Bb - Donor & Component Prep

The correct answer is anti-HIV 1,2. This test is used to detect donors who are infected with the AIDS virus. Anti-HIV 1,2 refers to antibodies that are produced by the immune system in response to HIV infection. By testing for the presence of these antibodies, the test can determine if a person is infected with HIV. The other options listed (anti-HBc, HBsAg, ALT) are not specific to HIV and are used to detect other infections or conditions.

Patients who have anti-IgA antibodies are at risk of developing an allergic reaction to IgA present in blood products. Therefore, it is necessary to provide them with blood components that have minimal IgA content. Washed, leukocyte-reduced or frozen deglycerolized red blood cells have been processed to remove most of the IgA, making them safe for patients with anti-IgA antibodies. This reduces the risk of an allergic reaction and ensures a safer transfusion for these patients.

A person can donate a unit of whole blood for directed donation every 8 weeks. This time frame allows the body to replenish the donated blood and ensures the donor's health and well-being. It also helps to maintain the blood supply at a stable level, as frequent donations can put a strain on the donor's body.

Rejuvenation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is a method used to restore 2,3 DPG and ATP to normal levels. 2,3 DPG (2,3-Diphosphoglycerate) is an important molecule that helps red blood cells release oxygen to the tissues. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of cells, including red blood cells. By restoring these molecules to normal levels, the rejuvenation process ensures that the red blood cells function properly in delivering oxygen to the body's tissues.

The optimum storage temperature for Whole Blood is 4 degrees C. This temperature is ideal for preserving the quality and integrity of the blood components. It helps to slow down the metabolic processes and prevent the growth of bacteria or other contaminants. Storing Whole Blood at 4 degrees C also maintains the viability and functionality of the red blood cells, platelets, and other cellular components present in the blood. This temperature range is commonly used in blood banks and medical facilities to ensure the safety and efficacy of stored Whole Blood for transfusion purposes.

To prevent contamination of FFP during thawing, it is recommended to seal the unit in an outer, separate bag prior to placing it in the waterbath. This additional layer of protection helps to ensure that the FFP remains free from any external contaminants that may be present in the waterbath. Thawing at 1-6 degrees C is also important to maintain the quality and efficacy of the FFP. Transferring the FFP to another bag when it is half-thawed is not necessary for preventing contamination, but it may be done for other reasons such as easier handling or storage.

Irradiation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is done to prevent the replication of lymphocytes. This is because lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that can cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the recipient if they replicate and attack the recipient's tissues. By irradiating the unit of Red Blood Cells, the lymphocytes are prevented from replicating and causing harm to the recipient.

Exchange transfusion is a procedure where a patient's blood is partially or completely replaced with donor blood. This procedure is often done in newborns with severe jaundice or in patients with certain blood disorders. Since the donor blood is typically stored at a colder temperature than the patient's body, administration of red cells through a blood warmer is necessary to warm the blood to body temperature before transfusion. This helps prevent hypothermia and other complications that can occur when cold blood is infused into the body.

Factor VIII concentrate is the correct answer because it is a blood component that is specifically used to treat hemophilia A. Hemophilia A is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot properly, and Factor VIII is a protein that is necessary for blood clotting. By providing Factor VIII concentrate, it helps to replace the missing or deficient Factor VIII in individuals with hemophilia A, allowing their blood to clot effectively and prevent excessive bleeding. Fresh Frozen Plasma, platelets, and whole blood are not specifically used for treating hemophilia A.

The correct answer is "All of the above are true". This means that all three statements provided in the question are correct explanations for why HAV transmission in blood is unusual. HAV is typically transmitted through the enteric route, meaning it is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Additionally, HAV is usually an acute hepatitis, meaning it is a short-term infection. Lastly, the infectivity of HAV after an infection is typically only two weeks, further contributing to the unusualness of blood transmission.

Fresh Frozen Plasma should be stored at -20 degrees Celsius because it is a blood product that contains various clotting factors. Storing it at this temperature helps to maintain its stability and effectiveness. Freezing the plasma at this temperature helps to preserve its coagulation factors and other important components. Storing it at a lower temperature can cause damage to the product, while storing it at a higher temperature can lead to degradation of the clotting factors. Therefore, -20 degrees Celsius is the correct storage temperature for Fresh Frozen Plasma.

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is a blood product that is used to replace clotting factors in patients with bleeding disorders or those undergoing certain medical procedures. According to AABB standards, FFP must be infused within 24 hours following thawing. This is because FFP contains labile clotting factors that can degrade over time, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to use FFP promptly after thawing to ensure optimal patient outcomes. Infusing FFP within 24 hours helps to maintain its efficacy and minimize the risk of complications.

Persons who have injections of human growth hormone are permanently deferred as blood donors due to the possible transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, and fatal brain disorder that can be transmitted through contaminated human growth hormone. This disease affects the central nervous system and causes rapid mental deterioration, neurological symptoms, and eventually leads to death. To prevent the potential transmission of CJD, individuals who have received injections of human growth hormone are permanently deferred as blood donors.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that anti-HTLV-1 has all of the characteristics mentioned in the options. It has a high seropositivity among IV drug users, it is endemic in the Caribbean, and it is found in patients with adult T-cell leukemia.

Exchange transfusion is a procedure where a patient's blood is partially or completely replaced with donor blood. This procedure is typically done in infants with severe jaundice or in patients with certain blood disorders. Since the blood being transfused is typically cold, administration of red cells through a blood warmer is necessary to prevent hypothermia in the patient.

Platelets are blood components that are crucial for blood clotting. They need to be stored at a specific temperature to maintain their effectiveness. The optimum storage temperature for platelets is 22 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, platelets can be stored for a longer period without losing their functionality. Storing platelets at higher or lower temperatures can lead to their deterioration and reduced effectiveness. Therefore, maintaining a storage temperature of 22 degrees Celsius is essential for preserving the quality of platelets.

During the preparation of platelet concentrates from Whole Blood, it is important to keep the blood at room temperature. This is because platelets are sensitive to temperature changes, and keeping the blood at room temperature ensures their viability and functionality. Chilling the blood to 6 degrees C or warming it to 37 degrees C can negatively affect the platelets' quality and function. Heating the blood to 57 degrees C is too high and can cause denaturation and destruction of the platelets. Therefore, keeping the blood at room temperature is the most appropriate option for the preparation of platelet concentrates.

Cryoprecipitated AHF contains the most Factor VIII concentration relative to volume compared to the other components listed.

The proper procedure for preparation of platelets from Whole Blood involves a light spin followed by a hard spin. This means that the blood sample is initially centrifuged at a low speed (light spin) to separate the red blood cells and plasma from the platelets. Then, the remaining sample is centrifuged at a higher speed (hard spin) to further concentrate the platelets. This two-step process ensures the isolation and purification of platelets for further use or analysis.

The answer is 35 days because the unit of red blood cells is expiring in 35 days, and when it is split into five small aliquots, each aliquot will still have the same expiration date as the original unit. Therefore, all five aliquots will also expire in 35 days.

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According to AABB standards, the minimum pH required for platelets is 6. This means that the pH of the platelet product should not be lower than 6 in order to meet the quality standards set by AABB. Maintaining a minimum pH level ensures the viability and functionality of the platelets, as lower pH levels can lead to platelet activation, aggregation, and potential loss of effectiveness.

A confirmed positive test for HBsAg 10 years previously can contribute to permanent rejection status of a donor because HBsAg is a marker for hepatitis B infection. Even though the infection occurred 10 years ago, it indicates that the donor has a history of hepatitis B and may still carry the virus, which can be transmitted through blood transfusion. Therefore, this would make the donor ineligible to donate blood.

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Cryoprecipitated AHF is the most effective component to treat a patient with fibrinogen deficiency. Cryoprecipitated AHF contains a high concentration of fibrinogen, which is essential for blood clotting. By administering cryoprecipitated AHF, the patient's fibrinogen levels can be replenished, allowing for proper clot formation and preventing excessive bleeding. Fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and fresh whole blood may contain some fibrinogen, but cryoprecipitated AHF provides a concentrated and targeted treatment specifically for fibrinogen deficiency.

AS-3 is a solution that is commonly used for the storage of red blood cells. It contains adenine, glucose, and mannitol, which help to provide nutrients and maintain the viability of the cells. Additionally, AS-3 also contains citrate, which acts as an anticoagulant, preventing the formation of blood clots during storage. This combination of nutrients and anticoagulant properties helps to increase the shelf life of red blood cells, making AS-3 the correct answer.

The correct answer is that the unit may be rejuvenated, then used or frozen. This means that even though the rare type RBC unit has expired on Tuesday, it can still be rejuvenated, meaning it can be restored or revitalized. After being rejuvenated, the unit can then be used or frozen for future use. This suggests that the unit is still viable and can be utilized despite its expiration date.

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Whole blood collected from a donor should be stored at a temperature between 20 to 24 degrees Celsius prior to separation and preparation of platelet concentrates. This temperature range is ideal for maintaining the viability and functionality of the platelets in the blood. Storing the blood at lower temperatures can lead to the formation of clots, while higher temperatures can cause the platelets to lose their effectiveness. Therefore, maintaining a temperature between 20 to 24 degrees Celsius ensures the optimal conditions for platelet preservation.

The symptoms described, rapid breathing and involuntary twitching of fingers, suggest hyperventilation, which is an excessive intake of oxygen and a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the body. Rebreathing air from a paper bag can help increase the carbon dioxide levels in the body, which can alleviate the symptoms of hyperventilation. This is why the phlebotomist should have the person rebreathe air from a paper bag.

Platelets are small, fragile cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They must be stored at room temperature, specifically between 20-24 degrees Celsius. Additionally, platelets should not be stored with any other components to prevent contamination. However, the special condition for the storage of platelets is that they require constant agitation. Agitation helps to prevent clumping and ensures that the platelets remain suspended in the plasma, maintaining their effectiveness. Therefore, platelets must be stored upright in separate containers and constantly agitated at the appropriate temperature range.

Cryoprecipitated AHF can be administered even if it is ABO incompatible because it contains a high concentration of specific clotting factors (Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen) that are essential for blood clotting. These clotting factors are not ABO dependent, meaning they can still function effectively regardless of the ABO compatibility. Therefore, ABO compatibility is not as crucial when administering cryoprecipitated AHF compared to other blood products.

Anti-IgA antibodies are antibodies that target IgA, a type of immunoglobulin found in the blood. Some individuals have a deficiency or absence of IgA, and if they receive blood transfusions containing IgA, they can develop severe allergic reactions. Therefore, for a patient with anti-IgA antibodies, Washed Red Blood Cells would be the product of choice as they have had the IgA removed, minimizing the risk of an allergic reaction.

Cryoprecipitated AHF (Antihemophilic Factor) is a blood product that contains clotting factors and is used to treat bleeding disorders. It is prepared by thawing and pooling plasma. The correct answer is 4 hours because after thawing and pooling, cryoprecipitated AHF should be transfused within a relatively short period of time to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Transfusing it within 4 hours helps to minimize the risk of bacterial contamination and maintain the potency of the clotting factors present in the product.

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is a blood product that contains all labile coagulation factors except cryoprecipitated AHF (Antihemophilic Factor). FFP is used to replace clotting factors in patients with clotting disorders or those who require massive transfusions. However, FFP needs to be transfused within 24 hours of thawing because after this time, the activity of labile coagulation factors starts to decrease significantly. Therefore, it is important to use FFP promptly to ensure its effectiveness in managing coagulation disorders.

A history of jaundice of uncertain cause can be a cause for permanent deferral of blood donation because jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying health conditions, including infectious diseases like hepatitis. Since the cause of the jaundice is uncertain, it poses a risk of transmitting infectious agents through donated blood. Therefore, individuals with a history of jaundice of uncertain cause are not eligible to donate blood in order to ensure the safety of the blood supply.

A thorough donor history is necessary to prevent transmission of diseases through blood transfusions. While syphilis, HTLV-1, and CMV can also be transmitted through blood, a thorough donor history can help identify potential donors with these infections. However, in the case of malaria, a donor history alone may not be sufficient as it is possible for individuals to have a latent or asymptomatic infection. Therefore, additional screening tests may be required to prevent the transmission of malaria through blood transfusions.

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HBIG (Hepatitis B Immune Globulin) has the longest deferral period among the given options. HBIG is typically given to individuals who have been exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. The deferral period refers to the time period that individuals need to wait before receiving the vaccine. In the case of HBIG, the deferral period can be as long as several months to allow the body's immune response to develop naturally. This is because HBIG contains antibodies that provide immediate protection against the virus, and giving the vaccine too soon after exposure may interfere with the body's natural immune response.

The problem in this situation is that the returned unit of packed red blood cells was not refrigerated after leaving the blood bank and the 30-minute time limit has expired. This means that the unit cannot be used for transfusion and should have been returned to the blood bank earlier.

In a quality assurance program, at least 75% of the bags of Cryoprecipitated AHF must contain a minimum of 80 international units of AHF. This means that out of every 100 bags, at least 75 bags should have 80 or more international units of AHF.

The presence of petechiae, ecchymosis, and mucosal bleeding in a newborn suggests a bleeding disorder or thrombocytopenia, which is a low platelet count. Platelets are responsible for clot formation and preventing bleeding. Therefore, the preferred blood component for this infant would be platelets to help restore normal clotting function and prevent further bleeding.

Platelet transfusions are most valuable in treating functional platelet abnormalities. Functional platelet abnormalities refer to conditions where the platelets are not functioning properly, leading to impaired clotting ability. Platelet transfusions can help restore normal platelet function and improve clotting, thereby addressing the underlying issue. Hemolytic transfusion reaction, posttransfusion purpura, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura are different conditions that may require other treatment approaches and are not specifically addressed by platelet transfusions.

Serological testing for syphilis should be included in current testing on all donor blood because syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It can be transmitted through blood transfusions, and infected blood can pose a risk to the recipient. Therefore, serological testing for syphilis helps to ensure the safety of the donor blood and prevent the transmission of syphilis to the recipient.

FFP must be prepared within 24 hours of collection. This statement is false because FFP can be prepared within 8 hours of collection.

The correct answer is that the cells may be transfused if proper freezing, thawing, washing, and transfusion procedures are followed. This is consistent with acceptable blood bank policy because autologous units, which are donated by the patient for their own use, can still be used as long as they have been properly stored and prepared. The time elapsed between donation and freezing does not affect the usability of the units as long as the proper procedures are followed.

A directed donation given by a mother for her son should be irradiated because it is a transfusion between two genetically related individuals. Irradiation is necessary in this case to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a potentially life-threatening condition where the immune cells from the transfused blood attack the recipient's tissues. By irradiating the blood product, the immune cells are inactivated, reducing the risk of GVHD.

Transfusion of an irradiated blood product is not indicated in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Irradiated blood products are used to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD), a rare but potentially fatal complication. TA-GVHD occurs when viable T lymphocytes in the transfused blood recognize the recipient's tissues as foreign and attack them. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoantibodies that target the patient's own red blood cells, not by an immune response to transfused lymphocytes. Therefore, irradiation of blood products is not necessary in this condition.

Group AB, Rh positive plasma would be the most acceptable for transfusion in this case because it is the same blood type as the patient (AB) and has the Rh factor that the patient lacks. This ensures compatibility and reduces the risk of a transfusion reaction. Group O, Rh negative plasma would not be acceptable because it lacks the AB antigen that the patient has, and Group A and Group B plasma would not be acceptable because they have antigens that the patient lacks.

Living with an HIV positive individual is cause for rejecting the girl as a blood donor. The risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is extremely low due to strict screening procedures, but it is still a potential risk. Therefore, individuals who have been in close contact with someone living with HIV are deferred from donating blood as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of the blood supply.