Emea Breast Recon Exam

TNM is an acronym commonly used in cancer staging systems. It stands for Tumor, Node, and Metastases. This system is used to describe the extent and spread of cancer within a patient's body. The Tumor refers to the size and location of the primary tumor, the Node refers to whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and the Metastases refers to whether the cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is Tumor Node Metastases.

The correct answer is the nipple-areola complex. This refers to the area of the breast that includes the nipple and the surrounding pigmented skin called the areola. It is considered the focal point of the breast as it is the most prominent and visually distinct part.

The given statement is true. The pink to dark brown colored circular area on the breast is called the areola, and it contains the nipple. The areola is the area of the breast that contains the ducts that deliver milk.

Breast glands, also known as mammary glands, are responsible for milk production in females. These glands undergo changes during pregnancy and lactation, producing and secreting milk to nourish the newborn. The milk is synthesized within the glandular tissue and transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be suckled by the infant. This process is regulated by hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin. Breast size, muscle support, and breast shape are influenced by factors such as genetics, hormones, and overall body composition, but they are not directly related to milk production.

The correct answer is four because the Breast Cancer Organization website defines four stages of breast cancer. This means that they categorize breast cancer into four different stages based on the extent of the disease and its spread within the breast and to other parts of the body. Each stage represents a different level of severity and guides treatment decisions and prognosis for patients.

A radical mastectomy involves the complete removal of the breast, lymph nodes under the arm, and the underlying chest wall muscle. This procedure is typically performed when the cancer has spread to the chest wall muscle or lymph nodes. It is a more extensive surgery compared to other options such as a lumpectomy or total mastectomy, which involve removing only the tumor or the entire breast, respectively. The term "modified" is not used in this case, indicating that the entire breast and surrounding tissues are removed.

Connective tissue is composed of collagen and elastin. Collagen provides strength and support to the tissue, while elastin allows it to stretch and recoil. These two components work together to give connective tissue its flexibility and resilience. Lobes and lobules, alveoli and ducts are not components of connective tissue, so they are not the correct answer.

The correct answer is that in breast reconstruction, the new breast mound is created with breast implants or with tissue from other parts of the body. This means that breast reconstruction can be done using either implants or tissue from the patient's own body, such as from the abdomen or back, to create a new breast mound.

The serratus magnus is a large muscle that runs from the upper portion of the ribs to the shoulder blades.

During breast implant reconstructive surgery, the rectus abdominis muscle is not the only muscle that can be elevated to provide coverage. The serratus and external oblique muscles are also sometimes elevated for this purpose.