Nursing Quiz: Asepsis And Infection Control

1. Transmission can be through:

Direct contact

Blood

Indirect contact

Water

All of the above

The correct answer is "All of the above" because transmission of diseases can occur through various means, including direct contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, and even through the consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, all the options mentioned in the question can potentially lead to the transmission of diseases.

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above" because transmission of diseases can occur through various means, including direct contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, and even through the consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, all the options mentioned in the question can potentially lead to the transmission of diseases.

2. Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's _____ response

Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's immune response. The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances or pathogens. Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy antigens. Together, they play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating harmful invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, and maintaining the body's overall immune system function.

Explanation

Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's immune response. The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances or pathogens. Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy antigens. Together, they play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating harmful invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, and maintaining the body's overall immune system function.

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3. Most bacteria are aerobic or anaerobic?

Most bacteria are aerobic, meaning they require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. This is because aerobic bacteria possess enzymes that allow them to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration, which is essential for generating energy. In contrast, anaerobic bacteria can survive without oxygen and may utilize alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate or sulfate, in their respiration. However, it is important to note that there are also some bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen.

Explanation

Most bacteria are aerobic, meaning they require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. This is because aerobic bacteria possess enzymes that allow them to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration, which is essential for generating energy. In contrast, anaerobic bacteria can survive without oxygen and may utilize alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate or sulfate, in their respiration. However, it is important to note that there are also some bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen.

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4. Hi you_____ asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home.

Medical asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home, except for self-injection techniques and venous catheter care, which require surgical asepsis (p. 724)

Explanation

Medical asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home, except for self-injection techniques and venous catheter care, which require surgical asepsis (p. 724)

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5. What is a disease-producing microorganism

A disease-producing microorganism is commonly known as a pathogen or pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can cause disease in humans, animals, or plants. They invade the host's body and multiply, leading to the development of various infections and illnesses. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means such as direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Understanding and identifying pathogens is crucial in diagnosing and treating diseases effectively.

Explanation

A disease-producing microorganism is commonly known as a pathogen or pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can cause disease in humans, animals, or plants. They invade the host's body and multiply, leading to the development of various infections and illnesses. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means such as direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Understanding and identifying pathogens is crucial in diagnosing and treating diseases effectively.

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6. The sixth part of the infection cycle is:

The sixth part of the infection cycle is the susceptible host, host. This refers to the stage where a person or organism becomes vulnerable to the infection. Once the pathogen comes into contact with the susceptible host, it can enter and infect the host's body. This stage is crucial for the spread and continuation of the infection, as without a susceptible host, the pathogen cannot survive or reproduce.

Explanation

The sixth part of the infection cycle is the susceptible host, host. This refers to the stage where a person or organism becomes vulnerable to the infection. Once the pathogen comes into contact with the susceptible host, it can enter and infect the host's body. This stage is crucial for the spread and continuation of the infection, as without a susceptible host, the pathogen cannot survive or reproduce.

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7. Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but it is larger than ____um

Droplet transmission refers to the spread of infectious respiratory droplets that are larger in size and tend to fall to the ground quickly within a short distance. The question states that droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but the droplets involved in droplet transmission are larger than 5 micrometers (um) in size. This means that droplet transmission involves larger respiratory droplets that can travel shorter distances compared to airborne transmission, where smaller particles can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel longer distances.

Explanation

Droplet transmission refers to the spread of infectious respiratory droplets that are larger in size and tend to fall to the ground quickly within a short distance. The question states that droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but the droplets involved in droplet transmission are larger than 5 micrometers (um) in size. This means that droplet transmission involves larger respiratory droplets that can travel shorter distances compared to airborne transmission, where smaller particles can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel longer distances.

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8. Gram-_____ bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization.

Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolorization. The Gram staining technique involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet dye even after the decolorization step. This results in the bacteria appearing purple under a microscope. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which allows the crystal violet dye to be washed away during the decolorization step, causing them to appear pink or red.

Explanation

Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolorization. The Gram staining technique involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet dye even after the decolorization step. This results in the bacteria appearing purple under a microscope. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which allows the crystal violet dye to be washed away during the decolorization step, causing them to appear pink or red.

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9. The smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with an electron microscope is a

Viruses are the smallest of all microorganisms and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce on their own and require a host cell to multiply. Viruses consist of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. They are responsible for causing various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Due to their small size, they cannot be observed under a light microscope and require more powerful electron microscopes for visualization.

Explanation

Viruses are the smallest of all microorganisms and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce on their own and require a host cell to multiply. Viruses consist of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. They are responsible for causing various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Due to their small size, they cannot be observed under a light microscope and require more powerful electron microscopes for visualization.

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10. In humans, which of the following is not a common portals of exit or escape routes:

Respiratory tract

Gastrointestinal tract

Genitourinary tract

Breaks in the skin

Muscular system

The muscular system is not a common portal of exit or escape route in humans. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and breaks in the skin are all pathways through which microorganisms or toxins can exit the body. However, the muscular system primarily functions in movement and does not serve as a direct route for pathogens to exit the body.

Explanation

The muscular system is not a common portal of exit or escape route in humans. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and breaks in the skin are all pathways through which microorganisms or toxins can exit the body. However, the muscular system primarily functions in movement and does not serve as a direct route for pathogens to exit the body.

11. True or False:
Gloves are a good substitute for good hand hygiene

True

False

p. 713

Explanation

p. 713

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13. Most healthcare-associated infections are caused by which microorganisms?

Most healthcare-associated infections are caused by bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various infections in healthcare settings. They can be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or through the air. These infections can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body. In order to prevent healthcare-associated infections, proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and disinfection of surfaces, are essential.

Explanation

Most healthcare-associated infections are caused by bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various infections in healthcare settings. They can be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or through the air. These infections can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body. In order to prevent healthcare-associated infections, proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and disinfection of surfaces, are essential.

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14. The second component of the infection cycle is:

The second component of the infection cycle is the reservoir. A reservoir refers to the source or location where the infectious agent (such as a virus or bacteria) can live and multiply. It can be a human, animal, or environmental source. The reservoir plays a crucial role in the transmission of the infection to susceptible individuals. By identifying and controlling the reservoir, the spread of the infection can be minimized or prevented.

Explanation

The second component of the infection cycle is the reservoir. A reservoir refers to the source or location where the infectious agent (such as a virus or bacteria) can live and multiply. It can be a human, animal, or environmental source. The reservoir plays a crucial role in the transmission of the infection to susceptible individuals. By identifying and controlling the reservoir, the spread of the infection can be minimized or prevented.

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15. The fifth step on the infection process:

The fifth step in the infection process is the portal of entry, which refers to the route through which a pathogen enters the body. This can include various entry points such as the respiratory tract, digestive system, or even through breaks in the skin. Once the pathogen enters the body, it can start to invade and infect the host, leading to the development of an infection.

Explanation

The fifth step in the infection process is the portal of entry, which refers to the route through which a pathogen enters the body. This can include various entry points such as the respiratory tract, digestive system, or even through breaks in the skin. Once the pathogen enters the body, it can start to invade and infect the host, leading to the development of an infection.

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16. True or False:
The source of infection is always exogenous.

True

False

p. 720

Explanation

p. 720

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18. _____ is a disease state that restuls from the presence of pathogens. It occurs as a result of a cycllic process consisting of six components.

Infection is a disease state that results from the presence of pathogens. It occurs as a result of a cyclic process consisting of six components. These components include the presence of a pathogen, entry of the pathogen into the host, establishment and colonization of the pathogen in the host, evasion of the host's immune response by the pathogen, damage to the host's tissues caused by the pathogen, and finally, transmission of the pathogen to another host. Infection can lead to a wide range of symptoms and can be transmitted through various means such as direct contact, airborne droplets, or contaminated surfaces.

Explanation

Infection is a disease state that results from the presence of pathogens. It occurs as a result of a cyclic process consisting of six components. These components include the presence of a pathogen, entry of the pathogen into the host, establishment and colonization of the pathogen in the host, evasion of the host's immune response by the pathogen, damage to the host's tissues caused by the pathogen, and finally, transmission of the pathogen to another host. Infection can lead to a wide range of symptoms and can be transmitted through various means such as direct contact, airborne droplets, or contaminated surfaces.

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19. The third step of the infection process is:

The third step of the infection process is the portal of exit, which refers to the route through which the infectious agent leaves the reservoir. This can include various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin contact. Exit is another term used to describe this step, emphasizing the movement of the infectious agent out of the reservoir. Both portal of exit and exit are correct answers as they convey the same concept in different terminologies.

Explanation

The third step of the infection process is the portal of exit, which refers to the route through which the infectious agent leaves the reservoir. This can include various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin contact. Exit is another term used to describe this step, emphasizing the movement of the infectious agent out of the reservoir. Both portal of exit and exit are correct answers as they convey the same concept in different terminologies.

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20. The body commonly responds to antigens by producing a

When the body is exposed to antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, it triggers an immune response. As a part of this response, specialized cells called B cells produce proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. This immune response is crucial for defending the body against harmful pathogens and preventing infections. Therefore, the correct answer is "antibody."

Explanation

When the body is exposed to antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, it triggers an immune response. As a part of this response, specialized cells called B cells produce proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. This immune response is crucial for defending the body against harmful pathogens and preventing infections. Therefore, the correct answer is "antibody."

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21. What is the most effective way to help prevent the spread of organisms?

Sterile technique

Medical asepsis

Use of ultraviolet properties

Eliminating normal flora

Hand hygiene

p. 708

Explanation

p. 708

22. Symptoms of systemic infections include:

Fever

Increase pulse

Increase respiratory rate

Lethargy

All of the above

p. 707

Explanation

p. 707

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24. True or False:
A mask is worn only once but can be lowered around the neck and then brought back over the mouth and nose for reuse.

True

False

p. 715

Explanation

p. 715

25. The foreign material that stimulates an immune response is called a

An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces antibodies to neutralize or eliminate it. Antigens can include bacteria, viruses, toxins, or other foreign substances. The immune response generated by antigens is crucial for defending the body against infections and diseases.

Explanation

An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces antibodies to neutralize or eliminate it. Antigens can include bacteria, viruses, toxins, or other foreign substances. The immune response generated by antigens is crucial for defending the body against infections and diseases.

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26. What is the most significant and most ocmmonly ovbserved infection-causing agent in healthcare institutions?

Bacteria are the most significant and commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions. They are single-celled microorganisms that can multiply rapidly and cause various infections in humans. Bacterial infections can range from mild to severe, and they can be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or through the air. In healthcare settings, bacteria can spread easily, leading to outbreaks and increased risks for patients, especially those with weakened immune systems. Proper infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, disinfection, and sterilization, are crucial in preventing the spread of bacterial infections in healthcare institutions.

Explanation

Bacteria are the most significant and commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions. They are single-celled microorganisms that can multiply rapidly and cause various infections in humans. Bacterial infections can range from mild to severe, and they can be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or through the air. In healthcare settings, bacteria can spread easily, leading to outbreaks and increased risks for patients, especially those with weakened immune systems. Proper infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, disinfection, and sterilization, are crucial in preventing the spread of bacterial infections in healthcare institutions.

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27. During which stage of infection are the microorganisms growing and multiplying?

During the incubation stage of infection, microorganisms are actively growing and multiplying within the host's body. This stage occurs after the initial exposure to the pathogen and before the onset of symptoms. The microorganisms use this time to establish themselves and replicate, increasing their numbers and spreading throughout the body. The duration of the incubation period can vary depending on the specific pathogen and individual factors, such as the immune response.

Explanation

During the incubation stage of infection, microorganisms are actively growing and multiplying within the host's body. This stage occurs after the initial exposure to the pathogen and before the onset of symptoms. The microorganisms use this time to establish themselves and replicate, increasing their numbers and spreading throughout the body. The duration of the incubation period can vary depending on the specific pathogen and individual factors, such as the immune response.

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28. True or False:
A person may continually pass through the four phases with the same infectious process, based on only one infectious exposure.

True

False

It is possible for a person to continually pass through the four phases of an infectious process with only one infectious exposure. This means that the person can go through the incubation period, followed by the prodromal, illness, and convalescent phases, all resulting from a single exposure to the infectious agent. This can occur in cases where the immune response is not strong enough to completely eliminate the infection, leading to recurring or chronic infections.

Explanation

It is possible for a person to continually pass through the four phases of an infectious process with only one infectious exposure. This means that the person can go through the incubation period, followed by the prodromal, illness, and convalescent phases, all resulting from a single exposure to the infectious agent. This can occur in cases where the immune response is not strong enough to completely eliminate the infection, leading to recurring or chronic infections.

29. _____ nails are not recommended because they harbour more bacteria than do natural nails. They are also at risk for funcgal infection in the nail bed and are associated with less vigorous scrubbing.

p. 711

Explanation

p. 711

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31. ____ for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism. It could be humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, and inanimate objects.

The correct answer is "reservoir." A reservoir is a natural habitat or source where microorganisms can grow and multiply. It can be humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, or inanimate objects. These reservoirs provide the necessary conditions and resources for microorganisms to thrive and reproduce.

Explanation

The correct answer is "reservoir." A reservoir is a natural habitat or source where microorganisms can grow and multiply. It can be humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, or inanimate objects. These reservoirs provide the necessary conditions and resources for microorganisms to thrive and reproduce.

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33. Which of the follownig is not used to categorize bacteria?

Cocci

Spirochete

Gram positive

Bacilli

Mold

Mold is not used to categorize bacteria because mold is not a type of bacteria. Mold is a type of fungus, while bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. The other options listed - Cocci, Spirochete, Gram positive, and Bacilli - are all terms used to categorize different types or characteristics of bacteria.

Explanation

Mold is not used to categorize bacteria because mold is not a type of bacteria. Mold is a type of fungus, while bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. The other options listed - Cocci, Spirochete, Gram positive, and Bacilli - are all terms used to categorize different types or characteristics of bacteria.

34. _____ of the organisms is its ability to cause disease

Virulence refers to the degree or intensity of an organism's ability to cause disease. It is a measure of the pathogenicity or harmfulness of the organism. In other words, virulence describes how effectively an organism can invade and damage a host organism, leading to the development of a disease. The higher the virulence of an organism, the more severe the disease it can cause. Therefore, in the given question, the blank is filled with "virulence" to indicate that it is the characteristic of an organism that determines its ability to cause disease.

Explanation

Virulence refers to the degree or intensity of an organism's ability to cause disease. It is a measure of the pathogenicity or harmfulness of the organism. In other words, virulence describes how effectively an organism can invade and damage a host organism, leading to the development of a disease. The higher the virulence of an organism, the more severe the disease it can cause. Therefore, in the given question, the blank is filled with "virulence" to indicate that it is the characteristic of an organism that determines its ability to cause disease.

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37. Fungi are present in

Soil

Air

Water

All of the above

None of the above

Fungi are present in all of the above - soil, air, and water. Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that can be found in various habitats. In soil, fungi play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients. They also form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, aiding in nutrient uptake. Fungal spores can be found in the air, allowing them to disperse and colonize new areas. In water, fungi can be found in both freshwater and marine environments, where they contribute to nutrient cycling and decomposition. Therefore, fungi can be found in all of these environments.

Explanation

Fungi are present in all of the above - soil, air, and water. Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that can be found in various habitats. In soil, fungi play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients. They also form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, aiding in nutrient uptake. Fungal spores can be found in the air, allowing them to disperse and colonize new areas. In water, fungi can be found in both freshwater and marine environments, where they contribute to nutrient cycling and decomposition. Therefore, fungi can be found in all of these environments.

38. Some humans are reservoirs for the infectious agent but do not exhibit any manifestations of the disease, they are called:

Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent in their body but do not show any symptoms or manifestations of the disease. These individuals can unknowingly transmit the infectious agent to others, making them a potential source of infection. Carriers can be a significant concern in the spread of infectious diseases, as they can act as a reservoir for the pathogen without being aware of it. Identifying carriers and implementing appropriate measures to prevent transmission is crucial in controlling the spread of infectious diseases.

Explanation

Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent in their body but do not show any symptoms or manifestations of the disease. These individuals can unknowingly transmit the infectious agent to others, making them a potential source of infection. Carriers can be a significant concern in the spread of infectious diseases, as they can act as a reservoir for the pathogen without being aware of it. Identifying carriers and implementing appropriate measures to prevent transmission is crucial in controlling the spread of infectious diseases.

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39. ______ transmission is when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks and less than 5um

Airborne transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents through small particles suspended in the air, which can be inhaled by others. When an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks, these actions can generate droplets that contain the infectious agents. If these droplets are smaller than 5um (micrometers), they can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel further distances, increasing the risk of transmission to others who inhale them. Therefore, the correct answer is "airborne."

Explanation

Airborne transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents through small particles suspended in the air, which can be inhaled by others. When an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks, these actions can generate droplets that contain the infectious agents. If these droplets are smaller than 5um (micrometers), they can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel further distances, increasing the risk of transmission to others who inhale them. Therefore, the correct answer is "airborne."

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40. Double gloving is recommended if the healtcare worker is going to be exposed to ____ or ____ fluids.

(separate answers with a space)

Double gloving is recommended if the healthcare worker is going to be exposed to blood or body fluids. This is because blood and body fluids can potentially contain infectious agents, such as viruses or bacteria, that can be transmitted to the healthcare worker. Double gloving provides an extra layer of protection, reducing the risk of direct contact with these fluids and minimizing the chances of contamination or infection.

Explanation

Double gloving is recommended if the healthcare worker is going to be exposed to blood or body fluids. This is because blood and body fluids can potentially contain infectious agents, such as viruses or bacteria, that can be transmitted to the healthcare worker. Double gloving provides an extra layer of protection, reducing the risk of direct contact with these fluids and minimizing the chances of contamination or infection.

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41. Which government agency requires that employers offier HBV vaccine free of charge to employees, establishes minimum health and safety standards for works, regulations for use of universal precautions in settings in which occupational exposures to blood were possible.

p. 715

Explanation

p. 715

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42. An infection is referred to as _____ when the causative organisms is acquired rom other people.

Exogenous refers to an infection that is acquired from other people. This means that the causative organisms are obtained from external sources, such as contact with infected individuals. In contrast, an endogenous infection is caused by organisms that are already present in the body. Therefore, exogenous accurately describes an infection that is acquired from other individuals rather than being internally originated.

Explanation

Exogenous refers to an infection that is acquired from other people. This means that the causative organisms are obtained from external sources, such as contact with infected individuals. In contrast, an endogenous infection is caused by organisms that are already present in the body. Therefore, exogenous accurately describes an infection that is acquired from other individuals rather than being internally originated.

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44. Step one of the infection cycle is:

The correct answer is "infectious agent." In the infection cycle, step one involves the presence of an infectious agent. This refers to a pathogen or microorganism that can cause disease or infection in a host. The infectious agent can be a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus. It is the initial factor that initiates the infection process by entering the body and establishing an infection. Understanding the infectious agent is crucial in preventing and treating infections.

Explanation

The correct answer is "infectious agent." In the infection cycle, step one involves the presence of an infectious agent. This refers to a pathogen or microorganism that can cause disease or infection in a host. The infectious agent can be a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus. It is the initial factor that initiates the infection process by entering the body and establishing an infection. Understanding the infectious agent is crucial in preventing and treating infections.

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45. Lice or mosquitos can be a:

Fomite

Vector

Direct contact transmission

All of the above

None of the above

Lice or mosquitoes can be considered vectors because they are capable of transmitting diseases from one host to another. They can carry pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites and transfer them to humans or animals through their bites. As vectors, they play a crucial role in the spread of diseases like malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and typhus. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vector."

Explanation

Lice or mosquitoes can be considered vectors because they are capable of transmitting diseases from one host to another. They can carry pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites and transfer them to humans or animals through their bites. As vectors, they play a crucial role in the spread of diseases like malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and typhus. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vector."

46. During which stage of infection are the signs and symptoms nonspecific?

The signs and symptoms during the prodromal stage of infection are nonspecific. This means that they are not unique to a specific disease or infection and can be seen in various illnesses. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, fever, headache, muscle aches, and a general feeling of malaise. These symptoms can make it difficult to determine the exact cause of the infection without further diagnostic tests or the progression of more specific symptoms.

Explanation

The signs and symptoms during the prodromal stage of infection are nonspecific. This means that they are not unique to a specific disease or infection and can be seen in various illnesses. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, fever, headache, muscle aches, and a general feeling of malaise. These symptoms can make it difficult to determine the exact cause of the infection without further diagnostic tests or the progression of more specific symptoms.

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47. The correct progression of an infection phases is:

Convalescent period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, incubation period

Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescent period

Prodromal stage, incubation stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period

Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period

Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescan period.

The correct progression of an infection phases is as follows: first, there is the incubation period, during which the pathogen is multiplying but there are no symptoms. Then comes the prodromal stage, where mild symptoms start to appear. This is followed by the full stage of illness, where the symptoms are at their most severe. Finally, there is the convalescent period, where the person starts to recover and the symptoms gradually subside.

Explanation

The correct progression of an infection phases is as follows: first, there is the incubation period, during which the pathogen is multiplying but there are no symptoms. Then comes the prodromal stage, where mild symptoms start to appear. This is followed by the full stage of illness, where the symptoms are at their most severe. Finally, there is the convalescent period, where the person starts to recover and the symptoms gradually subside.

48. The practice of _____ includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

Asepsis refers to the practice of preventing infection or breaking the chain of infection. It includes all activities aimed at maintaining a sterile or clean environment to minimize the risk of infection transmission. By implementing aseptic techniques, such as proper hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and use of protective barriers, healthcare professionals can reduce the spread of pathogens and ensure patient safety.

Explanation

Asepsis refers to the practice of preventing infection or breaking the chain of infection. It includes all activities aimed at maintaining a sterile or clean environment to minimize the risk of infection transmission. By implementing aseptic techniques, such as proper hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and use of protective barriers, healthcare professionals can reduce the spread of pathogens and ensure patient safety.

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49. True or False:
Since iatrogenic infections result from a treatment or diagnostic procedure, all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic.

True

False

Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic (p. 720)

Explanation

Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic (p. 720)

50. Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host ot another are known as

Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another are known as vectors. Vectors can be living organisms such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, or nonliving objects like contaminated needles or surgical instruments. These carriers play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they can transfer pathogens from an infected host to a susceptible one. Vectors are responsible for transmitting various diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease, and Zika virus. Understanding the role of vectors is essential in controlling and preventing the spread of these diseases.

Explanation

Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another are known as vectors. Vectors can be living organisms such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, or nonliving objects like contaminated needles or surgical instruments. These carriers play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they can transfer pathogens from an infected host to a susceptible one. Vectors are responsible for transmitting various diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease, and Zika virus. Understanding the role of vectors is essential in controlling and preventing the spread of these diseases.

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52. Contaminated inanimate objects are

Fomites are objects or surfaces that can become contaminated with infectious organisms and serve as a potential source of transmission. In this context, the correct answer suggests that contaminated inanimate objects are referred to as fomites. Fomites can include everyday items such as doorknobs, cell phones, or utensils, which can harbor bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. These objects can play a role in spreading infections if proper hygiene and cleaning measures are not followed.

Explanation

Fomites are objects or surfaces that can become contaminated with infectious organisms and serve as a potential source of transmission. In this context, the correct answer suggests that contaminated inanimate objects are referred to as fomites. Fomites can include everyday items such as doorknobs, cell phones, or utensils, which can harbor bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. These objects can play a role in spreading infections if proper hygiene and cleaning measures are not followed.

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53. When an organism becomes attached to dust particles it is considered a:

Direct route

Droplet route

Airborne route

Entry route

Fomite

When an organism becomes attached to dust particles, it can be easily carried through the air. This means that the organism can be transmitted from one place to another through the movement of air, making it an airborne route of transmission.

Explanation

When an organism becomes attached to dust particles, it can be easily carried through the air. This means that the organism can be transmitted from one place to another through the movement of air, making it an airborne route of transmission.

54. During which stage of infection is the person most infectous?

The person is most infectious during the prodromal stage of infection. This stage occurs after the initial exposure to the pathogen and before the onset of specific symptoms. During this phase, the person may not yet be experiencing noticeable symptoms, but the viral load in their body is high, making them highly contagious. Therefore, it is crucial to take precautions and practice good hygiene during this stage to prevent the spread of the infection to others.

Explanation

The person is most infectious during the prodromal stage of infection. This stage occurs after the initial exposure to the pathogen and before the onset of specific symptoms. During this phase, the person may not yet be experiencing noticeable symptoms, but the viral load in their body is high, making them highly contagious. Therefore, it is crucial to take precautions and practice good hygiene during this stage to prevent the spread of the infection to others.

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55. True or False:
There is a cure for latex gloves

True

False

p. 713

Explanation

p. 713

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57. True or False:
Alcohol-based handrubs are not as effective in reducing bacterial counts on the hands than does antimicrobial soap.

True

False

Alcohol-based rubs are shown to be more effective in reducing bacterial counts than antimicrobial soaps (p. 709)

Explanation

Alcohol-based rubs are shown to be more effective in reducing bacterial counts than antimicrobial soaps (p. 709)

58. ________ destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores. It is used when preparing the skin for a procedure or cleaning a piece of equipment that does not enter a sterile body part.

p. 712

Explanation

p. 712

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59. Which of the following is not involved in breaking the cycle of infection?

Cleansing

Disinfection

Sterilization

All of the above

None of the above

p. 711

Explanation

p. 711

60. What classification of bacteria, although usually easily removed by thorough handwashing, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time can become resident bacteria.

Transient bacteria are a classification of bacteria that are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing. However, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time, they can become resident bacteria. This means that they can establish a permanent presence on the skin or in certain body sites. So, the correct answer is "transient."

Explanation

Transient bacteria are a classification of bacteria that are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing. However, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time, they can become resident bacteria. This means that they can establish a permanent presence on the skin or in certain body sites. So, the correct answer is "transient."

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61. True or False:
A high RN-to-patient ratio has a higher correlation of HAIs.

True

False

When nurses have a heavy patient load they often do not feel that they have the time to thoroughly wash their hands (p. 721)

Explanation

When nurses have a heavy patient load they often do not feel that they have the time to thoroughly wash their hands (p. 721)

62. The fourth part of the infection cycle is:

The fourth part of the infection cycle is means of transmission, which refers to the ways in which the infection can be spread from one person to another. This can include direct contact, such as touching or kissing, as well as indirect contact through contaminated objects or surfaces. Transmission is the actual process of the infection being passed from one individual to another. Both terms are closely related and are essential in understanding how infections are spread and controlled.

Explanation

The fourth part of the infection cycle is means of transmission, which refers to the ways in which the infection can be spread from one person to another. This can include direct contact, such as touching or kissing, as well as indirect contact through contaminated objects or surfaces. Transmission is the actual process of the infection being passed from one individual to another. Both terms are closely related and are essential in understanding how infections are spread and controlled.

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63. The precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of their diagnosis or possible infectous status and were set forth by the CDC.

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are implemented to protect healthcare workers and patients from potential transmission of infectious diseases. These precautions are applied to all hospitalized individuals, regardless of their diagnosis or infectious status. They were established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and include measures such as hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of contaminated materials. Standard precautions are essential in preventing the spread of infections and maintaining a safe healthcare environment.

Explanation

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are implemented to protect healthcare workers and patients from potential transmission of infectious diseases. These precautions are applied to all hospitalized individuals, regardless of their diagnosis or infectious status. They were established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and include measures such as hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of contaminated materials. Standard precautions are essential in preventing the spread of infections and maintaining a safe healthcare environment.

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64. _____ used to describe a protective procedure that limits the spread of infectous diseases among hospitalized patients, hospital personnel, and visitors was historically used. Hospitals specializing in this procedure have closed.

p. 715

Explanation

p. 715

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66. The entry route is usually _____ exit route.

Same as

Different than

It depends

The correct answer is "Same as" because the phrase "entry route is usually _____ exit route" implies that the entry route and exit route are typically the same. This suggests that there is no difference between the two routes and they are identical. Therefore, the answer "Same as" is the most appropriate choice.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Same as" because the phrase "entry route is usually _____ exit route" implies that the entry route and exit route are typically the same. This suggests that there is no difference between the two routes and they are identical. Therefore, the answer "Same as" is the most appropriate choice.

67. Which of these is untrue about medical asepsis:

Also called clean technique

Invovles procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens

Keeps objects and areas free of microorganisms

E.g. hand hygiene

E.g. wearing gloves

p. 707

Explanation

p. 707

68. Small-particle droplet _____ can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distanches than aerosols.

Small-particle droplet nuclei can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distances than aerosols. Nuclei are tiny particles that form the core of a droplet and can be released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These nuclei are small enough to stay suspended in the air for longer periods and can travel further distances compared to larger aerosols. This is why they are considered a significant transmission route for certain infectious diseases.

Explanation

Small-particle droplet nuclei can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distances than aerosols. Nuclei are tiny particles that form the core of a droplet and can be released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These nuclei are small enough to stay suspended in the air for longer periods and can travel further distances compared to larger aerosols. This is why they are considered a significant transmission route for certain infectious diseases.

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69. Which of the following is is not a typical access site for nosocomial infections?

Surgical wounds

Urinary catheters

IV catheters

Mechanical ventilation

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

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71. Which of the following is not a measure used by healthcare agencies to reduce the incidence of HAIs.

Use of infection-control comittees and nurse epidemiologists

Use of antibiotics

Meeting patients needs for nutrition, fluids, rest, oxygen, and comfort and security

Written infection prevention practices

Adherence to hand-hygiene recommendations

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

72. The greatest risk of seoconversion (development of antibodies in response to an infection) after a needlestick injury is

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

HIV

Hepatitis A

None of the above

p. 717

Explanation

p. 717

73. Linzolid (Zyvox), administered orally or by IV, is effectively used to treat this species of resistant microorganisms (the nonresistant species is often found in normal intestinal and female genita tracts)

Linzolid (Zyvox) is an antibiotic that can be taken orally or administered intravenously. It is particularly effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), a species of microorganisms that have developed resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin. The nonresistant species of enterococcus is commonly found in the normal intestinal and female genital tracts. Therefore, Linzolid is specifically used to target and treat the resistant strain of enterococcus, which is VRE.

Explanation

Linzolid (Zyvox) is an antibiotic that can be taken orally or administered intravenously. It is particularly effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), a species of microorganisms that have developed resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin. The nonresistant species of enterococcus is commonly found in the normal intestinal and female genital tracts. Therefore, Linzolid is specifically used to target and treat the resistant strain of enterococcus, which is VRE.

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74. Which of the following is not a most common source for nosocomial infections?

Urinary tract infections

Bloodstream infections

Bronchitis

Pneumonia

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

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76. True or False:
A new RN is more likely to adhere to hand hygiene techniques than a long-time employed RN

True

False

Newer RNs may feel overwhelmed with the patient assignment and forget to perform proper hand hygiene (p. 721)

Explanation

Newer RNs may feel overwhelmed with the patient assignment and forget to perform proper hand hygiene (p. 721)

77. Which of the following is not true about transmission-based precautions?

Three types

Focus on airborne, droplet, or contact precautions

Transmission-based precautions can be used in place of standard precautions

All of the above

None of the above

p. 716

Explanation

p. 716

78. Which is not a disinfecting method available for use in the home?

Acetic acid (white vinegar)

Bleach

Isopropyl alcohol (50%)

Boiling water

None of the above

Should be isopropyl alcohol (70%) (p. 718)

Explanation

Should be isopropyl alcohol (70%) (p. 718)

79. MRSA and VRE are most often transmitted by _____.

MRSA and VRE are most often transmitted by the hands of healthcare providers (p. 722)

Explanation

MRSA and VRE are most often transmitted by the hands of healthcare providers (p. 722)

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80. Which of the following is the most serious of the listed antibiotic-resistant organisms?

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)

Vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. auresus (VISA)

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

81. An infection-control professional (ICP) is not responsible for which of the followign:

Survey laboratory reports and review records for patients at risk

Develop a plan to respond to an act of bioterrorism

Doing recommended or mandatory reporting of HAIs

Evaluating new products

None of the above

p. 723

Explanation

p. 723

82. Wich types of mask rilter inspitred air in addition to filtering expired air?

N95

High-effficiency particulate air mask

HEPA mask

All of the above

None of the above

All of the above options, including N95, High-efficiency particulate air mask, and HEPA mask, filter inspired air in addition to filtering expired air. This means that these masks not only prevent the wearer from exhaling harmful particles but also filter the air they breathe in, providing protection from airborne contaminants.

Explanation

All of the above options, including N95, High-efficiency particulate air mask, and HEPA mask, filter inspired air in addition to filtering expired air. This means that these masks not only prevent the wearer from exhaling harmful particles but also filter the air they breathe in, providing protection from airborne contaminants.

83. Which of the following is not true about aerosols?

Can be inhaled

Travel short distances (about 3 feet)

Masks help prevent inhalation

Remain suspended in the air

None of the above

p. 714

Explanation

p. 714

84. These CDC precausions are used in addition to standard precausions for patients in the hospital with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes.

p. 716

Explanation

p. 716

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87. True or False:
HAIs are the same as nosocomial infections

True

False

Sometimes

p. 720

Explanation

p. 720

88. True or False:
Most states have a mandatory public reporting of HAIs.

True

False

Since 2002, four states (Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Florida) have enacted legislation requiring hospitals in their respective states to publicly disclose HAI rates (p. 721)

Explanation

Since 2002, four states (Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Florida) have enacted legislation requiring hospitals in their respective states to publicly disclose HAI rates (p. 721)

89. Bacteria that normally cause no problem but, with certain factors, may potentially be harmful are reffered to as ______.

Bacteria that are normally harmless but can cause harm under certain conditions are referred to as opportunistic bacteria. These bacteria take advantage of weakened immune systems or specific environmental factors to cause infections or diseases. They are opportunistic because they seize the opportunity to cause harm when the conditions are favorable for their growth and survival.

Explanation

Bacteria that are normally harmless but can cause harm under certain conditions are referred to as opportunistic bacteria. These bacteria take advantage of weakened immune systems or specific environmental factors to cause infections or diseases. They are opportunistic because they seize the opportunity to cause harm when the conditions are favorable for their growth and survival.

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90. E. coli is a

Pathogen

Normal flora

Opportunist

A and C

None of the above

E. coli (Escherichia coli) can be classified as both a pathogen and an opportunist, depending on the context.

Pathogen: Some strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157, are pathogenic and can cause serious foodborne illnesses, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, kidney failure.

Opportunist: E. coli is also part of the normal flora of the human gut, where it typically does not cause harm. However, it can become an opportunistic pathogen if it translocates to other parts of the body, such as the urinary tract, where it can cause infections.

Explanation

E. coli (Escherichia coli) can be classified as both a pathogen and an opportunist, depending on the context.

Pathogen: Some strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157, are pathogenic and can cause serious foodborne illnesses, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, kidney failure.

Opportunist: E. coli is also part of the normal flora of the human gut, where it typically does not cause harm. However, it can become an opportunistic pathogen if it translocates to other parts of the body, such as the urinary tract, where it can cause infections.

91. Which of the following is untrue about surgical asepsis?

Includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms

Such procedures include inserting urinary catheter or IV catheter

Also known as sterile technique

Involves actions such as handwashing

Such tecniques are used continuously both within and outside health agencies

Surgical asepsis involves practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. It includes procedures such as inserting urinary catheters or IV catheters. It is also known as sterile technique. However, the statement that surgical asepsis involves actions such as handwashing is untrue. Handwashing is a part of medical asepsis, which focuses on reducing the number of microorganisms and preventing their spread, but it is not a part of surgical asepsis. Surgical asepsis involves more stringent measures such as wearing sterile gloves and using sterile instruments to prevent any introduction of microorganisms during surgical procedures.

Explanation

Surgical asepsis involves practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. It includes procedures such as inserting urinary catheters or IV catheters. It is also known as sterile technique. However, the statement that surgical asepsis involves actions such as handwashing is untrue. Handwashing is a part of medical asepsis, which focuses on reducing the number of microorganisms and preventing their spread, but it is not a part of surgical asepsis. Surgical asepsis involves more stringent measures such as wearing sterile gloves and using sterile instruments to prevent any introduction of microorganisms during surgical procedures.

92. What classification of bacteria has the potential to adjust to the environment

Transient bacteria refers to a classification of bacteria that have the ability to adjust or adapt to different environmental conditions. These bacteria are capable of surviving and thriving in various habitats, including the human body, soil, water, and air. They can adjust their metabolic processes, reproductive strategies, and other physiological characteristics to suit the changing conditions of their surroundings. This adaptability allows transient bacteria to colonize and persist in diverse environments, making them highly versatile and successful organisms.

Explanation

Transient bacteria refers to a classification of bacteria that have the ability to adjust or adapt to different environmental conditions. These bacteria are capable of surviving and thriving in various habitats, including the human body, soil, water, and air. They can adjust their metabolic processes, reproductive strategies, and other physiological characteristics to suit the changing conditions of their surroundings. This adaptability allows transient bacteria to colonize and persist in diverse environments, making them highly versatile and successful organisms.

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