Clinical Urinary System Quiz

The correct answer is B) Two.

Most people are born with two kidneys, however, we only actually need one to survive.

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvis and is responsible for storing urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body through the urethra. The bladder expands as it fills with urine and contracts to release the urine during urination.

Excretion is the process by which waste products are removed from the body. It involves the elimination of metabolic waste such as urea, excess salts, and toxins through various organs and systems, including the kidneys, lungs, skin, and intestines. These organs and systems work together to filter out waste materials and maintain a balanced internal environment. Excretion is essential for maintaining homeostasis and preventing the buildup of harmful substances in the body.

The size of the kidney stone is an important factor in determining the appropriate treatment. Larger stones are less likely to pass on their own and may require medical intervention such as lithotripsy or surgery to break them into smaller pieces or remove them completely. Smaller stones, on the other hand, may be able to pass naturally with the help of medication and increased fluid intake. Therefore, the size of the kidney stone plays a crucial role in determining the most suitable treatment approach.

The urinary system is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and excess water, while the ureters transport the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The fallopian tubes, on the other hand, are part of the reproductive system in females and are not involved in the urinary system.

As the water content of the blood drops, the salivary glands produce less saliva in order to maintain homeostasis. Saliva is mostly composed of water, and its production is regulated by the body to ensure a balance of fluid levels. When the blood becomes dehydrated, the salivary glands reduce saliva production to conserve water and prevent further dehydration. This helps to maintain the body's overall fluid balance and prevent excessive water loss.

Glomerulonephritis refers to the inflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny filters within the kidney responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. This inflammation can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications. It can lead to symptoms like blood in the urine, proteinuria, and decreased urine output. If left untreated, glomerulonephritis can progress and cause renal failure, where the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

The correct answer is D) All of the above.

High blood pressure and diabetes are comorbidities for chronic kidney disease. A family history of kidney disease may be evidence of a genetic predisposition to personal kidney disease.

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The correct answer is Homeostasis & Elimination. The excretory system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the balance of fluids, electrolytes, and pH levels in the body. It eliminates waste products such as urea, excess water, and toxins through processes like urine formation and filtration. Hormone control is not a major function of the excretory system, although some hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do affect water reabsorption in the kidneys. Muscle control is not directly related to the excretory system.

Structure of the Female Urinary Tract. In general, the higher risk in women is mostly due to the shortness of the female urethra, which is 1.5 inches compared to 8 inches in men. Bacteria from fecal matter at the anal opening can be easily transferred to the opening of the urethra.

The correct answer is Interstitial Nephritis. Interstitial nephritis refers to inflammation of the connective tissue that surrounds and supports the renal tubules in the kidneys. This condition can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and toxins. It is characterized by symptoms such as fever, flank pain, blood in the urine, and decreased kidney function. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the kidneys.

When salts and wastes accumulate inside the kidney, they can form solid masses called kidney stones. These stones can vary in size and can cause severe pain and discomfort when they pass through the urinary tract. Kidney stones are usually made up of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid crystals and can be caused by various factors such as dehydration, certain medical conditions, or a diet high in certain substances. Treatment for kidney stones may include medications, lifestyle changes, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

The root "renal" specifically refers to the kidney. The term "renal" is derived from the Latin word "renes" which means kidneys. Therefore, when we encounter the term "renal" in medical or anatomical contexts, it is directly related to the kidney and its functions.

The correct answer is D) In the back, just below the rib cage.

The kidneys are located on either side of the spine and are actually partially covered by the rib cage for added protection.

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The correct answer is A) About the size of your fist.

The kidneys are beaned shaped but not quite bean sized. Despite their small size compared to some of the other organs, the kidneys preform a complex and vital function to keep the rest of the body in balance and running well.

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The bladder is the structure in the urinary system that stores urine until it is secreted. It is a muscular organ located in the pelvis, and its main function is to collect and hold urine produced by the kidneys. When the bladder is full, it sends signals to the brain, triggering the urge to urinate. The muscles in the bladder wall then contract to expel the urine through the urethra. The kidneys, ureters, and urethra are also part of the urinary system, but they do not specifically store urine like the bladder does.

E. Coli is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs. It is a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines and is usually harmless. However, when it enters the urinary tract, it can cause an infection. E. Coli is responsible for around 80-90% of UTIs, particularly in women. It can enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder, causing symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. Proper hygiene practices and avoiding behaviors that can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract can help prevent E. Coli UTIs.

Pyelonephritis refers to the inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma. This condition typically occurs due to a bacterial infection that spreads from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys. Symptoms of pyelonephritis may include fever, back pain, frequent urination, and pain or burning during urination. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage or sepsis. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage pyelonephritis effectively.

The kidneys perform several important functions in the body, including the production and release of calcitriol and erythropoietin, regulation of blood composition and pH, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and maintenance of blood osmolarity. However, the storage of urine is not a function of the kidneys. Instead, the bladder is responsible for storing urine before it is eliminated from the body.

The urinary bladder is the structure in the urinary system that most correlates to a trash bag. Just like a trash bag holds waste before it is disposed of, the urinary bladder holds urine before it is eliminated from the body. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that expands to store urine and contracts to release it through the urethra. Therefore, the urinary bladder is the closest match to a trash bag in the urinary system.

A catheter is a tube that is used for injecting or removing fluids from the body. It is commonly used in medical procedures to deliver medications, drain fluids, or monitor certain bodily functions. Catheters can be inserted into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, blood vessels, or the gastrointestinal tract, depending on the specific medical need. They are typically made of flexible materials and come in different sizes and types to suit different purposes.

Calcium stones
– Most common
– Account for 70-80% of all stones
– Formed from calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or both
– Usually associated with increased levels of calcium in the blood and urine

The most common clinical manifestation of bladder cancer is painless hematuria, which refers to the presence of blood in the urine without any associated pain or discomfort. This symptom is often the first sign of bladder cancer and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Other symptoms such as frequency (frequent urination), urgency (sudden and strong need to urinate), and dysuria (painful urination) may also be present, but painless hematuria is the most common and significant manifestation.

The correct answer is D) All of the above.

The kidneys perform a number of tasks that are vital to the body's overall well being. In addition to cleaning the blood by ridding waste through the production of urine, the kidneys also produce a form of Vitamin D to support bones and tissues of the body. This also helps to actively regulate blood pressure. In addition to this the kidneys produce a number of hormones that affect the function of other organs.

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When Kidneys Fail….
Less waste is removed

More waste remains in the blood
– Toxic to CNS, RBC’s, and platelets

Nitrogenous compounds build up in the blood
– BUN: Blood urea nitrogen
– Creatinine
Renal function apprroxiimatted by: initial creatinine level/current creatinine level

Imbalance of fluid and electrolytes
– Hyperkalemia, salt wasting, and HTN

Ph imbalance
– acidosis

Metabolic functions of kidneys decrease
– Decreased erythropoietin
– Decreased activation of Vitamin D

Renal failure is actually a type of kidney failure, so the correct answer is renal. Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and is often caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to the kidneys or direct damage to the kidneys. Chronic kidney failure, on the other hand, develops over time and is usually caused by conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure. End-stage kidney failure is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys are no longer able to function properly.

Stress Incontinence
• Involuntary loss of urine during activities such as laughing, coughing, sneezing, or lifting
• Activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure > increase bladder pressure and cause urinary leakage, usually due to weak pelvic floor muscles and poor support of the vesicoureteral sphincter

The correct sequence of urine production starts with the nephrons of the kidney, where filtration and reabsorption take place. The filtered fluid then moves into the renal pelvis, which is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the nephrons. From there, the urine passes through the ureter, a tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder stores the urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body, which occurs through the urethra.

Acute pyelonephritis is typically caused by a bacterial infection, and the most common organism responsible for this condition is Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli is a type of bacteria that normally resides in the intestines but can cause infections when it enters the urinary tract. It is a common cause of urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, due to its ability to adhere to and invade the urinary tract tissues. Klebsiella, Prions, and Stephaloccocus are not typically associated with acute pyelonephritis.

Chronic pyelonephritis is more common in men because they have a longer urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel up to the kidneys. Additionally, men may have other factors that increase their risk, such as an enlarged prostate or urinary tract obstructions. This higher prevalence in men is due to anatomical and physiological differences between genders.

The correct answer is Hilum. The hilum is a depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit. It serves as the point of entry for the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.

The artery is responsible for bringing blood into each kidney. The kidneys are vital organs that filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid balance in the body. The artery delivers oxygenated blood to the kidneys, which is necessary for their proper function. Without a sufficient blood supply, the kidneys would not be able to effectively filter waste and maintain the body's balance of fluids and electrolytes. Therefore, the artery plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper functioning of the kidneys.

Bacteria can enter the bladder and urethra, leading to painful infections. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that can multiply rapidly and cause various infections in the body. In the case of bladder and urethra infections, bacteria can enter through the urinary tract, often due to poor hygiene or improper wiping after using the bathroom. Once inside, bacteria can multiply and cause symptoms such as pain, burning sensation during urination, frequent urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is necessary to clear the infection and prevent complications.

Blood flows into the the glomerular capillaries　through the AFFERENT arteriole and flows out　through the EFFERENT arteriole to the tubular　capillaries

Urge Incontinence
• Overactive Bladder
• Clinical syndrome that includes urgency, frequency, dysuria, and nocturia
• May occur without incontinence
• Characterized by hyperactive bladder contractions caused by:
– Neurogenic disorders
– Myogenic disorders

The correct answer is C) 200.

The kidneys filter two liters of waste and water from the 200 liters of blood they filter each day.

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Pyelonephritis usually results from a UTI in the lower urinary tract, but can be caused from an organism in the bloodstream

Urge Incontinence
• Overactive Bladder
• Clinical syndrome that includes urgency, frequency, dysuria, and nocturia
• May occur without incontinence
• Characterized by hyperactive bladder contractions caused by:
– Neurogenic disorders
– Myogenic disorders

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them in the urine. Urea, bilirubin, ammonia, and creatine are all waste products that are normally secreted by the kidneys. However, glucose is not a waste product; it is a sugar that is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys and returned to the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose.

The term "pyel/o" refers to the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine before it flows into the ureter. The other options, tongue and uteres, are not related to the term "pyel/o" and are therefore incorrect.

The renal capsule (fascia) is not part of the inner structure of the kidney. It is a fibrous covering that surrounds the kidney and provides support and protection. The inner structure of the kidney includes the renal medulla, renal cortex, and renal pelvis. The renal medulla is the innermost region of the kidney, composed of renal pyramids and renal columns. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, containing the glomeruli and tubules. The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney and transports it to the ureter.

The term "cyst/o" refers to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvis that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body. This term is commonly used in medical terminology to describe conditions or procedures related to the urinary bladder. Therefore, the correct answer is "Urinary Bladder."

Oliguria is the correct answer because it refers to a condition characterized by scanty or reduced urine output. It is often associated with kidney dysfunction or dehydration. This term is used to describe a decrease in urine production, typically less than 400 milliliters per day, which can be a sign of underlying health issues. Diuresis, enuresis, polyuria, and dysuria are all unrelated terms that do not describe scanty urination.

Nephroptosis refers to the downward displacement or prolapse of the kidney. This condition occurs when the kidney drops from its normal position and descends into the pelvis when a person stands up. It may cause symptoms such as flank pain, urinary problems, and sometimes blood in the urine. Nephroptosis can be diagnosed through imaging tests and may require treatment depending on the severity of symptoms.

Secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure that is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. In this case, the abnormal condition of glomerulonephritis is causing the high blood pressure. Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease that affects the filtering units of the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage. This damage can disrupt the normal regulation of blood pressure, resulting in hypertension. Therefore, secondary hypertension is the correct answer because it accurately describes the relationship between the abnormal condition and the high blood pressure.

The correct relationship between the aorta and the kidneys is that the aorta brings unfiltered blood to the kidneys from the heart.

Uremia is the correct answer because it refers to the elevation of urea and nitrogenous waste products in the blood. This condition occurs when the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of urea and other toxins. Uremia can cause symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and changes in mental status. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying kidney dysfunction and managing symptoms.

Nephropyosis refers to the presence of pus in the kidney. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection, that spreads to the kidney. Symptoms of nephropyosis include fever, chills, flank pain, and frequent urination. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and drainage of the pus from the kidney.

Nephrectasis refers to the distension or enlargement of the kidney. This condition occurs when there is stretching or dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, which are the structures that collect urine in the kidney. Nephrectasis can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract obstruction, kidney stones, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to symptoms like flank pain, urinary tract infections, and impaired kidney function. Treatment options for nephrectasis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to relieve the obstruction and reduce the distension of the kidney.

The correct relationship between the inferior vena cava and the kidneys is that the vena cava brings filtered blood to the heart from the kidneys. This is because the inferior vena cava is responsible for returning deoxygenated blood from the lower body and organs, including the kidneys, back to the heart. The kidneys filter waste products and excess water from the blood, and the filtered blood is then returned to the heart through the vena cava to be pumped to the rest of the body.