Abnormal Labs And The Ems Provider

The three main enzymes found in the heart are:

• A.

  Sodium, potassium, calcium

• B.

  Calcium, magnesium, potassium

• C.

  Sodium, magnesium, potassium

• D.

  Sodium, calcium, magnesium

Sodium is a major _____ in the extracellular fluid.

• A.

  Ion

• B.

  Cation

Normal adult sodium levels are:

• A.

  135-145

• B.

  135-125

• C.

  125- 115

• D.

  115-110

Clinical findings with decreased levels of sodium include:

Four (4) clinical findings associated with elevated sodium levels are:

Potassium is a mineral that the body needs to work normally. It helps_______ and ________ communicate

Normal potassium levels for an adult is:

• A.

  3.5-5.0 mEq/L

• B.

  3.0-5.0 mEq/L

• C.

  3.5-5.5 mEq/L

• D.

  3.0-5.5 mEq/L

A very low potassium level (less than ____ mmol/L) can be life threatening and requires urgent medical attention.

Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause of low potassium is excessive potassium loss in_____ or from the ________.

The most common cause of genuinely high potassium (hyperkalemia) is related to your kidneys, such as: ________ and _______.

Hyperkalemia is a serious and potentially life threatening disorder. It can cause:

Potassium goes ____ in acidosis

In the human body calcium is found most abundtly in the _____ and _______.

Patients with elevated calcium levels should be monitored for signs of :

Normal calcium levels in an adult are

• A.

  4.5-5.5 mEq/L

• B.

  4.0-5.0 mEq/L

• C.

  3.5-4.5 mEq/L

• D.

  4.0-5.0 mEq/L

Patient's with decreased levels of calcium should be monitored for signs of tetany which include _______ and ________.

Monitor the pulse regularly if the patient is receiving a _______ and ________.

Monitor the ECG during hypocalcemia for prolonged _____ and lengthened ______.

Troponin is specific to the ______, even slight elevations may indicate some degree of damage to the ____.

Troponin values remain high for _____ to ____ weeks after a heart attack.

Urea is formed as an end product of protein metabolism and is excreted by the _____ .

Normal BUN levels for an adult are:

• A.

  5-25 mg/dL

• B.

  2-15 mg/dL

• C.

  5-20 mg/dL

• D.

  2-25 mg/dL

An elevated BUN level could be an indication of _______, _______, or ________.

A low BUN value usually indicates ________.

Clinical presentations of elevated BUN levels may include _______, _______, ______ which can all be indicators for dehydration and if severe enough could lead to shock.

Avoid overhydration with IV fluid. Rapid administration of IV fluids can overload the vascular system, especially in the aged, children, and in cardiac patients, resulting in hypervolemia. This can lead to ________.

Check the patient for signs of symptoms of overhydration (irritated cough, dyspnea, JVD, rales) when the BUN is decreased. Overhydration (hypervolemia) causes hemodilution, diluting the urea in the blood. IV fluids should be _______.  

Glucose is a ______, and is the most important simple sugar in human _____.

Normal glucose levels are between:

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels, usually less than ____mg/dl

Hyperglycemia is the technical term for ____ blood glucose.

_______ develops when your body doesn't have enough insulin.

Ketoacidosis is life-threatening and needs immediate treatment. Symptoms include:_______,________,______ and______, _______.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can lead to _____or even _____.