Metallurgy Rules, Steel Rules

The options Cold Working, Hot Rolling, and Machining are all valid ways to get a metal into a usable form. However, Alan Laching is not a recognized method or process for shaping or forming metals. Therefore, Alan Laching is NOT a way to get a metal into a usable form.

The Vickers hardness test is a method used to measure the hardness of a material. It involves indenting the material with a diamond indenter in the shape of a square-based pyramid. The size of the indentation left on the material is measured and used to determine its hardness. The other options mentioned (Dickers, Lickers, and Hickers) are not recognized or commonly used hardness tests, making Vickers the correct answer.

The correct answer is 2%. Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon. The percentage of carbon in steel typically ranges from 0.2% to 2.1%. Therefore, 2% is within the acceptable range for the carbon content in steel.

Pickling is a process in which a steel bar is treated with sulfuric acid to remove any scale or impurities on its surface. This helps to clean and prepare the steel for further processing or use. Therefore, the statement "Pickling is when you treat a steel bar in sulfuric acid blowing off the scale" is true.

Iron ore and coke are heated together to make steel. Iron ore is a mineral that contains iron, while coke is a form of coal that is high in carbon content. When heated at high temperatures, the coke reacts with the iron ore, reducing the iron oxide to iron and producing carbon dioxide gas. This process, known as smelting, allows for the extraction of iron from the ore and the creation of steel, which is a stronger and more durable material.

Austenite is a phase of steel that is formed when it is heated to a high temperature and then cooled slowly. It is a solid solution of carbon and iron, and it has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Austenite is non-magnetic because it does not contain any magnetic elements such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Extrusion is the steel forming process where a metal is forced through a die to create a specific shape or profile. This process is commonly used to produce long, continuous shapes with a consistent cross-section, such as tubes, rods, and rails. It involves heating the metal to a plastic state and then applying pressure to push it through the die. This allows for precise control over the shape and dimensions of the final product.

Normalizing is a heat treatment process used to improve the machinability of a part that has not been hardened yet. During normalizing, the part is heated to a specific temperature and then allowed to cool in still air. This process helps to refine the grain structure of the material, making it more uniform and reducing internal stresses. As a result, the part becomes easier to machine and exhibits improved mechanical properties. Quenching, drawing the steel, and the decalescence point are not the correct answers as they refer to different heat treatment processes with different purposes.

The picture shows an Ingot Mold. An ingot mold is a container used for casting molten metal into a solid shape. It is typically made of a heat-resistant material such as cast iron or steel. The molten metal is poured into the mold and allowed to cool and solidify, forming an ingot. Ingot molds are commonly used in the metalworking industry for producing metal ingots that can be further processed or used for various applications.

Necking is the term used to describe the phenomenon when steel undergoes localized deformation and thinning in a tensile test. It occurs after the material reaches its maximum strength and begins to elongate. Necking is characterized by the reduction in cross-sectional area, forming a narrow section or "neck" in the steel specimen. This localized deformation is a result of the concentration of stress in a specific region, leading to eventual failure of the material.

Tempering is the process that relieves stress and strain from quenched steel. After quenching, the steel becomes very hard but also brittle. Tempering involves heating the hardened steel to a specific temperature and then cooling it slowly. This process reduces the hardness of the steel and increases its toughness, making it less prone to cracking or breaking. Tempering helps to remove the internal stresses created during quenching, resulting in a more durable and reliable material.

Blasting in an airstream can create a high-temperature environment that is capable of melting metal. The forceful flow of air can provide the necessary oxygen for combustion, allowing the fire to reach extreme temperatures. This method is commonly used in industrial settings, such as metal foundries, where metal needs to be melted for various purposes. Using gasoline alone may not generate enough heat to melt metal, while heating up gas turbines is not directly related to creating a fire hot enough for melting metal. Therefore, the correct answer is blasting in an airstream.

Allotropic transformation refers to the phenomenon where an element exists in different forms or structures at different temperatures. In this case, the correct answer "crystal" suggests that the change in structure during allotropic transformation is related to the crystal structure of the element.

The picture shows the hot working of steel with a continuous caster. A continuous caster is a machine used in the steel industry to continuously cast molten steel into solid billets or slabs, without interruption. It is a common method used for mass production of steel, as it allows for a continuous and efficient process.

When heating steel to be quenched, the desired color to heat the steel up to is cherry red. This color indicates that the steel has reached the appropriate temperature for quenching. Heating the steel to a cherry red color ensures that it has achieved the necessary hardness and strength properties required for the quenching process.

The decalescence point is the temperature at which steel undergoes a phase transformation from austenite to ferrite. In this case, the correct answer is 1330 degrees Fahrenheit, as this is the temperature at which steel reaches its decalescence point.