Main Cause Of Diabetes Mellitus

1.

What are the acute complications of DM?

A.

Diabetic ketoacidosis
B.

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non ketotic
C.

Hypoglycemic Reaction
D.

Infections
E.

All of the above

Correct Answer
E. All of the above

Explanation
All of the options listed are acute complications of DM. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to a build-up of acid in the blood. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non ketotic is a condition characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels and dehydration. Hypoglycemic reactions occur when blood sugar levels drop too low. Infections are also a common complication of diabetes, as high blood sugar levels can weaken the immune system. Therefore, all of the options listed are correct answers for the acute complications of DM.

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2.

When does DKA happen?

A.

Type 2 with previous history of DM
B.

Type 1 DM patient diagnosed 5 years ago.
C.

Type 1 DM just diagnosed
D.

Patient with Diabetes Insipidus

Correct Answer
C. Type 1 DM just diagnosed

Explanation
DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) is a serious complication that occurs when there is a lack of insulin in the body, leading to high blood sugar levels. It is more common in patients with Type 1 DM, as they have an absolute deficiency of insulin. When Type 1 DM is just diagnosed, the patient may not have started insulin therapy yet, making them more susceptible to developing DKA. This is because without insulin, the body cannot utilize glucose for energy, leading to the breakdown of fats and production of ketones, resulting in DKA.

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3.

DKA happens as a result of?

A.

Inadequate insulin
B.

Illness or infection
C.

Omission of Insulin
D.

All of the above

Correct Answer
D. All of the above

Explanation
DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) occurs as a result of all the mentioned factors. Inadequate insulin levels in the body lead to an inability to properly metabolize glucose, causing the body to break down fat for energy instead. This process produces ketones, which can accumulate and cause acidosis. Illness or infection can also trigger DKA by increasing the body's demand for insulin or causing dehydration, further exacerbating insulin deficiency. Omission of insulin, whether intentional or accidental, can disrupt glucose regulation and lead to DKA. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the development of DKA.

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4.

Patient comes in presenting with warm dry skin, breath that smells like acetone, and complains of Polyuria polydipsia. What would the nurse expect this patients pH level to be?

A.

More than 7.5
B.

7.35
C.

7.4
D.

Less than 7.2

Correct Answer
D. Less than 7.2

Explanation
The patient's symptoms of warm dry skin, breath that smells like acetone, and complaints of polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) are indicative of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In DKA, there is an accumulation of ketones in the blood due to the body breaking down fat for energy instead of glucose. This leads to an increase in acid levels in the blood, resulting in a decrease in pH. Therefore, the nurse would expect the patient's pH level to be less than 7.2.

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5.

A patient with DKA would have a blood sugar between

A.

300-800
B.

45-120
C.

600-2000
D.

130-299

Correct Answer
A. 300-800

Explanation
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) would have a blood sugar level between 300-800. DKA is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar levels, dehydration, and the production of ketones in the body. Blood sugar levels above 300 indicate uncontrolled diabetes, while levels below 800 are still within a range that can be managed with medical intervention. It is important to monitor and manage blood sugar levels in DKA to prevent further complications and restore normal glucose metabolism.

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6.

Patient with the following ABG; pH 7.1 Pc02 28 Hc03 17. The nurse interprets the findings as being?

A.

Metabolic acidosis
B.

Respiratory acidosis
C.

Metabolic alkalosis
D.

Respiratory alkalosis

Correct Answer
A. Metabolic acidosis

Explanation
The ABG results indicate a low pH (acidic) and a low bicarbonate level (HCO3-), which suggests metabolic acidosis. In this condition, there is an excess of acid or a deficit of bicarbonate in the body, leading to an imbalance in the acid-base levels. The normal range for pH is 7.35-7.45, and a pH of 7.1 indicates acidemia. The normal range for bicarbonate is 22-28 mEq/L, and a level of 17 mEq/L indicates a deficit. Therefore, based on these ABG results, the nurse interprets the findings as metabolic acidosis.

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7.

The priority of treatment in a patient with DKA is?

A.

IV Fluids
B.

IV Regular Insulin
C.

IV KCI
D.

Vital Signs

Correct Answer
B. IV Regular Insulin

Explanation
In a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the priority of treatment is to administer IV regular insulin. DKA is a life-threatening condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, dehydration, and the buildup of ketones in the blood. Regular insulin helps to lower blood sugar levels and corrects the metabolic imbalance caused by DKA. Administering IV fluids is also important to rehydrate the patient, but insulin takes precedence as it directly addresses the underlying cause of DKA. IV KCI (potassium chloride) may be necessary to correct any electrolyte imbalances caused by DKA. Monitoring vital signs is essential but does not directly address the primary treatment priority of administering insulin.

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8.

In the patient with severe acidosis the treatment would most likely be?

A.

Regular Insulin
B.

Glucagon
C.

Sodium Bicarb
D.

KCI

Correct Answer
C. Sodium Bicarb

Explanation
In patients with severe acidosis, the most likely treatment would be Sodium Bicarb. Acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Sodium Bicarb is a base that helps to neutralize the excess acid and restore the pH balance. It is commonly used in cases of severe acidosis to rapidly correct the acid-base imbalance and improve the patient's condition. Regular Insulin, Glucagon, and KCI are not typically used as the first-line treatment for acidosis.

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9.

The nurse knows to monitor the patient with DKA for Hyperkalemia.

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
the nurse would monitor for Hypokalemia

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10.

DKA occurs occasionally in type 2 newly diagnosed patients.

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
DKA, or diabetic ketoacidosis, is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones. It is commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in some cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. This is because when type 2 diabetes is initially diagnosed, the body may still be producing some insulin, but not enough to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. This can lead to a buildup of ketones and the development of DKA. Therefore, it is true that DKA can occur occasionally in type 2 newly diagnosed patients.

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11.

DKA is also known as Hypoglycemic Reaction

A.

True
B.

False

Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
The statement that DKA is also known as Hypoglycemic Reaction is false. DKA stands for Diabetic Ketoacidosis, which is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketones in the urine, and acidosis. On the other hand, hypoglycemic reaction refers to low blood sugar levels. These are two distinct conditions with opposite effects on blood sugar levels.

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