand that the triggering of the pharyngeal swallow is influenced by the position of the bolus. However, it is important to note that VFSS does not allow for direct visualization of structures involved in swallowing.

Compensatory strategies and safe intake strategies are used to control the flow of food or liquid and to eliminate or reduce the patient's symptoms. These strategies are designed to aid the patient in effective swallowing and to ensure that they are able to consume food and liquids safely without experiencing any adverse effects. By implementing these strategies, healthcare professionals can help patients manage their swallowing difficulties and improve their overall quality of life.

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The effortful swallow is a maneuver that can be used with a client who needs improved bolus clearance from the valleculae. This maneuver involves applying additional effort and force during the swallowing process to help propel the bolus through the valleculae and into the esophagus. By using this maneuver, the client can improve their ability to clear the bolus from the valleculae, leading to improved swallowing function.

The challenges with using VFSS include difficulty in assessing fatigue, as it is hard to determine if the patient's fatigue is due to swallowing difficulties or other factors. Barium changes the consistency of food, making it difficult to accurately assess the patient's normal swallowing function. The presence of aspiration does not necessarily indicate aspiration pneumonia, as aspiration can occur without causing pneumonia. Contrast issues may also arise during VFSS, making it difficult to clearly visualize the swallowing process.

An instrumental evaluation is necessary when signs and symptoms are inconsistent with findings, meaning that the observed symptoms do not match the expected results based on the examination. It is also necessary when there is a need to confirm a suspected medical diagnosis, as the instrumental evaluation can provide more accurate and detailed information about the condition. Additionally, if the safety and efficiency of the swallow are in question, an instrumental evaluation can help assess the swallowing function and identify any potential risks. Finally, when specific information is needed for a Swallow Rehab Candidate, an instrumental evaluation can provide detailed data to guide the rehabilitation process.

When visually inspecting the face, we look for signs of droop, which could indicate muscle weakness or nerve damage. We also check for drooling, as excessive saliva production may suggest issues with swallowing or oral control. Dry lips can be a sign of dehydration or lack of moisture. Lastly, we look for any food residue on the outside of the mouth, which could indicate difficulties with chewing or swallowing.

We visually inspect oral dentition to check the condition of teeth and gums. Dry mouth refers to the lack of saliva production, which can affect oral health. Oral care involves examining the overall hygiene and cleanliness of the mouth. Halitosis refers to bad breath, which can be a sign of oral health issues. Dry caked mucus on the mouth may indicate dehydration or an underlying health condition.

The statement is true because VFSS (Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study) is a diagnostic procedure used to assess the anatomy and physiology of the swallow. It involves the use of X-ray imaging to visualize the swallowing process in real-time, allowing healthcare professionals to identify any abnormalities or difficulties in swallowing. By observing the movement of the structures involved in swallowing, such as the tongue, throat, and esophagus, VFSS helps in diagnosing and determining appropriate treatment for swallowing disorders.

Dehydration can lead to hospitalization because severe dehydration can cause a person's vital organs to fail, requiring medical intervention and monitoring. It can also lead to confusion because dehydration affects the brain's ability to function properly. Fever can be a symptom of dehydration as the body tries to regulate its temperature. Weight loss is another possible consequence of dehydration as the body loses water and electrolytes. Lethargy can occur due to the lack of fluids and nutrients needed for energy production.

The decreased labial seal refers to a weakened ability to close the lips tightly, which can result in oral spillage of the bolus and drooling. This could be caused by various factors such as muscle weakness in the mastication muscles, reduced coordination of the tongue, or reduced tension in the buccal (cheek) muscles.

The correct answer includes three components: lateralization-alternating rate and range of motion (ROM), elevation/depression-alternating rate and ROM, and tongue click on the roof of the mouth. These are all aspects that are assessed in the oral mechanism examination specifically related to the tongue. Lateralization refers to the ability of the tongue to move from side to side, while elevation/depression refers to the ability of the tongue to move up and down. The tongue click on the roof of the mouth assesses the strength and coordination of the tongue muscles.

The Mendelsohn maneuver involves intentionally prolonging the elevation of the larynx during swallowing. The directions given in the question, such as swallowing saliva several times and paying attention to the neck, and having patients hold the neck up for several seconds, align with the technique of the Mendelsohn maneuver. This maneuver is used to improve swallowing function and increase the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.

During the oral motor assessment, we look at the range of motion (ROM) of the jaw, specifically a minimum of three finger widths. We also assess for any pain experienced by the individual when opening their mouth or chewing. Additionally, we evaluate the individual's ability to chew during trials of eating or drinking (p.o trials). The assessment does not include evaluating the gag reflex.

In the soft palate, we look for symmetry to ensure that both sides are equal in size and shape. This helps in assessing any abnormalities or deformities. The gag reflex is also examined as it indicates the normal functioning of the soft palate. If the gag reflex is absent, it may suggest a neurological issue. Nasality is checked to determine if there is any abnormal sound or resonance during speech, which could be a sign of a soft palate dysfunction. Regurgitation is not specifically related to the soft palate and is not relevant in this context.

In laryngeal palpation, we look for the elevation of the larynx with or without protraction, the rate of elevation, and the movement fluidity. These factors help us assess the functioning and coordination of the laryngeal muscles during speech and swallowing.

The Free Water Protocol (FWP) is a set of guidelines for patients with dysphagia to safely consume water. The protocol includes the following steps: Order FWP, SLP (Speech-Language Pathologist) helps in deciding who is a candidate, water is freely offered, oral care before the first meal, water is permitted until the first bite of food, no water during a meal (thickened liquid only), and medications are given with a prescribed liquid level or puree. These steps ensure that patients with dysphagia can safely consume water while minimizing the risk of aspiration or choking.

Cervical auscultation is a technique used to assess the swallowing function by listening to the sounds produced during the swallowing process. In this procedure, a stethoscope is placed on the side of the neck to listen to the breathing sounds on each side. The clinician also listens for any abnormal sounds, such as gurgling, which may indicate a problem with swallowing. If gurgling is heard, the patient is asked to clear their throat. If the gurgling persists and the patient is unable to clear it, further evaluation of the patient's ability to produce sounds (phonation) may be necessary.

The postural techniques used in swallowing treatment include chin up, head rotation, chin down, head tilt, and lying down. Chin up is used to drain food with the aid of gravity and is specifically used for patients with oral phase deficit. Head rotation involves rotating the head to the damaged side and is used for patients with a unilateral pharyngeal wall or vocal fold weakness. Chin down is used to push the tongue base and epiglottis closer to the posterior pharyngeal wall and is used for patients with a delayed trigger of the swallow. Head tilt involves tilting the head to the good side, allowing gravity to flow food to the good side, and is used for patients with unilateral oral and pharyngeal impairment. Lying down is used to avoid aspiration by gravity and is specifically used when residue in the pharynx is aspirated. In this case, the patient needs to suck out of a straw and cough before sitting up.

The Frazier Water Protocol is a set of guidelines for providing water to patients with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) who are on a tube feeding regimen. According to the protocol, after meals, oral care should be performed. After that, the patient should wait for 30 minutes before being given thin liquid. However, tube feeders can have water anytime as long as oral care is performed. This protocol ensures that patients receive proper hydration while minimizing the risk of aspiration and choking.

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The given correct answer suggests that the food catches at the base of the tongue, causing a delay in the pharyngeal swallow. This means that there is a delay in the movement of food from the back of the mouth to the esophagus, which can lead to difficulties in swallowing and potentially result in choking or aspiration. This delay in the pharyngeal swallow can be caused by various factors, including muscle weakness or coordination issues in the throat muscles. It is important to address and manage this issue to ensure safe and efficient swallowing.

An NG tube stands for nasogastric tube, which is a medical device that is inserted through the nose and goes down into the stomach. It is used for various purposes such as feeding, medication administration, or drainage of stomach contents. Therefore, the correct answer is "Nose to stomach" as it accurately describes the route of the NG tube.

The given correct answer suggests that the absence of a pharyngeal swallow could be the reason for food not going down and the lack of hyolaryngeal elevation. Additionally, it mentions that limited CP (cricopharyngeal) opening could also be a contributing factor. This means that the muscles in the pharynx are not contracting properly, leading to difficulty in swallowing and food not being able to pass through the throat. The limited CP opening refers to the failure of the cricopharyngeal muscle to relax and open during swallowing, causing a blockage in the passage of food.

A multidisciplinary team consists of professionals from various fields who work together to provide comprehensive care to patients. In this case, the other professions involved in the team include a general physician, ENT specialist, dentist, dietitian, respiratory therapist, physical therapist, and occupational therapist. Each professional brings their unique expertise and skills to address different aspects of the patient's health and well-being. By collaborating and sharing their knowledge, the team can ensure a holistic approach to patient care, considering both medical and non-medical factors that may impact the patient's health.

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NG tubing, or nasogastric tubing, is a medical procedure where a tube is inserted through the nose and into the stomach. This allows for the delivery of nutrients, medications, or fluids directly into the stomach. Since NG tubing bypasses the mouth and throat, it is possible to administer oral feeding such as liquids and thinned puree through the tube. Therefore, the statement that oral feeding such as liquids and thinned puree are possible with NG tubing is true.

NG tubes, or nasogastric tubes, have several disadvantages. Firstly, their physical presence in the nose, pharynx, and esophagus can cause discomfort and irritation for the patient. Additionally, there is a potential for reflux, which can lead to aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs. Another drawback is that a liquid diet may be expensive, as it requires specialized formulas or supplements. Despite these disadvantages, NG tubes do allow patients to continue swallowing for up to three weeks, which can be beneficial in certain medical conditions.

The given answer suggests that reduced tongue coordination, reduced oral sensation, and reduced buccal tension are the likely explanations for the oral prep stage issues mentioned. These factors can contribute to difficulties in properly manipulating food in the mouth, leading to buccal pocketing (food getting stuck in the cheeks) and excessive oral residue (food residue remaining in the mouth after swallowing). Additionally, weak mastication musculature can also contribute to these issues, but it is not mentioned in the given answer.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that an NG tube (nasogastric tube) is a temporary tube inserted through the nose and into the stomach for various reasons such as feeding or draining fluids. However, if long-term enteral feeding is required, a PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) tube is typically placed after 3-4 months. A PEG tube is a more permanent solution as it is inserted directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall, providing a more comfortable and convenient option for feeding. Therefore, the statement "The NG tube is typically replaced by a PEG after 3-4 months" is true.

The correct answer is "Direct to jejunum." The J-tube is a type of feeding tube that is inserted directly into the jejunum, which is a part of the small intestine. This allows for direct delivery of nutrients into the digestive system, bypassing the stomach. This method is often used when there are issues with the stomach or when it is necessary to bypass the stomach for any reason.

Esophageal diverticulum is a condition where a pouch or sac forms in the lining of the esophagus. This can lead to regurgitation of food, coughing after swallowing, and the collection of material in a side pocket of the esophagus or pharynx. In this case, the symptoms described in the question are consistent with esophageal diverticulum. Cricopharyngeal dysfunction, tracheoesophageal fistula, and reflux can also cause similar symptoms, but the presence of a diverticulum best explains the specific symptoms mentioned in the question.

The given answer suggests that regurgitation and coughing after swallowing can be caused by reflux/GERD or partial/total obstruction in the esophagus. Reflux/GERD refers to the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which can cause symptoms such as regurgitation and coughing. Partial or total obstruction in the esophagus can also lead to difficulty in swallowing and subsequent regurgitation and coughing. Both conditions can result in similar symptoms, highlighting the importance of further evaluation and diagnosis to determine the exact cause.

Tracheoesophageal fistula is a condition characterized by an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. This connection allows food or liquid to pass from the esophagus into the trachea, leading to coughing/choking after swallowing. This condition can cause difficulty in breathing and swallowing, as well as recurrent respiratory infections. Treatment usually involves surgical repair of the fistula to restore normal function and prevent further complications.

The Mendelsohn Maneuver is a last resort technique used to improve overall coordination of the swallow. It involves prolonging the elevation of the larynx during swallowing, which can help to increase the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter and improve bolus flow. This maneuver is typically used when other swallowing techniques have failed, and it can be particularly beneficial for individuals with swallowing difficulties or dysphagia. The other options listed (Superglottic, Supra-superglottic, and effortful swallow) do not specifically refer to this particular maneuver and are therefore not the correct answer.

The disadvantages of a PEG tube include the risk of infection, as it provides a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the body. GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) can also be a complication, as the tube can worsen acid reflux symptoms. Additionally, PEG tubes do not stop the aspiration of secretions, which can lead to respiratory complications. It is important to note that PEG tubes should not be used as a cure for aspiration, as they do not address the underlying cause of the problem.

The correct answer is Supraglottic swallow. This maneuver involves taking a deep breath and holding it, then lightly covering the trach tube if present, and finally swallowing while still holding the breath. Coughing after the swallow is also part of this maneuver. The purpose of the supraglottic swallow is to close off the airway to prevent aspiration during swallowing.

The signs of silent aspiration include having the patient say "ah" after every presentation, listening for a wet gurgly voice, looking for watery eyes and a runny nose, and listening for a delayed cough. These signs indicate that the patient may be silently aspirating, meaning that they are inhaling food or liquid into their lungs without coughing or showing any outward signs. By observing these signs, healthcare professionals can identify and address the issue of silent aspiration.

The question is asking about the location where food typically gets stuck in the throat or mouth. The answer "Where" implies that the location can vary and is not specified in the question. It suggests that food can get stuck anywhere in the throat or mouth, depending on the individual and the specific circumstances.

Direct dysphagia therapy involves introducing food into the mouth and reinforcing appropriate behaviors and motor control during the swallow. This type of therapy directly addresses the swallowing difficulties and helps improve the individual's ability to swallow safely and efficiently. It may involve exercises, techniques, and strategies to improve swallowing function. Indirect dysphagia therapy, on the other hand, focuses on modifying the environment or the consistency of food and drinks to make swallowing easier.

A PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) tube is not a cure for aspiration. It is a medical procedure in which a feeding tube is inserted into the stomach through the abdominal wall to provide nutrition for individuals who are unable to eat or swallow normally. Aspiration, on the other hand, is the inhalation of foreign material into the lungs, which can lead to pneumonia or other respiratory issues. While a PEG tube can help prevent aspiration by providing nutrition directly to the stomach, it is not a cure for aspiration itself. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Indirect dysphagia therapy involves using exercises to improve neuromotor controls that are necessary for normal swallowing. This therapy focuses on strengthening the muscles and coordination involved in swallowing. Another approach in indirect dysphagia therapy is practicing swallowing on saliva and secretions only, without consuming solid or liquid foods. This allows the individual to work on their swallowing abilities without the risk of choking or aspiration. Therefore, the given answer "indirect dysphagia therapy" is the correct choice as it accurately describes the approach mentioned in the explanation.

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