Hca/PSW: Self Assessment Copy

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Bradley Krause
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1. As a caregiver, if you suspect your client of addiction your should:

Explanation

If a caregiver suspects their client of addiction, it is important for them to inform their supervisor or the client's physician about their concerns. This is necessary because the supervisor or physician can take appropriate actions to address the situation and provide necessary support or treatment for the client. Keeping the client's addiction a secret or lecturing them may not be effective in addressing the issue, and only telling the family may not be sufficient as they may not have the authority or knowledge to handle the situation appropriately. Therefore, the best course of action is to inform the supervisor or physician.

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Hca/PSW: Self Assessment Copy - Quiz

Please note: This quiz is no longer being maintained. However, you are welcome to attempt it.
This quiz provides randomly selected questions from the final comprehensive HCA examination test bank. This quiz is your opportunity to self-assess your knowledge. Comparison between this quiz and the HCA/PSW ExaminationItemThis QuizComprehensive... see moreExaminationNumber of Questions50150Time Limited1 hour3 hoursCertificateAchievementCompletionPurposeSelf AssessmentCertification of knowledgePassing scoreN/A70%



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2. Short-term memory loss, forgetting about memory loss and personality changes may be signs of:

Explanation

Short-term memory loss, forgetting about memory loss, and personality changes are all common signs of dementia. Dementia is a progressive neurological disorder that affects cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and behavior. It is not a normal part of aging, and it is not related to a heart attack or simply being human. Dementia is a specific condition that requires medical attention and support.

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3. Abduction means

Explanation

Abduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline or center of the body. This can be observed when a limb or joint moves outward or away from the body's midline. It is the opposite of adduction, which involves movement towards the midline. Therefore, the correct answer "Moving away from or taking away from the centre" accurately describes the concept of abduction.

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4. To learn the lifts and transfers,

Explanation

The best way to learn lifts and transfers is by using a mannequin or a healthy volunteer. This allows you to practice the techniques and understand the proper body mechanics involved without risking injury to a real person. By practicing first on an elderly client or on a pet dog, there is a higher chance of making mistakes or causing harm. Therefore, using a mannequin or healthy volunteer provides a safe and effective way to gain experience and confidence in performing lifts and transfers.

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5. Common reasons for trips and falls when lifting include:

Explanation

Trips and falls when lifting can occur due to various factors, including wet floors, untied shoelaces, and obstacles on the floor. Wet floors can be slippery and cause individuals to lose their balance while lifting. Untied shoelaces can get caught on objects or cause individuals to trip over their own feet. Obstacles on the floor, such as clutter or objects in the way, can also lead to trips and falls. Therefore, all of these options are common reasons for trips and falls when lifting.

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6. For immediate treatment of a heart attack, you might need to:

Explanation

In the case of a heart attack, immediate treatment is crucial. Using an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) or performing CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) are both appropriate actions to take. AED helps to restore the heart's normal rhythm by delivering an electric shock, while CPR helps to maintain blood flow and oxygenation to vital organs until medical help arrives. These interventions can significantly increase the chances of survival and minimize the damage caused by a heart attack. Encouraging vomiting, forcing fluids, or having the client do exercises are not recommended in this situation.

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7. Communication awareness tools include:

Explanation

Communication awareness tools include body language, voice tone, and volume. These tools are important in effective communication as they help convey messages and emotions. Body language, such as facial expressions and gestures, can provide additional context and meaning to verbal communication. Voice tone and volume can help express emotions and emphasize certain points. By being aware of and utilizing these tools, individuals can enhance their communication skills and ensure that their messages are effectively received and understood by others.

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8. Which of the following are commonly seen in people with depression:

Explanation

People with depression commonly experience early waking, restlessness, agitation, and fatigue. These symptoms are often observed in individuals with depression and can significantly impact their daily functioning and overall well-being. Early waking refers to waking up earlier than desired and having difficulty falling back asleep, which is a common sleep disturbance in depression. Restlessness and agitation are often associated with feelings of inner tension and an inability to relax. Fatigue is a persistent feeling of tiredness and lack of energy, which is a hallmark symptom of depression. Therefore, it is not uncommon for individuals with depression to experience all of these symptoms simultaneously.

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9. The Integumentary system includes:

Explanation

The integumentary system includes the skin, mucosa, nails, and sweat glands. This system is responsible for protecting the body from external factors, regulating body temperature, and providing sensory information. The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens and harmful substances, while mucosa lines the body's internal cavities and helps in the production of mucus. Nails provide protection to the fingertips and aid in grasping objects, and sweat glands regulate body temperature by producing sweat. All these components work together to maintain the integrity and functionality of the integumentary system.

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10. ADL means:

Explanation

ADL stands for Activities of Daily Living. This term refers to the basic tasks that individuals perform on a daily basis to take care of themselves and maintain their independence. These activities include tasks such as bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, and transferring. ADL is commonly used in healthcare settings to assess a person's level of functional independence and determine the type and amount of assistance they may need.

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11. The primary goal of caregiving is:

Explanation

If you got this incorrect, you should find a different area of interest.

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12. Factors that affect the quality of healthcare include:

Explanation

The quality of healthcare is influenced by various factors, including the population in the area, the technology available, and the culture. The population size can impact the availability of healthcare resources and the ability to meet the needs of the population. The technology available in the area determines the level of medical advancements and access to modern healthcare tools and treatments. Additionally, culture plays a role in healthcare practices, beliefs, and attitudes towards seeking medical care. All these factors collectively contribute to the overall quality of healthcare in a given area.

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13. Caregivers need to be _______________ careful with older clients:

Explanation

Caregivers need to be more careful with older clients because they may have physical limitations, cognitive impairments, or medical conditions that make them more vulnerable to accidents, injuries, or adverse reactions. Older clients may have reduced mobility, balance issues, or fragile bones, which increases the risk of falls or fractures. They may also have age-related cognitive decline or memory problems, making it important for caregivers to ensure their safety and well-being. Additionally, older individuals may have multiple chronic illnesses or be on multiple medications, requiring careful monitoring and management to prevent complications. Therefore, being more careful is crucial in providing appropriate care for older clients.

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14. Which of the following is most correct?  As we age:

Explanation

As we age, our bodies undergo various physiological changes that can result in a decrease in overall physical performance and a slower metabolism. This can lead to a decline in strength, flexibility, and endurance. Factors such as muscle loss, decreased bone density, and changes in hormone levels contribute to this slowing down of the body's functions. Therefore, the statement "Our bodies become slower" is the most correct answer in relation to the effects of aging.

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15. Signs of badly handled or too much stress include:

Explanation

All of the provided options may be signs of badly handled or too much stress. When a person is under a lot of stress or if they are not managing their stress well, it can weaken their immune system, making them more susceptible to illnesses. Stress can also affect a person's appetite and eating habits, leading to poor nutrition. Additionally, stress can slow down the healing process, making it more difficult for wounds or injuries to heal properly. Therefore, all of these options can be signs of badly handled or excessive stress.

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16. Before lifting, it is important to always:

Explanation

The correct answer is to warm-up by stretching and range of motion exercises. This is important before lifting because it helps to increase blood flow to the muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce the risk of injury. Stretching helps to loosen up the muscles and prepare them for the physical activity, while range of motion exercises help to improve joint mobility and flexibility. By warming up properly, the muscles and joints are better prepared for the demands of lifting weights, allowing for better performance and reducing the risk of strains or tears.

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17. Major risk factors for cancer are:

Explanation

The major risk factors for cancer are age, obesity, and diabetes. Age is a risk factor because as people get older, their cells are more likely to accumulate genetic mutations that can lead to cancer. Obesity is a risk factor because it can cause chronic inflammation in the body, which can increase the risk of developing cancer. Diabetes is a risk factor because high blood sugar levels can promote the growth of cancer cells. Therefore, a combination of age, obesity, and diabetes can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer.

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18. Direct measures of fitness include:

Explanation

The correct answer is that all of the provided options are direct measures of fitness. This means that flexibility, strength, and endurance are all directly related to an individual's level of fitness. These factors can be measured and assessed to determine a person's overall physical fitness level.

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19. Which of the following are correct?

Explanation

All the provided sleep problems may require medical intervention because central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy are all serious sleep disorders that can have significant impacts on a person's health and well-being. Medical intervention, such as medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes, may be necessary to manage and treat these conditions effectively. It is important for individuals experiencing these sleep problems to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

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20. Social costs of addiction include:

Explanation

The social costs of addiction encompass a range of negative consequences experienced by society as a result of addiction. This includes the loss of life and injuries caused by drunk driving, the breakdown of marriages and families due to addiction-related issues, the financial burden on law enforcement and the justice system in dealing with addiction-related crimes, and the overall impact on society's well-being. These various factors collectively contribute to the social costs associated with addiction.

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21. Suddenly stopping the use of some addictive substances may cause:

Explanation

Suddenly stopping the use of some addictive substances can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms, which may include death, anxiety, and tremors. Withdrawal from certain substances, such as alcohol or benzodiazepines, can be life-threatening and may result in seizures, delirium tremens, or cardiac complications that can lead to death. Anxiety and tremors are common symptoms of withdrawal from various addictive substances, indicating the body's physiological and psychological dependence on the substance.

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22. The Ovaries and Testes are located in the:

Explanation

The ovaries and testes are located in the lower abdomen or groin. This is because these reproductive organs need to be situated closer to the pelvis to facilitate their functions. The lower abdomen and groin area provide a suitable environment for the development and functioning of the ovaries and testes, allowing for reproductive processes such as ovulation and sperm production to occur efficiently.

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23. Addictions often start with taking of drugs to

Explanation

Addictions often start with taking drugs as a means to decrease pain, achieve easier sleep, or experience relaxation. These three reasons can individually serve as starting points for someone to begin using drugs. People may turn to drugs as a way to alleviate physical or emotional pain, to help them fall asleep more easily, or to seek relaxation and escape from stress. These initial reasons can lead to a cycle of addiction, as individuals may develop a dependence on drugs to continue experiencing these desired effects.

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24. A system is:

Explanation

The correct answer is "A group of parts that work together." This definition aligns with the concept of a system, which refers to a collection of interconnected components that collaborate to achieve a common goal or function. In a system, the individual parts are interdependent and rely on each other's contributions to function effectively. This definition distinguishes a system from other options such as being similar to a piano, an anatomical part of the body, or a part of only one system.

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25. Making a stable centre of gravity means:

Explanation

Making a stable center of gravity involves maintaining a low center of gravity, keeping the back straight, and bending at the knees and hips. This combination of actions helps to distribute the weight evenly and maintain balance. By keeping the center of gravity low, the body is less likely to tip or lose stability. Keeping the back straight helps to maintain proper posture and alignment, further enhancing stability. Bending at the knees and hips allows for a more controlled and stable movement, reducing the risk of falling or losing balance. Overall, the combination of a low center of gravity, straight back, and bending at the knees and hips promotes stability and balance.

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26. We may never know how much or how many alcoholic drinks cause FASD because:

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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27. The following are often seen in FASD persons:

Explanation

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a condition caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. It can result in various cognitive and behavioral impairments. Impulsivity refers to acting without thinking, making quick decisions without considering the consequences. FASD individuals often struggle with impulsivity, leading to impulsive behaviors. They also tend to have difficulty focusing and maintaining attention, leading to easy distractibility. Additionally, they may exhibit socially inappropriate behaviors, such as difficulty understanding social cues or norms. Therefore, the correct answer includes all three characteristics: impulsive, easily distracted, and socially inappropriate behaviors.

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28. When practicing critical thinking in conversation with someone, the first step is:

Explanation

When practicing critical thinking in conversation with someone, the first step is to make sure you clearly understand each other. This is important because effective communication requires mutual understanding and clarity. By ensuring that both parties have a clear understanding of the topic, ideas, and perspectives being discussed, it helps to avoid misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and assumptions. This step lays the foundation for a productive and meaningful conversation where both individuals can engage in thoughtful and rational thinking.

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29. Best things to do to assist immune systems does not include:

Explanation

Drinking water directly from rivers is not a recommended way to assist the immune system. Rivers may contain harmful bacteria, parasites, and pollutants that can lead to various infections and diseases. It is important to consume clean and safe water to support a healthy immune system.

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30. Who are caregivers?

Explanation

Anyone who provides care is a caregiver -- without regard to their level of training.

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31. Maximum heart rate may be affected by:

Explanation

All the provided options can affect maximum heart rate. Conditioning refers to the level of fitness and cardiovascular health of an individual, which can impact their maximum heart rate. Medication can also influence heart rate, as certain drugs may increase or decrease heart rate as a side effect. Age is another factor that affects maximum heart rate, as it tends to decrease with age due to natural physiological changes. Therefore, all of these options can have an impact on an individual's maximum heart rate.

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32. Major long term treatment for stroke victims include:

Explanation

The major long-term treatment for stroke victims includes ensuring medication and physiotherapy compliance, as well as treatment for depression. Medication compliance is crucial for managing the underlying conditions and preventing further complications. Physiotherapy compliance helps in the rehabilitation process, improving mobility and function. Stroke survivors often experience depression, which requires treatment to improve their mental well-being and overall quality of life. Therefore, ensuring medication and physiotherapy compliance, along with treating depression, is essential for the effective long-term management of stroke victims.

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33. An immediate cause(s) of strokes are:

Explanation

The immediate causes of strokes are embolisms and ruptured aneurysms. Embolisms occur when a blood clot or other debris blocks a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off the blood supply to that area. Ruptured aneurysms happen when a weak spot in a blood vessel wall bursts, causing bleeding into the brain. Both of these conditions can lead to a stroke, which occurs when there is a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, resulting in damage to brain cells.

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34. Effective communication begins with:

Explanation

Effective communication begins with listening. Listening is the foundation of communication as it allows individuals to understand and interpret the message being conveyed by the speaker. By actively listening, one can gather information, comprehend the speaker's perspective, and respond appropriately. Without listening, communication becomes ineffective and misunderstandings can arise. Therefore, listening is crucial in establishing clear and meaningful communication.

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35. Risk factors of osteoporosis include:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Age, gender, ethnicity, and inactivity." Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, and several risk factors contribute to its development. Age is a significant risk factor as bone density decreases with age. Gender also plays a role, as women are more prone to osteoporosis due to hormonal changes during menopause. Ethnicity can influence the risk, with individuals of Caucasian and Asian descent being more susceptible. Inactivity or a sedentary lifestyle can further increase the risk by leading to bone loss. Therefore, all of these factors combined contribute to the risk of osteoporosis.

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36. Microbes are:

Explanation

Microbes are everywhere, as they can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and even inside our bodies. They are the most numerous life form on the planet, with estimates suggesting that there are trillions of microbes in just a handful of soil. Microbes are also very small, often requiring a microscope to be observed due to their tiny size. Therefore, all the provided options are correct as they accurately describe the characteristics of microbes.

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37. Bipolar disorders could be considered spectrum disorder because the levels of cycles reached varies considerably between people.

Explanation

Bipolar disorders are characterized by extreme shifts in mood and energy levels. These shifts can vary greatly among individuals, with some experiencing more frequent and severe cycles than others. This variability in the levels of cycles reached suggests that bipolar disorders can be considered a spectrum disorder, where the severity and frequency of symptoms can differ widely among individuals. Therefore, the statement that bipolar disorders could be considered a spectrum disorder because the levels of cycles reached varies considerably between people is true.

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38. The Epidermis is the _______________ layer of the skin.

Explanation

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as a protective barrier against external factors such as bacteria, UV radiation, and chemicals. It is composed of multiple layers of cells, with the outermost layer consisting of dead skin cells that are constantly shed and replaced. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Overall, the epidermis plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the skin.

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39. Caregiving can be

Explanation

The correct answer is "Hard, difficult and rewarding" because caregiving involves both physical and emotional challenges. It can be physically demanding, requiring a lot of energy and strength to provide care and support. Additionally, it can be emotionally difficult as caregivers often have to witness the suffering or decline of their loved ones. However, caregiving can also be rewarding as it allows individuals to make a positive impact on someone's life and experience a sense of fulfillment and purpose in helping others.

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40. An addict's withdrawal symptoms may include:

Explanation

An addict's withdrawal symptoms may include depression and hallucinations. These symptoms can occur when an addict abruptly stops using a substance that their body has become dependent on. Depression is a common withdrawal symptom and can manifest as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities. Hallucinations, on the other hand, involve perceiving things that are not actually present and can be auditory, visual, or tactile in nature. Both depression and hallucinations are challenging symptoms that can greatly impact an addict's well-being during the withdrawal process.

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41. Behaviours common in depression include:

Explanation

The correct answer is that routines, decision avoidance, and drug and alcohol overuse are all common behaviors in depression. This means that individuals with depression often stick to their daily routines, avoid making decisions, and may turn to drugs and alcohol as a way to cope with their emotions. These behaviors can be detrimental to their mental and physical health and may further exacerbate their depressive symptoms. It is important for individuals with depression to seek proper treatment and support in order to address these behaviors and improve their overall well-being.

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42. Kidney dialysis is used to:

Explanation

Kidney dialysis is a medical procedure used to assist the kidney in removing toxins from the body. It is a treatment option for individuals with kidney failure or severe kidney dysfunction. During dialysis, a machine filters the blood, removing waste products and excess fluids that the kidneys are unable to eliminate. This helps maintain the balance of electrolytes and fluids in the body, preventing the buildup of harmful substances. Dialysis does not involve enlarging the ureter, urethra, or prostate, but rather focuses on supporting kidney function.

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43. Early stage care includes:

Explanation

Early stage care includes psychological support and pain management because during the early stages of a condition or illness, patients may experience emotional distress and physical discomfort. Providing psychological support helps patients cope with their emotions and promotes their overall well-being. Pain management is also important to alleviate any pain or discomfort the patient may be experiencing, allowing them to rest and recover effectively. Lectures on the dangers of smoking, confining to bed, and limiting exercise to walking only are not mentioned in the given information and therefore not relevant to the early stage care.

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44. With schizophrenics, drug and alcohol abuse are serious problems.

Explanation

True: 50% of men and 30% of women.

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45. Badly managed stress can:

Explanation

Badly managed stress can have a negative impact on both physical and mental health. It can lead to the development of various diseases and disorders, such as cardiovascular problems, digestive issues, and weakened immune system. Additionally, stress can cause social problems by affecting relationships, communication, and overall well-being. It can also interfere with sleep patterns, resulting in insomnia or poor quality sleep. Therefore, the correct answer is that badly managed stress can cause disease, disorder, social problems, and bad sleep.

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46. Hyperglycemia means:

Explanation

Hyperglycemia refers to a condition where there is an excessive amount of sugar present in the blood. This occurs when the body is unable to effectively regulate blood sugar levels, often due to a lack of insulin or insulin resistance. High blood sugar levels can be harmful and can lead to various complications, particularly in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is characterized by an excess of sugar in the blood.

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47. One of the most common reasons for caregiver injuries is:

Explanation

Physically assisting clients can be a common reason for caregiver injuries because it involves tasks such as lifting, transferring, and supporting clients, which can put strain on the caregiver's body and increase the risk of accidents or injuries. Caregivers may experience back injuries, muscle strains, or falls while assisting clients with mobility or daily activities. It is important for caregivers to receive proper training and use appropriate techniques and equipment to minimize the risk of injuries while providing physical assistance to clients.

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48. Diagnosis for autism includes examining for:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Abnormal social behaviour, communication deficits and repetitive behaviour." When diagnosing autism, healthcare professionals look for these three key indicators. Abnormal social behaviour refers to difficulties in social interactions and forming relationships. Communication deficits involve challenges in verbal and nonverbal communication skills. Repetitive behaviours involve engaging in repetitive actions or having a restricted range of interests. By examining these symptoms, professionals can make an accurate diagnosis of autism.

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49. The trachea is:

Explanation

The trachea is the tube that transports air between the bronchia and the mouth/nose. It is a part of the respiratory system and serves as a passageway for air to enter and exit the lungs. It is made up of cartilage rings that provide structural support and prevent collapse of the airway. The trachea also contains cilia, which are small hair-like structures that help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract.

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50. Assertiveness is a way to:

Explanation

Assertiveness is a way to express oneself honestly and confidently while still considering and respecting the thoughts, feelings, and boundaries of others. It involves effectively communicating one's needs, wants, and opinions without being overly aggressive or passive. Assertiveness allows individuals to maintain their self-respect and dignity while also valuing the perspectives and rights of others.

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51. Major causes of skin ulcers include:

Explanation

Moisture, lack of repositioning, and friction are all major causes of skin ulcers. Moisture can lead to maceration of the skin, making it more susceptible to breakdown. Lack of repositioning can result in prolonged pressure on certain areas, leading to tissue ischemia and ulceration. Friction, especially when combined with moisture, can cause shearing forces that damage the skin's integrity. Therefore, all three factors contribute to the development of skin ulcers.

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52. Common warning symptoms of an impending or beginning heart attack include:

Explanation

Nausea and flu-like symptoms or unexplained muscle pain are common warning symptoms of an impending or beginning heart attack. These symptoms can occur due to the reduced blood flow to the heart, causing the heart muscle to become starved of oxygen. This can result in symptoms that mimic the flu, such as nausea, fatigue, and muscle pain. It is important to recognize these warning signs and seek medical attention immediately to prevent further complications or damage to the heart.

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53. As we age, our skin

Explanation

As we age, our skin undergoes various changes, including a decrease in the production of collagen and elastin, which are responsible for maintaining the skin's thickness and elasticity. This leads to the thinning of the skin over time. Additionally, the natural fat layer beneath the skin also diminishes, further contributing to the thinning appearance. These factors combined result in the skin becoming thinner as we age.

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54. During a schizophrenic episode, a person is:

Explanation

During a schizophrenic episode, a person's perception becomes distorted, making it difficult for them to differentiate between what is real and what is not. This can result in experiencing hallucinations or delusions, which further blurs the line between reality and fantasy. The individual may struggle to discern whether their thoughts, perceptions, or experiences are based on actual events or are products of their imagination. This lack of ability to distinguish reality from fantasy is a key characteristic of schizophrenia and can significantly impact their daily functioning and interactions with others.

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55. The nervous system includes the nerves and the:

Explanation

The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. It consists of two main components, the nerves and the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord, also known as the central nervous system, are the control centers of the body. They receive and process information from the nerves and send out signals to coordinate bodily functions. Therefore, the correct answer is brain and spinal cord.

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56. Registered and Psychiatric Nurses and therapists and nutritionists:

Explanation

The correct answer is that all of the options provided are correct. Registered and psychiatric nurses, therapists, and nutritionists are all healthcare professionals who work closely with physicians and pharmacists. They follow the diagnosis and prescriptions provided by physicians and pharmacists, forward any important observations about patients to them, and also monitor the patients' progress. All of these tasks are important in providing comprehensive and coordinated healthcare to patients.

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57. Persons with Asperberger's Syndrome can be very high functioning especially in technical areas..

Explanation

Persons with Asperger's Syndrome often have a high level of intelligence and can excel in technical areas. They may have a strong focus on specific interests or subjects, allowing them to develop advanced skills and knowledge in those areas. While they may struggle with social interactions and communication, they can still perform exceptionally well in technical fields due to their attention to detail, logical thinking, and ability to concentrate for long periods. Therefore, it is true that individuals with Asperger's Syndrome can be highly functioning, particularly in technical areas.

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58. The digestive system:

Explanation

The digestive system is responsible for taking in food, extracting nutrients from it, and eliminating waste through the anus. This process begins with the intake of food through the mouth, where it is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing and mixed with saliva. The food then travels through the esophagus into the stomach, where it is further broken down by stomach acids and enzymes. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, and waste products are formed. The waste is then eliminated through the rectum and anus in the form of feces.

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59. Exercise benefits:

Explanation

Exercise benefits all cells and systems in the body. When we exercise, our muscles and skeleton are strengthened, which helps improve overall physical strength and stability. Additionally, exercise increases heart rate and breathing, resulting in improved cardiovascular fitness and stronger heart and lungs. Exercise also has positive effects on the nervous system, promoting better cognitive function, mood, and overall mental well-being. Furthermore, exercise stimulates the body's various systems, including the immune system, digestive system, and endocrine system, leading to improved overall health and functioning.

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60. Untreated bipolar disorder will:

Explanation

Untreated bipolar disorder will lead to an increase in both the frequency and severity of cycles. Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings, including depressive and manic episodes. Without proper treatment, these cycles can become more frequent and intense, causing significant disruptions in the person's life. It is important for individuals with bipolar disorder to receive appropriate medical and psychological interventions to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

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61. Early stage care monitoring of a cancer-diagnosed client includes:

Explanation

The early stage care monitoring of a cancer-diagnosed client includes medication monitoring. This is important because cancer treatment often involves various medications, such as chemotherapy drugs, hormone therapies, or targeted therapies. Monitoring the client's medication intake ensures that they are taking the prescribed medications correctly and helps to manage any potential side effects or drug interactions. It also allows healthcare professionals to assess the effectiveness of the medications and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

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62. As we age, our skin becomes:

Explanation

As we age, our skin tends to become thinner. This is due to a decrease in the production of collagen and elastin, which are proteins responsible for maintaining the skin's thickness and elasticity. Additionally, the fat layer underneath the skin also diminishes, leading to a thinner appearance. Thinning of the skin can make it more prone to wrinkles, dryness, and bruising.

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63. Drug and alcohol abuse in schizophrenics approaches:

Explanation

The correct answer is 50% in men and 30% in women. This means that among schizophrenics, 50% of men and 30% of women engage in drug and alcohol abuse. This suggests that there is a higher prevalence of substance abuse in men compared to women in this population. It is important to note that substance abuse can have detrimental effects on the overall well-being and treatment outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia.

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64. An essential difference between self-esteem and self-compassion is:

Explanation

Self compassion is about understanding ourselves and forgiving and learning. Unearned self esteem is often about feeling proud even when we shouldn't.

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65. Even where proof to the opposite is clear, feeling that large bugs and animals are eating one's skin is an example of:

Explanation

The feeling that large bugs and animals are eating one's skin, even when there is clear proof to the opposite, is an example of a hallucination. Hallucinations are sensory experiences that are not based on reality and can involve seeing, hearing, feeling, or smelling things that are not actually present. In this case, the person is experiencing a tactile hallucination, perceiving the sensation of bugs and animals on their skin when there is no actual physical presence.

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66. The Thyroid and Thymus are located in the:

Explanation

The Thyroid and Thymus are located in the upper chest and throat. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. It produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The thymus gland is located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone. It plays a vital role in the development of the immune system, particularly during childhood. Both glands are important for the proper functioning of the body and are situated in the upper chest and throat region.

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67. Sexual reproduction involves at least __________ individual(s).

Explanation

Sexual reproduction involves at least two individuals because it requires the fusion of gametes from two different parents to produce offspring. Each parent contributes one gamete, typically an egg from the female and a sperm from the male, which then combine to form a zygote. This process ensures genetic diversity and allows for the mixing and reshuffling of genetic material, leading to variation among offspring.

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68. If your client's behaviour changes from nice and pleasant to nasty and unpleasant, your role as caregiver is:

Explanation

A change in behaviour is often a signal of an underlying physical problem such as stroke. Report immediately.

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69. Down's syndrome also commonly includes heart, hearing and vision problems.

Explanation

True. All of which contribute to higher risk of early mortality.

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70. Communication is:

Explanation

Communication is described as the art of providing and receiving information because it involves the skillful exchange of messages between individuals. It goes beyond simply transmitting information and involves understanding and interpreting the information being conveyed. Effective communication requires not only the ability to speak and write clearly but also to listen actively and comprehend the messages being received. It is a creative process that involves both the sender and receiver of information, making it an art form rather than a purely scientific endeavor.

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71. The best way to stop a crisis situation is:

Explanation

The best way to stop a crisis situation is through prevention if possible, and intervention when necessary. Prevention involves taking proactive measures to identify and address potential risks or issues before they escalate into a crisis. This can include implementing safety protocols, conducting risk assessments, and providing training and education. However, despite preventive measures, crises can still occur. In such cases, intervention becomes necessary to mitigate the impact and resolve the crisis effectively. Intervention involves taking immediate action to address the crisis, such as implementing emergency response plans, mobilizing resources, and making critical decisions. By combining prevention and intervention strategies, organizations can effectively manage and stop crisis situations.

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72. The most important rule for a caregiver with an osteoporotic clients is:

Explanation

The most important rule for a caregiver with an osteoporotic client is to handle with care. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making the client more prone to fractures and injuries. Therefore, it is crucial for the caregiver to be cautious and gentle when providing care, avoiding any actions that could potentially cause harm or injury to the client.

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73. Urine leaves the bladder through the ____________ and exits the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is Urethra. The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external opening of the body. It serves as a passageway for urine to leave the body. The ureter is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder, while the renal vein and renal artery are blood vessels that are involved in the filtration and transportation of blood in the kidneys.

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74. Lack of sufficient fluid intake is a common underlying reason for repeated Urinary tract infections.

Explanation

Lack of sufficient fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, which can increase the risk of urinary tract infections. When there is not enough fluid in the body, the urine becomes more concentrated and less likely to flush out bacteria that may be present in the urinary tract. This can allow bacteria to multiply and cause infections. Therefore, it is important to maintain proper hydration to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections.

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75. Exercise is important for the elderly because:

Explanation

Exercise is important for the elderly because it helps slow down muscle atrophy, which is the shrinking of muscles that can occur with age. Regular physical activity also helps increase balance, which can help prevent falls and injuries. Additionally, exercise helps with breathing by strengthening the respiratory muscles and improving lung function. Therefore, engaging in exercise can have multiple benefits for the elderly, including slowing muscle atrophy, improving balance, and enhancing breathing.

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76. The term Arthritis refers to:

Explanation

Arthritis is a term used to describe the inflammation of the joints. Inflammation refers to the body's immune response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain. Therefore, the correct answer is "Inflammation of the joints."

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77. As part of monitoring your client's health, the _____________ of the client's urine should be checked:

Explanation

As part of monitoring a client's health, it is important to check the color, volume, and smell of their urine. The color of urine can indicate hydration levels and the presence of certain medical conditions. The volume of urine can provide information about kidney function and fluid balance in the body. The smell of urine can also be a sign of certain medical conditions or dietary factors. Therefore, checking all three aspects of urine can provide valuable insights into a client's overall health.

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78. Mosquitos inject pathogens by:

Explanation

Mosquitos inject pathogens by puncturing the skin. When a mosquito bites, it uses its sharp mouthparts to penetrate the skin and locate a blood vessel. During this process, it injects saliva that contains pathogens into the bloodstream. This allows the mosquito to feed on the blood and also transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.

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79. The Rule of 9 is useful for:

Explanation

The Rule of 9 is a method used to estimate the amount of skin involved in disease or burns. It divides the body into different regions, each accounting for a specific percentage of the total body surface area. By applying this rule, healthcare professionals can quickly assess the extent of the affected area and determine the appropriate treatment or management plan for the patient. This estimation is crucial in determining fluid resuscitation requirements, predicting complications, and guiding the overall care of patients with burns or skin diseases.

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80. The primary focus in choosing exercises for elderly clients is to improve:

Explanation

The primary focus in choosing exercises for elderly clients is to improve flexibility and strength. This is because as individuals age, they tend to experience a decline in muscle mass and flexibility, which can lead to decreased mobility and increased risk of falls. By focusing on exercises that improve flexibility and strength, elderly clients can maintain or improve their range of motion, balance, and overall physical function, helping them to remain independent and reduce the risk of injury.

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81. When preparing for a lift or transfer:

Explanation

When preparing for a lift or transfer, it is important to check the bed, chair, room, and floor to ensure that they are safe and suitable for the task. This includes checking for any obstacles or hazards that could impede the transfer process. By conducting this check, one can identify any potential risks and take appropriate measures to mitigate them, ensuring the safety and comfort of the individual being lifted or transferred.

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82. Before the lift: Which are correct?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Bed low, chair -- remove arm and rests, all brakes on, dry floor and no hazards." This answer is correct because it accurately reflects the instructions given before the lift. The bed should be in the lowest position with brakes on, and the chair should have the arm and foot rest removed with brakes on as well. Additionally, the floor should be dry and free of any slip hazards.

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83. A spectrum disorder is one that varies from severe to mild.

Explanation

A spectrum disorder is a type of disorder that encompasses a wide range of severity, from severe to mild. This means that individuals with a spectrum disorder can exhibit a variety of symptoms and levels of impairment, with some experiencing more severe symptoms and others experiencing milder symptoms. Therefore, the statement that a spectrum disorder varies from severe to mild is true.

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84. The ability to reach the next level of needs may be limited by:

Explanation

The ability to reach the next level of needs may be limited by various factors such as age, income, health, and culture. Age can limit one's ability to fulfill certain needs, as different age groups have different priorities and capabilities. Income plays a significant role in fulfilling needs, as financial resources are required for basic necessities and higher-level needs. Health can restrict the ability to pursue certain needs, as illness or disability may limit physical or mental capabilities. Culture also influences needs and their fulfillment, as cultural norms and values shape individuals' desires and priorities. Therefore, all the provided options are correct in terms of limiting the ability to reach the next level of needs.

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85. Abuse may be:

Explanation

The correct answer is financial, emotional or physical. Abuse can manifest in various forms, including financial exploitation, emotional manipulation, or physical harm. These different types of abuse can occur in various caregiving situations and can have severe consequences for the individuals involved. It is important for caregivers to be aware of these potential forms of abuse and take steps to prevent and address them.

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86. Down's syndrome also commonly includes:

Explanation

Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Along with intellectual and developmental delays, individuals with Down's syndrome commonly experience various health issues. Heart defects, hearing loss, and vision problems are frequently observed in individuals with Down's syndrome. These additional health problems can significantly impact the overall well-being and quality of life for individuals with this condition.

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87. The term "Osteo" refers to:

Explanation

The term "Osteo" is derived from the Greek word "osteon" which means bone. Therefore, "Osteo" refers to bones.

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88. Of the following, which is most important to effective communication?

Explanation

Understanding is the most important aspect of effective communication because it allows individuals to comprehend and interpret the message being conveyed. Without understanding, communication becomes ineffective as the intended message may be misinterpreted or not fully comprehended by the recipient. Understanding helps to ensure that the message is received and interpreted correctly, leading to successful communication and the ability to build strong relationships and connections with others.

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89. Edema is:

Explanation

Edema refers to a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess interstitial fluids, leading to a puffy or swollen area. This excess fluid can accumulate in various parts of the body, such as the ankles, feet, or other affected areas. It is important to note that edema is not caused by inflammation, nor is it associated with insufficient interstitial fluids.

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90. Athletes have ______________ calorie requirements than non-athletes.

Explanation

Athletes have higher calorie requirements than non-athletes because they burn more energy. This is because athletes engage in regular physical activity and intense training, which increases their metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Their bodies require more fuel to support their active lifestyle and to meet the demands of their training sessions and competitions. Therefore, athletes need to consume more calories to ensure they have enough energy for optimal performance and recovery.

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91. When dealing with the family of a stroke victim, it is important to remember that:

Explanation

When a family member has experienced a stroke, it is common for both the client and their family to go through a period of denial and anger. This is a normal reaction to a traumatic event and should be expected. Denial may be a defense mechanism to protect oneself from the reality of the situation, while anger can arise from feelings of frustration, fear, or helplessness. It is important for healthcare professionals to understand and empathize with these emotions, providing support and guidance to help the family cope with the challenges they are facing.

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92. For cancer treatment:

Explanation

The answer suggests that there is not enough information or evidence to determine whether any of the mentioned treatments for cancer are completely useless. This implies that further research and understanding are needed to make a conclusive judgment on the effectiveness of these therapies in cancer treatment.

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93. Women and men are so different that they require different approaches to:

Explanation

The answer is "Bathrooms, medications and emotions" because women and men have different biological needs when it comes to using the bathroom and taking medications. Additionally, societal norms and expectations can influence how women and men express and handle their emotions. Therefore, it is important to consider these differences and tailor approaches accordingly in order to meet the specific needs and experiences of each gender.

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94. Muscle cramps are most often caused by dehydration and lack of magnesium but may also be caused by:

Explanation

The correct answer is that all the provided options could cause cramps or similar symptoms. Muscle cramps can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, lack of magnesium, pinched nerves, diseases of the nerves, and diseases of the muscle or skeleton. Therefore, any of these options could potentially lead to the occurrence of muscle cramps or similar symptoms.

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95. Before lifting, make certain that:

Explanation

It is important to warm up the joints and muscles before lifting to prevent self-injury. When the joints and muscles are warmed up, they become more flexible and less prone to strains or sprains during lifting. This helps to ensure that the body is prepared for the physical exertion and reduces the risk of injury.

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96. The Prostate exists in:

Explanation

The prostate is a gland that is part of the male reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra. The gland produces fluid that helps nourish and transport sperm. Therefore, the prostate only exists in males and is not present in females.

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97. For an asthmatic client:

Explanation

All provided options are important because they all contribute to managing and preventing asthma attacks in an asthmatic client. Being aware of triggers helps the client avoid situations or substances that can trigger an attack. Being aware of the season is important because certain seasons, such as spring or fall, can have higher levels of allergens in the air that can trigger asthma symptoms. Being aware of expired medications ensures that the client is using effective and safe medications to control their asthma. Overall, all the options are crucial in maintaining the client's respiratory health.

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98. Useful techniques to control your nervousness or fear when in front of an audience include:

Explanation

The given answer states that all of the provided options are useful techniques for controlling nervousness or fear when in front of an audience. This means that being prepared by knowing your material, focusing on the listener and their reasons for attending, and focusing on the message rather than yourself are all effective strategies to manage nervousness or fear in a public speaking situation.

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99. If a coworker is angry, it's probably because:

Explanation

The correct answer is "It probably has nothing to do with you." This answer suggests that the coworker's anger is most likely not caused by anything the person answering the question did. It implies that the coworker's anger may be related to other factors or issues that are unrelated to the person answering the question.

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100. For a client with a history of depression, the caregiver must know:

Explanation

For a caregiver dealing with a client who has a history of depression, knowing the client's history, pattern, and warning signs are all important. Understanding the client's history of suicide or injury can help the caregiver assess the level of risk and provide appropriate support. Knowing the client's typical depression pattern can help the caregiver identify when the client may be entering a depressive episode or when they may be starting to recover. Being aware of the typical warning signs of starting or ending depression can also help the caregiver anticipate and address the client's needs effectively. Overall, having knowledge of the client's history, pattern, and warning signs is crucial for providing appropriate care and support.

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101. IADL means:

Explanation

IADL stands for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. This term refers to the tasks and activities that are necessary for independent living and functioning in society, such as managing finances, meal preparation, transportation, and housekeeping. These activities are considered more complex and require higher cognitive and physical functioning compared to basic activities of daily living (ADLs), which include tasks like bathing, dressing, and eating.

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102. Poor dental hygiene (mouth and teeth care) can lead to:

Explanation

Poor dental hygiene can lead to poor appetite because tooth decay and gum disease can cause pain and discomfort while eating. Dehydration can occur due to the difficulty in chewing and swallowing caused by dental problems. Additionally, bacteria from oral infections can enter the bloodstream and contribute to the development of heart disease. Therefore, poor dental hygiene can have a significant impact on overall health, leading to poor appetite, dehydration, and heart disease.

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103. In health care, stress is:

Explanation

Stress in healthcare refers to an automatic physical and mental response to a threat. When faced with a perceived threat, the body and mind react by initiating a stress response. This response can manifest in various ways, such as increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and feelings of anxiety or fear. The physical and mental aspects of stress work together to prepare and protect the individual in a potentially dangerous situation. Therefore, the correct answer is that stress in healthcare involves an automatic physical and mental response to a threat.

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104. Two of the most common physical disorders that limit mobility are:

Explanation

Arthritis and osteoporosis are two physical disorders that can limit mobility. Arthritis is a condition that causes inflammation and pain in the joints, making it difficult to move and perform daily activities. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the risk of fractures and making it harder to move without pain or injury. Both conditions can significantly impact a person's ability to move freely and independently.

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105. Never go on outing with your FASD client.  They are dangerous and nothing good can come of them.

Explanation

The statement is incorrect because it generalizes individuals with FASD as dangerous and implies that nothing positive can come from spending time with them. This is an unfair stereotype and does not take into account the individuality and potential of each person with FASD. It is important to approach each person with FASD with empathy, understanding, and support, rather than assuming they are inherently dangerous.

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106. A state of health refers to:

Explanation

The correct answer is "The general condition of the body and mind." This is because a state of health encompasses both physical and mental well-being. It refers to the overall condition and functioning of both the body and mind, including factors such as physical fitness, absence of illness or disease, emotional well-being, and cognitive functioning.

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107. Creative thinking may be necessary where:

Explanation

Creative thinking is required in situations that are new because there is no pre-existing solution or established method to solve the problem. It is also necessary when the caregiver has not been trained for a particular situation because they need to come up with innovative ideas to address the issue. Additionally, when equipment is not working but the work still needs to be done, creative thinking is essential to find alternative ways to accomplish the task. Therefore, all the provided options can be situations where creative thinking is necessary.

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108. Socratic questioning uses questions to:

Explanation

Socratic questioning is a method of inquiry that uses questions to stimulate critical thinking and enhance understanding. By asking questions, it helps to improve clarity by encouraging individuals to think deeply and articulate their thoughts more clearly. It also aids in increasing precision and accuracy by challenging assumptions and encouraging individuals to provide more specific and accurate information. Additionally, Socratic questioning helps determine relevance by prompting individuals to consider whether certain information or ideas are important and contribute to the overall discussion. Therefore, all the provided options are correct in describing the purposes of Socratic questioning.

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109. Parasites require:

Explanation

Parasites require protection and feeding by their hosts because they are unable to survive independently. They rely on their hosts for shelter and nutrients, as they lack the ability to produce their own food. Additionally, parasites need a constant blood supply to obtain essential nutrients and oxygen to survive. They also require vitamins and minerals from their hosts to meet their nutritional needs.

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110. Major problems with the mania episode are:

Explanation

The major problems with a mania episode include excessive self-esteem and engaging in various types of risky behavior. During a manic episode, individuals often have an inflated sense of self-worth and may believe they possess extraordinary abilities or talents. This can lead to reckless decision-making, such as engaging in financially risky behavior or participating in sexually risky behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is that excessive self-esteem and all types of risky behavior are major problems associated with a mania episode.

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111. Paranoia is:

Explanation

Paranoia refers to an irrational state of fear or anxiety characterized by persecution delusions. This means that individuals experiencing paranoia have an intense and unfounded fear that others are plotting against them or trying to harm them. They may believe that they are being watched, followed, or targeted in some way, despite lacking evidence to support these beliefs. Paranoia is often associated with mental health conditions such as paranoid personality disorder or certain types of psychosis.

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112. When stress is gone:

Explanation

When stress is gone, the body's production of adrenaline and cortisol decreases. Adrenaline and cortisol are stress hormones that are released by the body in response to stress. When stress is no longer present, the body no longer needs to produce these hormones. On the other hand, the production of HGH (human growth hormone) increases when stress is gone. HGH is responsible for promoting growth, cell regeneration, and repair in the body. So, when stress is no longer present, the body can focus more on growth and repair processes, leading to an increase in HGH production.

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113. In very poor or unpopulated areas:

Explanation

In very poor or unpopulated areas, it is likely that there is only one caregiver who is responsible for providing all necessary care. Additionally, these areas may lack hospitals or specialists, making it difficult for individuals to access specialized medical services. Furthermore, the caregiver in these areas may have to take on another job in order to make ends meet. Therefore, all of the provided options are correct in describing the situation in very poor or unpopulated areas.

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114. If you suspect a stroke with your client, you should immediately:

Explanation

First call. You can check the other signs while on the phone.

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115. A 100 year old person in average condition can be expected to have a maximum heart rate of:

Explanation

As a person ages, their maximum heart rate tends to decrease. A 100-year-old person in average condition would have a lower maximum heart rate compared to a younger individual. Therefore, the correct answer is 120, which is the lowest option provided.

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116. Emotions:

Explanation

Emotions are the result of our beliefs because our thoughts and beliefs shape how we perceive and interpret events, which then elicit emotional responses. They also serve as protective mechanisms because emotions can alert us to potential threats or dangers in our environment. Additionally, emotions have a direct impact on the brain and its chemistry, influencing neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate mood and behavior. Therefore, emotions result from our beliefs, protect us, and affect the brain and brain chemistry.

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117. When the brain perceives a threat, it:

Explanation

When the brain perceives a threat, it triggers the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rates and blood pressure. This physiological response helps to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and organs, enabling the individual to respond quickly and effectively to the perceived threat.

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118. Addictions result from:

Explanation

Addictions result from the combination of both the substance and the user. While the substance itself may have addictive properties, it is the interaction between the substance and the individual's brain chemistry, genetics, and psychological factors that ultimately lead to addiction. The substance may create a physical dependence, but the user's behaviors, choices, and vulnerability also play a significant role in the development and maintenance of addiction.

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119. Abstract thinking is:

Explanation

Abstract thinking refers to the ability to think conceptually and understand complex ideas that are not directly observable or concrete. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a condition caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, which can result in various cognitive impairments. Given this, it is likely that abstract thinking would be difficult for most individuals with FASD. This is because the cognitive deficits associated with FASD can impact their ability to process and understand abstract concepts, making it more challenging for them compared to individuals without FASD.

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120. The bones are attached to muscles by:

Explanation

Tendons are the correct answer because they are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They are responsible for transmitting the force generated by the muscles to the bones, allowing movement and providing stability to the skeletal system. Ligaments, on the other hand, connect bones to other bones, synovial fluid lubricates the joints, and cartilage provides cushioning and support within the joints.

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121. Following a crisis situation, post-vention is necessary because:

Explanation

Post-vention is necessary following a crisis situation because it is important to learn if the situation can be prevented next time. By analyzing and understanding the causes and factors that led to the crisis, organizations can implement preventive measures and strategies to avoid similar incidents in the future. This helps in improving the overall preparedness and resilience of the organization, minimizing the chances of recurrence, and ensuring the safety and well-being of everyone involved. Assigning blame, getting rid of troublemakers, or avoiding getting fired may not address the root causes or contribute to long-term solutions.

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122. In adults, exercise:

Explanation

Exercise increases bone density because it puts stress on the bones, which stimulates the bone cells to become more active and produce more bone tissue. This helps to strengthen the bones and prevent conditions like osteoporosis. Regular weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, or weightlifting, are particularly effective in promoting bone density. Additionally, exercise also helps to improve balance and coordination, reducing the risk of falls and fractures.

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123. Body language is:

Explanation

Body language differs as much as languages do because body language is a form of non-verbal communication that varies across different cultures, regions, and individuals. Just like languages, body language can have different meanings and interpretations depending on the context and cultural background. Different gestures, facial expressions, and postures can convey different messages and emotions, making body language unique to each person and culture. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that body language is the same for everyone, just as languages differ from one another.

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124. The kidneys serve to:

Explanation

The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining the body's overall health by filtering the blood and removing waste materials and toxins. They help regulate the balance of fluids and electrolytes, excrete waste products through urine, and eliminate harmful substances from the body. By performing these functions, the kidneys ensure that the body's internal environment remains stable and free from harmful substances.

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125. Immunity to certain pathogens can be created by:

Explanation

Previous infection, vaccination, and inoculation can all create immunity to certain pathogens. When a person is infected with a pathogen, their immune system responds by producing antibodies and memory cells that recognize and remember that specific pathogen. This provides immunity against future infections with the same pathogen. Vaccination involves introducing a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen into the body, which stimulates the immune system to produce a response and create immunity. Inoculation is a similar process, where a small amount of the pathogen is introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response. Therefore, previous infection, vaccination, and inoculation can all lead to the creation of immunity against specific pathogens.

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126. T-Cells are examples of:

Explanation

T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and destroying infected or abnormal cells in the body. As immune cells, T-cells are not pathogens, trauma cells, or trouble cells. They are an essential component of the immune system's defense mechanism against infections and diseases.

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127. How fast people walk is a good indicator of:

Explanation

The speed at which people walk can be a good indicator of their mortality. Research has shown that slower walking speeds are associated with a higher risk of mortality. This may be because slower walking speed can be a sign of poor health, decreased physical fitness, or underlying medical conditions. Therefore, it is important to monitor and assess walking speed as it can provide valuable information about an individual's overall health and potential risk of mortality.

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128. Later stage care (advanced cancers) requires additional caregiving attention to:

Explanation

In later stage care for advanced cancers, bed sores, pain management, and avoiding additional infections are all crucial aspects that require close attention. Bed sores can develop due to prolonged immobility and can lead to further complications if not treated properly. Pain management is essential as advanced cancers often cause severe pain that needs to be effectively managed to improve the patient's quality of life. Additionally, avoiding additional infections is important as the immune system is often weakened in advanced cancer patients, making them more susceptible to illnesses like colds and flues. Therefore, all the items listed in the question require close attention in later stage care for advanced cancers.

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129. The acronym for recognizing a stroke is:

Explanation

The correct answer is FAST because it stands for Face, Arm, Speech, and Time. This acronym is used to help individuals recognize the signs of a stroke. It reminds people to look for facial drooping, weakness or numbness in the arm, slurred speech, and to act quickly by calling emergency services. Recognizing these symptoms and seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in treating a stroke and minimizing potential damage.

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130. Risk factors for stroke include:

Explanation

This answer is correct because the risk factors for stroke include a history of stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and age. Having a previous stroke increases the likelihood of having another one. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for stroke as it can damage blood vessels in the brain. Diabetes also increases the risk of stroke due to its impact on blood vessels and the cardiovascular system. Age is also a risk factor, with the risk of stroke increasing as a person gets older.

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131. Memory is:

Explanation

Memory is not a fixed and unchangeable entity. It can be both permanent and temporary, depending on the type of memory being referred to. Additionally, memory is not always reliable as it can be influenced by various factors such as suggestion, bias, and the passage of time. Therefore, memory can be both permanent or temporary and is not always accurate or trustworthy.

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132. Observation of cardiac patients always includes:

Explanation

Observation of cardiac patients always includes assessing their skin and nail color. This is because changes in skin and nail color can indicate poor circulation or oxygenation, which are common issues in cardiac patients. Pale or bluish skin and nails may suggest reduced blood flow, while yellowing of the skin can indicate liver dysfunction. Monitoring these visual cues can help healthcare professionals identify potential complications or worsening of the patient's condition.

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133. Insulin is produced in the:

Explanation

Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas. The specific region of the pancreas where insulin is produced is called the Isles of Langerhans. These islets are responsible for the production and secretion of several hormones, including insulin. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is Isles of Langerhans.

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134. Standard treatment for diabetes is:

Explanation

The standard treatment for diabetes includes a combination of diet, medication, and insulin. This is because diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Diet plays a crucial role in managing diabetes as it helps control the intake of carbohydrates, which directly affect blood sugar levels. Medication, such as oral hypoglycemic drugs, can help lower blood sugar levels. However, in some cases, insulin may be necessary to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. Therefore, a combination of diet, medication, and insulin is the most effective approach to managing diabetes.

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135. The abort point is where:

Explanation

The abort point refers to a situation during a lift where it is possible to cancel the lift and safely return the client to their original position before the lift began. This could be due to various reasons such as the client experiencing discomfort or pain during the lift, a change in the client's condition, or any other unforeseen circumstances that may arise. By aborting the lift, the client's safety and well-being are prioritized, ensuring that they are not put at risk during the lifting process.

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136. Risk means:

Explanation

Risk means anything which might have a harmful outcome. This definition encompasses the possibility of negative consequences, regardless of the severity or the specific context. It acknowledges that risks exist in various aspects of life and business, and it is important to identify, assess, and manage them effectively. By understanding that risks can range from minor inconveniences to major threats, individuals and organizations can take proactive measures to minimize their impact and make informed decisions.

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137. If your elderly female client is sexually active, she is likely to need:

Explanation

If an elderly female client is sexually active, she is likely to need lubricants. As women age, their bodies produce less natural lubrication, which can lead to discomfort or pain during sexual activity. Using lubricants can help to reduce friction and increase comfort, making sexual activity more enjoyable.

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138. Critical thinking includes the ability to:

Explanation

Critical thinking includes the ability to distinguish truth from falsity, distinguish relevance from irrelevance, and distinguish opinion from facts. These skills are essential for evaluating information, making informed decisions, and forming logical arguments. Being able to discern what is true or false, what is relevant or irrelevant, and what is an opinion or a fact is crucial for critical thinking. Therefore, all the provided options are correct as they all contribute to the overall ability to think critically.

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139. In some animals, the salivary glands are used to produce:

Explanation

Some animals use their salivary glands to produce venom. Venom is a specialized secretion that is injected into prey or enemies, causing harm or immobilization. This adaptation allows these animals to defend themselves, capture prey, or aid in digestion. Salivary glands produce and release the venom, which contains various toxins or enzymes that can be highly potent and effective in their intended purpose.

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140. Causes of workplace violence often include:

Explanation

The given answer is correct because all of the provided options - lack of leadership, lack of policies, and communication failures - can contribute to workplace violence. A lack of leadership can create a chaotic and unstable work environment, increasing the likelihood of conflicts and violence. Similarly, a lack of policies can lead to confusion and uncertainty, creating tension among employees. Communication failures can result in misunderstandings, miscommunication, and unresolved conflicts, which can escalate into violence. Therefore, all of these factors can play a role in contributing to workplace violence.

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141. The tube connecting the mouth and stomach is the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the oesophagus (esophagus). The oesophagus is the tube that connects the mouth and the stomach. It is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach through a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis. The small intestine and large intestine are parts of the digestive system but are not the correct answer in this context.

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142. The basic types of pathogens include:

Explanation

The basic types of pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in their host. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can cause infections such as strep throat or urinary tract infections. Viruses are tiny particles that can invade the cells of their host and cause diseases such as the flu or common cold. Fungi are multicellular organisms that can cause infections such as athlete's foot or yeast infections. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside their host and can cause diseases such as malaria or intestinal worms.

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143. In the elderly, a UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) can be confused with:

Explanation

In the elderly, a UTI can be confused with dementia because both conditions can cause similar symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and changes in behavior. UTIs can lead to delirium, which can be mistaken for dementia. It is important to consider a UTI as a potential cause of these symptoms in the elderly, as it can be easily treated with antibiotics.

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144. During a schizophrenic episode, it is important for the caregiver to:

Explanation

During a schizophrenic episode, speaking quietly, clearly, and in a calm voice is important for the caregiver. This approach helps create a soothing and non-threatening environment, which can help reduce the client's anxiety and agitation. Speaking loudly may escalate their distress, while using sarcasm can be confusing and potentially worsen their symptoms. Using humor may also not be appropriate during this time, as it may not be well-received or understood by the individual experiencing the episode.

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145. Hoarding is a sign of:

Explanation

Hoarding is a sign of a behavior disorder because it involves the excessive accumulation and difficulty discarding of items, leading to clutter and an inability to use living spaces for their intended purposes. People with hoarding disorder often experience distress or impairment as a result of their hoarding behavior. This behavior is not specific to any particular medical condition such as dementia, depression, or Alzheimer's, but rather is considered a separate psychological disorder.

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146. Learning requires:

Explanation

Learning requires brain growth in the form of new neurons or connections. This is because learning involves the acquisition and processing of new information, which requires the brain to form new neural pathways or strengthen existing ones. Head growth and stronger neck muscles are not directly related to learning, although they may indirectly support cognitive development by providing a stable physical structure for the brain. The statement "nothing - it is automatic" is incorrect as learning is an active process that requires the brain to actively engage and adapt to new information.

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147. The average neuron has ____________ connections with other neurons.

Explanation

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They form connections with other neurons to create complex networks. The average neuron is estimated to have thousands of connections with other neurons, allowing for the transmission and processing of information throughout the brain and nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is "More than 1000".

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148. Adults have:

Explanation

The human adult body has more than 200 bones. This is because the human skeleton consists of 206 bones, which provide support, protection, and help with movement. These bones include the skull, spine, ribs, pelvis, and limbs. The number of bones in the body can vary slightly from person to person due to the presence of small accessory bones or the fusion of certain bones, but in general, adults have more than 200 bones.

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149. Which of the following are correct:

Explanation

Kidney infections and kidney stones can both decrease kidney function. Both conditions can lead to inflammation and damage to the kidneys, which can result in a decrease in kidney function. Kidney infections occur when bacteria enter the kidneys and cause an infection, while kidney stones are formed when minerals and salts in the urine crystallize and form hard deposits in the kidneys. Both conditions can cause pain and discomfort, and if left untreated, can lead to complications and a decline in kidney function.

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150. When learning about preventing a cycle, it is important to know:

Explanation

To effectively prevent a cycle, it is crucial to consider both medications and trigger events. Medications play a significant role in managing and stabilizing mood swings, preventing the occurrence of depressive or manic episodes. Understanding the specific medications prescribed and their potential side effects is essential for effective prevention. Additionally, identifying trigger events, such as stressful situations or certain behaviors, can help individuals anticipate and avoid circumstances that may lead to a cycle. By addressing both medications and trigger events, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent the onset of mood swings and maintain stability.

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151. A DNR means:

Explanation

A DNR, or Do Not Resuscitate, means that if a person's heart stops, medical professionals should not perform any life-saving measures such as CPR or using a defibrillator. This decision is usually made by the individual or their healthcare proxy in advance, indicating their preference to not be resuscitated in the event of cardiac arrest.

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152. If a client is having trouble understanding you, first try:

Explanation

When a client is having trouble understanding, speaking slowly and distinctly can help improve communication. This allows the client to better process and comprehend the information being conveyed. By speaking at a slower pace and enunciating clearly, it reduces the chances of miscommunication and enhances the client's ability to grasp the message. This approach is more effective than speaking more loudly or telling the client to pay attention, as it directly addresses the issue of understanding rather than assuming the problem lies with the client's attention or hearing.

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153. Lack of sleep has been linked to:

Explanation

The given answer is correct because lack of sleep has been linked to various health issues including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, depression, erectile dysfunction, and even sudden death. These conditions are often associated with chronic sleep deprivation, which can have detrimental effects on overall health and well-being. It is important to prioritize adequate sleep to reduce the risk of these health problems.

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154. Narcolepsy is:

Explanation

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by the uncontrollable and sudden onset of sleep, often at inappropriate times and places. People with narcolepsy may experience sudden episodes of falling asleep, even during activities such as driving or working. This condition is caused by a dysfunction in the brain's sleep-wake cycle regulation. It is important to note that narcolepsy is not the same as simply being tired or lacking sleep, as it is a chronic condition that requires medical attention and management.

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155. The major muscle types are:

Explanation

The major muscle types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. Cardiac muscles are found in the walls of the heart and are responsible for pumping blood. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs and blood vessels and are responsible for involuntary movements. These three types of muscles have different structures and functions, making them distinct from each other.

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156. Common symptoms in PTSD do not include:

Explanation

Obesity is not a common symptom in PTSD. PTSD is a mental health disorder that is typically characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, emotional numbing, avoidance, and flashbacks. Depression is also commonly associated with PTSD. However, obesity is not directly related to the symptoms of PTSD and is not considered a common symptom of the disorder.

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157. Common early symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

Explanation

Frequent urination and thirst are common early symptoms of hyperglycemia. When blood sugar levels are high, the kidneys try to remove the excess sugar by producing more urine, leading to increased urination. This excessive urination can cause dehydration, leading to increased thirst. Therefore, frequent urination and thirst are signs that the body is trying to get rid of the excess sugar and maintain balance.

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158. Posterior means:

Explanation

Posterior refers to the back or rear side of something. It is the opposite of anterior, which means the front or forward side. In this context, "back (behind)" is the correct answer as it accurately describes the meaning of posterior.

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159. Fertilization occurs in:

Explanation

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes. After ovulation, the egg is released from the ovary and travels through the fallopian tubes. If sperm is present in the fallopian tubes at the same time, fertilization can occur. The fallopian tubes provide the necessary environment for the sperm to meet and penetrate the egg, leading to fertilization. Once fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg then travels to the uterus where it implants and develops into a pregnancy.

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160. COPD is often treated with:

Explanation

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe. One of the main treatments for COPD is oxygen therapy. This involves providing supplemental oxygen to the patient to help improve their oxygen levels and alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath. Oxygen therapy can be delivered through various methods, such as nasal cannulas or oxygen masks. It is an essential treatment for managing COPD and improving the patient's quality of life.

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161. Peristalsis is:

Explanation

Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These muscular movements help to propel food and waste material through the digestive system. It is an essential process for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Paralysis of the intestines or stomach would inhibit peristalsis and disrupt the normal functioning of the GI tract. Chemical means of digestion involve the breakdown of food through the action of enzymes and other substances, which is different from peristalsis. Therefore, the correct answer is muscular movements of the GI tract.

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162. Necessary for any successful treatment of heart attack is:

Explanation

Lifestyle changes are necessary for any successful treatment of a heart attack because they can help reduce the risk of future heart problems. These changes may include adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy weight. By making these lifestyle changes, individuals can improve their overall heart health and reduce the chances of experiencing another heart attack. Medication and surgery may be necessary in some cases, but without lifestyle changes, the underlying causes of the heart attack may not be addressed effectively. Coronary bypass is a specific surgical procedure and is not necessary for all heart attack treatments.

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163. Stress affects:

Explanation

Stress affects all humans and animals. Stress is a natural response to demanding or challenging situations, and it can have physical and psychological effects on both humans and animals. When faced with stressors, the body releases stress hormones that trigger a "fight or flight" response, leading to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and heightened alertness. These physiological changes can be observed in both humans and animals. Additionally, stress can also impact mental health and well-being in both humans and animals, causing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Therefore, stress is not limited to a specific species and can affect all living beings.

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164. Your role as a caregiver is to:

Explanation

As a caregiver, your role is to supervise medications and access to medications. This means ensuring that the individual you are caring for takes their medications as prescribed and does not have unauthorized access to any medications. This responsibility helps to ensure their safety and well-being, as well as prevent any potential misuse or harm that may arise from improper medication use.

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165. Inflammation is sometimes due to:

Explanation

Inflammation is sometimes due to infection. Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms in the body, leading to an immune response and inflammation as the body's defense mechanism. When pathogens enter the body, the immune system releases chemicals that cause blood vessels to expand and become leaky, allowing immune cells to reach the site of infection. This increased blood flow and accumulation of immune cells result in redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are characteristic signs of inflammation. Therefore, infection is a common cause of inflammation.

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166. A displaced fracture is defined as a fracture where:

Explanation

The correct answer is "The bone is no longer in alignment." This means that the bone is broken and its two ends are no longer properly aligned with each other. This can happen due to a variety of reasons, such as a direct impact or trauma to the bone. When a bone is not in alignment, it can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty in movement. Treatment for a displaced fracture usually involves realigning the bone through manual manipulation or surgery, and immobilizing it with a cast or brace to allow for proper healing.

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167. For some people, when a stroke is treated early enough:

Explanation

When a stroke is treated early enough, recovery can be complete. This means that with prompt medical intervention and rehabilitation, individuals can regain their physical and cognitive abilities to a great extent. The brain has the potential to rewire itself and form new connections, allowing for recovery and improvement in functioning. However, the extent of recovery may vary from person to person, and some residual effects or disabilities may still persist. Nonetheless, early treatment significantly increases the chances of a complete recovery.

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168. Multiple sclerosis is caused by weaknesses in:

Explanation

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers called the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is essential for the proper functioning of nerve impulses, allowing them to transmit signals efficiently. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve signals are disrupted, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, coordination problems, and fatigue. Therefore, weaknesses in the myelin sheath are the cause of multiple sclerosis.

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169. Physicians are mainly responsible for:

Explanation

Physicians are mainly responsible for diagnosing and prescribing treatment protocols. This involves using their medical knowledge and expertise to identify and understand patients' medical conditions and recommend appropriate courses of treatment. They play a crucial role in healthcare by accurately diagnosing illnesses and diseases, and prescribing medications and treatment plans to help patients recover and improve their health.

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170. FASD person are more likely to have physical injuries because:

Explanation

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder) individuals are more likely to have physical injuries because they are less likely to stop an impulsive action and often have motor control problems. Impulsivity can lead to engaging in risky behaviors without considering the potential consequences, increasing the chances of getting injured. Furthermore, motor control problems can affect coordination and balance, making it more difficult to navigate physical activities and increasing the likelihood of accidents and injuries.

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171. As part of the endocrine system, the testes produce:

Explanation

The testes are responsible for producing testosterone, which is a male sex hormone. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues, such as the testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics like increased muscle mass and body hair. It also contributes to sperm production and libido. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced in the ovaries of females, while adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands.

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172. Down's syndrome also commonly includes low body weight.

Explanation

False. The opposite is more likely.

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173. Protease begins _____________ digestion.

Explanation

Protease is an enzyme that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller molecules called peptides. It does not play a role in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, or sugars. Therefore, the correct answer is "Proteins" as protease is involved in the digestion of proteins.

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174. Depression has:

Explanation

Depression is a complex mental health condition that can have both biological and social causes. Biological factors, such as genetics and imbalances in brain chemicals, can contribute to the development of depression. Additionally, social factors, such as stressful life events, trauma, and social isolation, can also play a role in triggering or exacerbating depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the social context in which individuals live, including their relationships, support systems, and socioeconomic status, can both contribute to and be influenced by depression. Therefore, it is accurate to say that biology and social context may be both cause and consequence of depression.

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175. The major organs of the urinary system include:

Explanation

The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. The bladder stores urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body through the urethra. The renal aorta and renal vena cava are blood vessels that supply and drain blood to and from the kidneys, respectively. The abdominal aorta and abdominal vena cava are larger blood vessels that supply and drain blood to and from the abdominal organs. Therefore, the correct answer is Kidneys, Bladder, urethra.

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176. Walking 150 minutes a week has been shown to:

Explanation

Walking 150 minutes a week has been shown to reduce the likelihood of dementia by 50%. This means that engaging in regular walking for the specified duration can significantly decrease the chances of developing dementia.

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177. Skeletal muscles attach to bones with:

Explanation

Skeletal muscles attach to bones with tendons. Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. They are responsible for transmitting the force generated by the muscle to the bone, allowing movement and providing stability to the skeletal system. Ligaments, on the other hand, connect bones to other bones, while joints are the points where two bones meet and allow movement. Other muscles do not directly attach to bones.

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178. The Master Gland is the:

Explanation

The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is responsible for secreting hormones that control various functions in the body. It is located at the base of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other important bodily processes. It acts as a control center for the endocrine system, receiving signals from the hypothalamus and sending out hormones to target organs and tissues. Therefore, the pituitary gland is commonly referred to as the master gland.

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179. Hypoglycemia means:

Explanation

Hypoglycemia refers to a condition where there is too little sugar in the blood. This occurs when the blood glucose levels drop below normal, usually due to factors such as excessive insulin production, certain medications, or prolonged fasting. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, dizziness, confusion, sweating, and weakness. It is important to treat hypoglycemia promptly by consuming foods or drinks high in sugar to raise blood glucose levels back to normal.

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180. Important caregiving knowledge and skills with a COPD client include:

Explanation

Caregivers need to have knowledge and skills in administering oxygen and bronchodilators to clients with COPD. Oxygen therapy helps improve oxygen levels in the blood and alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath. Bronchodilators, on the other hand, help relax and open up the airways, making it easier for the client to breathe. These interventions are essential in managing COPD and ensuring the client's respiratory function is optimized.

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181. The difference between manners and morals is:

Explanation

Manners and morals are different because manners are specifically focused on reducing offense towards others, while morals encompass behaviors that have a broader impact on well-being, including survival. Manners are more concerned with social etiquette and politeness, while morals involve principles and values that guide one's actions in relation to what is right and wrong.

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182. For persons with transplanted kidneys, immune suppressants often decrease immune function and increase susceptibility to all diseases

Explanation

For individuals who have received kidney transplants, immune suppressants are typically prescribed to prevent the body from rejecting the new organ. However, these medications can also weaken the immune system and make the person more vulnerable to various diseases. Therefore, the statement that immune suppressants often decrease immune function and increase susceptibility to all diseases is true.

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183. Insomnia is:

Explanation

Insomnia refers to the condition where an individual experiences difficulty in falling asleep. It is characterized by the inability to initiate or maintain sleep, leading to sleep deprivation and daytime fatigue. Insomnia can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, medical conditions, or certain medications. It is a common sleep disorder that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and overall well-being.

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184. PTSD is the result of:

Explanation

PTSD, or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, is a mental health condition that occurs as a result of experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It is characterized by emotional and behavioral symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, and avoidance of triggers. These symptoms are directly linked to the stress caused by the traumatic event, as the individual's mind and body struggle to cope with the overwhelming experience. Poor nutrition or weak character are not causes of PTSD, as it is a complex psychological response to trauma.

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185. Which of the following does not cause acquired brain injury

Explanation

Acquired brain injury refers to any damage to the brain that occurs after birth. Strokes, infections, and poisons can all cause acquired brain injury as they can disrupt the normal functioning of the brain. Lack of exercise, on the other hand, does not directly cause brain injury. While lack of exercise can lead to various health issues, it does not specifically target the brain and cause injury to it. Therefore, lack of exercise is the option that does not cause acquired brain injury.

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186. Unaddressed sleep problems:

Explanation

Unaddressed sleep problems can be fatal because they can lead to serious health issues such as sleep apnea, which is a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. Sleep apnea can cause oxygen levels in the body to drop, leading to various complications including heart problems, high blood pressure, and even an increased risk of stroke. Additionally, chronic sleep deprivation due to unaddressed sleep problems can weaken the immune system, impair cognitive function, and increase the risk of accidents and injuries. Therefore, it is important to address and treat sleep problems to ensure overall health and well-being.

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187. Improving balance and support in your clients generally requires training the type _______ muscles.

Explanation

Improving balance and support in your clients generally requires training the type 2 muscles. Type 2 muscles, also known as fast-twitch muscles, are responsible for generating quick and powerful movements. Training these muscles helps to enhance stability and support, as they provide the necessary strength and control required for maintaining balance. By targeting and strengthening type 2 muscles through exercises such as plyometrics and resistance training, clients can improve their overall balance and stability.

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188. Personal costs of addiction include:

Explanation

The personal costs of addiction include damage to the addict's health. Addiction can have severe physical and mental health consequences, such as organ damage, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of diseases. Substance abuse takes a toll on the body and can lead to long-term health problems. Additionally, addiction can also result in neglecting one's overall well-being, including poor nutrition, lack of self-care, and increased risk-taking behaviors, further exacerbating health issues. Therefore, the damage to the addict's health is a significant personal cost of addiction.

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189. Changes cause stress when:

Explanation

This answer suggests that all changes, regardless of whether they are predicted or a surprise, cause some level of stress. This means that even if a change is expected or anticipated, it can still result in stress. It implies that change inherently brings about a certain level of discomfort or anxiety, regardless of the nature or outcome of the change.

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190. In addition to action for a child that falls, when an elderly person falls check:

Explanation

When an elderly person falls, it is important to check their breathing, pulse, and nail color as these indicators can provide valuable information about their overall health and potential injuries. Breathing and pulse can indicate if the person is in distress or experiencing any cardiovascular issues. Nail color can help identify if there is a lack of oxygen or circulation in the body. These checks can help determine the severity of the fall and guide appropriate medical intervention if necessary.

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191. Risk factors for gout include:

Explanation

The correct answer is Male, Obesity, heavy alcohol consumption. Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs when there is a build-up of uric acid in the body, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints. Risk factors for developing gout include being male, as men are more prone to the condition, obesity, as excess weight can increase uric acid levels, and heavy alcohol consumption, as alcohol can interfere with the excretion of uric acid from the body.

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192. As a caregiver, your most important task with diabetics is:

Explanation

As a caregiver for diabetics, monitoring their blood sugar is the most important task. This is because blood sugar levels need to be carefully regulated in diabetics to prevent complications such as hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. By regularly monitoring their blood sugar levels, caregivers can ensure that the diabetic individual is maintaining a healthy range and can take appropriate actions if levels are too high or too low. This helps in preventing any potential health risks and managing the condition effectively.

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193. Basic health care laws are often created by central (federal) governments while:

Explanation

Basic health care laws are typically created by central (federal) governments to ensure a consistent and standardized approach to healthcare across the country. However, the enforcement of these laws is often done according to local standards, such as provincial or state regulations. Similarly, the funding for enforcement and care is often a combination of national and local resources. Therefore, all the provided options are correct as they accurately describe different aspects of the relationship between basic health care laws, enforcement, and funding.

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194. Strength training improves:

Explanation

Strength training involves performing exercises that target specific muscle groups to increase their strength and endurance. By engaging in strength training, individuals can improve their overall strength, which directly enhances their ability to perform daily tasks and activities. Additionally, strength training also helps to improve flexibility and balance, reducing the risk of falls and injuries. It can also have positive effects on cardiac function by improving heart health and promoting better circulation. Furthermore, strength training stimulates the lymphatic system, aiding in the removal of waste and toxins from the body. Lastly, it plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving bone density, which is important for preventing osteoporosis and fractures. Therefore, strength training improves all the provided options.

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195. Superior means:

Explanation

Superior means above or higher in position, rank, or importance. It refers to something or someone being at a higher level or superior to others. This term indicates a sense of superiority or being above others in terms of quality, status, or authority.

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196. Lateral means

Explanation

The term "lateral" refers to a direction or movement towards the side. It indicates a movement that is not in the middle or towards the center, but rather away from the center. Therefore, the correct answer is "Toward the side."

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197. When possible, it is preferable to use:

Explanation

Always use the strongest muscles

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198. Before a lift:

Explanation

The answer suggests that before performing a lift, it is important to check the condition of one's shoe laces to ensure they are secure and won't cause any accidents. Additionally, checking the floor is necessary to ensure there are no obstacles or hazards that could lead to a fall. Lastly, checking the client is important to assess their condition and any potential risks that may affect the lift. These steps help ensure the safety of both the caregiver and the client during the lifting process.

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199. A term ending in itis, means:

Explanation

A term ending in "itis" typically refers to inflammation. Inflammation is a natural response of the body to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat in the affected area. Therefore, when a term ends in "itis," it usually indicates that there is inflammation present in the specific body part or organ mentioned in the term.

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200. Body mechanics are needed by:

Explanation

Body mechanics refers to the proper use of the body during physical activities, such as lifting, bending, and carrying objects. It helps in preventing injuries and strain on the muscles and joints. While healthcare workers, professions involving lifting, and athletes may require body mechanics more frequently, it is still an important life skill for everyone. Regardless of occupation or lifestyle, knowing and practicing proper body mechanics can help individuals maintain their physical well-being and prevent common injuries.

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As a caregiver, if you suspect your client of addiction your should:
Short-term memory loss, forgetting about memory loss and personality...
Abduction means
To learn the lifts and transfers,
Common reasons for trips and falls when lifting include:
For immediate treatment of a heart attack, you might need to:
Communication awareness tools include:
Which of the following are commonly seen in people with depression:
The Integumentary system includes:
ADL means:
The primary goal of caregiving is:
Factors that affect the quality of healthcare include:
Caregivers need to be _______________ careful with older clients:
Which of the following is most correct?  As we age:
Signs of badly handled or too much stress include:
Before lifting, it is important to always:
Major risk factors for cancer are:
Direct measures of fitness include:
Which of the following are correct?
Social costs of addiction include:
Suddenly stopping the use of some addictive substances may cause:
The Ovaries and Testes are located in the:
Addictions often start with taking of drugs to
A system is:
Making a stable centre of gravity means:
We may never know how much or how many alcoholic drinks cause FASD...
The following are often seen in FASD persons:
When practicing critical thinking in conversation with someone, the...
Best things to do to assist immune systems does not include:
Who are caregivers?
Maximum heart rate may be affected by:
Major long term treatment for stroke victims include:
An immediate cause(s) of strokes are:
Effective communication begins with:
Risk factors of osteoporosis include:
Microbes are:
Bipolar disorders could be considered spectrum disorder because the...
The Epidermis is the _______________ layer of the skin.
Caregiving can be
An addict's withdrawal symptoms may include:
Behaviours common in depression include:
Kidney dialysis is used to:
Early stage care includes:
With schizophrenics, drug and alcohol abuse are serious problems.
Badly managed stress can:
Hyperglycemia means:
One of the most common reasons for caregiver injuries is:
Diagnosis for autism includes examining for:
The trachea is:
Assertiveness is a way to:
Major causes of skin ulcers include:
Common warning symptoms of an impending or beginning heart attack...
As we age, our skin
During a schizophrenic episode, a person is:
The nervous system includes the nerves and the:
Registered and Psychiatric Nurses and therapists and nutritionists:
Persons with Asperberger's Syndrome can be very high functioning...
The digestive system:
Exercise benefits:
Untreated bipolar disorder will:
Early stage care monitoring of a cancer-diagnosed client includes:
As we age, our skin becomes:
Drug and alcohol abuse in schizophrenics approaches:
An essential difference between self-esteem and self-compassion is:
Even where proof to the opposite is clear, feeling that large bugs and...
The Thyroid and Thymus are located in the:
Sexual reproduction involves at least __________ individual(s).
If your client's behaviour changes from nice and pleasant to nasty and...
Down's syndrome also commonly includes heart, hearing and vision...
Communication is:
The best way to stop a crisis situation is:
The most important rule for a caregiver with an osteoporotic clients...
Urine leaves the bladder through the ____________ and exits the body.
Lack of sufficient fluid intake is a common underlying reason for...
Exercise is important for the elderly because:
The term Arthritis refers to:
As part of monitoring your client's health, the _____________ of the...
Mosquitos inject pathogens by:
The Rule of 9 is useful for:
The primary focus in choosing exercises for elderly clients is to...
When preparing for a lift or transfer:
Before the lift: Which are correct?
A spectrum disorder is one that varies from severe to mild.
The ability to reach the next level of needs may be limited by:
Abuse may be:
Down's syndrome also commonly includes:
The term "Osteo" refers to:
Of the following, which is most important to effective communication?
Edema is:
Athletes have ______________ calorie requirements than non-athletes.
When dealing with the family of a stroke victim, it is important to...
For cancer treatment:
Women and men are so different that they require different approaches...
Muscle cramps are most often caused by dehydration and lack of...
Before lifting, make certain that:
The Prostate exists in:
For an asthmatic client:
Useful techniques to control your nervousness or fear when in front of...
If a coworker is angry, it's probably because:
For a client with a history of depression, the caregiver must know:
IADL means:
Poor dental hygiene (mouth and teeth care) can lead to:
In health care, stress is:
Two of the most common physical disorders that limit mobility are:
Never go on outing with your FASD client.  They are dangerous and...
A state of health refers to:
Creative thinking may be necessary where:
Socratic questioning uses questions to:
Parasites require:
Major problems with the mania episode are:
Paranoia is:
When stress is gone:
In very poor or unpopulated areas:
If you suspect a stroke with your client, you should immediately:
A 100 year old person in average condition can be expected to have a...
Emotions:
When the brain perceives a threat, it:
Addictions result from:
Abstract thinking is:
The bones are attached to muscles by:
Following a crisis situation, post-vention is necessary because:
In adults, exercise:
Body language is:
The kidneys serve to:
Immunity to certain pathogens can be created by:
T-Cells are examples of:
How fast people walk is a good indicator of:
Later stage care (advanced cancers) requires additional caregiving...
The acronym for recognizing a stroke is:
Risk factors for stroke include:
Memory is:
Observation of cardiac patients always includes:
Insulin is produced in the:
Standard treatment for diabetes is:
The abort point is where:
Risk means:
If your elderly female client is sexually active, she is likely to...
Critical thinking includes the ability to:
In some animals, the salivary glands are used to produce:
Causes of workplace violence often include:
The tube connecting the mouth and stomach is the:
The basic types of pathogens include:
In the elderly, a UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) can be confused with:
During a schizophrenic episode, it is important for the caregiver to:
Hoarding is a sign of:
Learning requires:
The average neuron has ____________ connections with other neurons.
Adults have:
Which of the following are correct:
When learning about preventing a cycle, it is important to know:
A DNR means:
If a client is having trouble understanding you, first try:
Lack of sleep has been linked to:
Narcolepsy is:
The major muscle types are:
Common symptoms in PTSD do not include:
Common early symptoms of hyperglycemia include:
Posterior means:
Fertilization occurs in:
COPD is often treated with:
Peristalsis is:
Necessary for any successful treatment of heart attack is:
Stress affects:
Your role as a caregiver is to:
Inflammation is sometimes due to:
A displaced fracture is defined as a fracture where:
For some people, when a stroke is treated early enough:
Multiple sclerosis is caused by weaknesses in:
Physicians are mainly responsible for:
FASD person are more likely to have physical injuries because:
As part of the endocrine system, the testes produce:
Down's syndrome also commonly includes low body weight.
Protease begins _____________ digestion.
Depression has:
The major organs of the urinary system include:
Walking 150 minutes a week has been shown to:
Skeletal muscles attach to bones with:
The Master Gland is the:
Hypoglycemia means:
Important caregiving knowledge and skills with a COPD client include:
The difference between manners and morals is:
For persons with transplanted kidneys, immune suppressants often...
Insomnia is:
PTSD is the result of:
Which of the following does not cause acquired brain injury
Unaddressed sleep problems:
Improving balance and support in your clients generally requires...
Personal costs of addiction include:
Changes cause stress when:
In addition to action for a child that falls, when an elderly person...
Risk factors for gout include:
As a caregiver, your most important task with diabetics is:
Basic health care laws are often created by central (federal)...
Strength training improves:
Superior means:
Lateral means
When possible, it is preferable to use:
Before a lift:
A term ending in itis, means:
Body mechanics are needed by:
Alert!

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