Module 15 - Kingdom Plantae - Physiology And Reproduction

Phototropism is the correct answer because it refers to the growth response of a plant towards light. When a plant exhibits phototropism, it bends or grows towards the source of light. This response is crucial for plants to maximize their exposure to sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis and overall growth and development. Thigmotropism is the growth response to touch, gravotropism is the growth response to gravity, and endotropism is not a recognized term in plant biology.

Turgor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by the fluid inside plant cells against the cell wall, which helps maintain the shape and rigidity of the plant. While turgor pressure is important for plant growth and functioning, plants can temporarily ignore it without dying. This is because turgor pressure can fluctuate depending on various factors such as water availability. Plants have mechanisms to regulate and adjust turgor pressure based on their immediate needs, allowing them to survive short periods without it. However, prolonged absence of turgor pressure can have detrimental effects on the plant's health and survival.

In plant fertilization, two sperm cells are used. One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo. The other sperm cell fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which provides nutrients to the developing embryo. Therefore, two sperm cells are necessary for successful plant fertilization.

Plants use a process called photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants capture sunlight energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into glucose, a type of sugar that serves as their food source. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this process. This is how plants produce their own food and release oxygen into the atmosphere, making photosynthesis a vital process for sustaining life on Earth.

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Estrogen is not a plant hormone. It is a hormone found in animals, specifically in mammals, and plays a crucial role in the development and functioning of the female reproductive system. Plant hormones, on the other hand, are chemical substances that regulate various physiological processes in plants, such as growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin are all examples of plant hormones that have specific functions within the plant's growth and development processes.

Cohesion is the phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are strongly attracted to one another. This attraction can be due to various forces such as hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, or electrostatic interactions. Cohesion plays a crucial role in determining the physical properties of substances, especially liquids. It is responsible for the surface tension of water, which allows insects to walk on water and enables capillary action. Cohesion also contributes to the formation of droplets and the ability of liquids to resist being separated. Overall, cohesion is essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of substances at the molecular level.

In an imperfect flower, the carpel and stamen are found together. The carpel is the female reproductive organ that consists of the ovary, style, and stigma, while the stamen is the male reproductive organ that consists of the anther and filament. Therefore, a biology student would not find the combination of carpel and stamen in an imperfect flower.

The xylem is a type of plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It is made up of dead cells that are elongated and hollow, forming tubes that allow for the movement of water. Therefore, it is not true that the xylem is comprised of living cells.

The stamen of a flower is composed of both anther and filament. The anther is the part of the stamen that produces and holds the pollen, while the filament is the long, slender stalk that supports the anther. Together, they make up the male reproductive organ of the flower.

A seed is an ovule with a protective coating that encases a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source. It is the reproductive structure of plants and serves as a means of dispersal. The protective coating helps to prevent damage to the embryo and provides a barrier against external factors such as water and pathogens. The nutrient source within the seed provides nourishment for the developing embryo until it can establish itself and begin photosynthesis. Overall, a seed is a vital structure in the life cycle of plants, allowing for reproduction and survival in various environments.

Spaces in the soil that determine how much water and air the soil contains are called pores. Pores are small openings or voids in the soil that allow for the movement and storage of water and air. These spaces are crucial for the health and fertility of the soil as they provide a habitat for beneficial organisms, allow roots to penetrate and access nutrients, and regulate the drainage and water-holding capacity of the soil. The size and distribution of pores in the soil greatly influence its physical properties and overall productivity.

The carpel of a flower is the female reproductive organ that consists of the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface where the pollen grains land and germinate, while the style is the elongated structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. The ovary contains the ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization. However, the anther is not part of the carpel. It is the male reproductive organ that produces pollen grains containing the sperm cells. Therefore, the anther is the correct answer as it is not found in the carpel.

Physiology is the study of processes that occur in an organism, specifically related to life. It involves understanding how different systems and organs within an organism function and interact to maintain life processes such as respiration, digestion, circulation, and reproduction. By studying physiology, scientists can gain insights into how organisms adapt and respond to their environment, as well as identify and treat abnormalities or diseases that may occur within the body.

A pear is an example of a pome because it is a fruit that develops from the ovary of a flower and contains a core with several seeds surrounded by a fleshy tissue. Pomes are characterized by their tough outer layer, known as the exocarp, and their fleshy interior, known as the mesocarp. Examples of other pomes include apples and quinces.

Pollen grains contain two types of cells: sperm cells and tube nucleus. Sperm cells are responsible for fertilization and are involved in the reproductive process. Tube nucleus, on the other hand, plays a crucial role in the growth of the pollen tube, which allows the sperm cells to reach the ovule for fertilization. Both these cells are essential for successful reproduction in plants.

The Venus's flytrap obtains nitrogen by digesting insects. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants, and it is usually obtained from the soil through the roots. However, the Venus's flytrap grows in nutrient-poor environments, such as bogs, where nitrogen is limited. By capturing and digesting insects, the plant is able to extract nitrogen from their bodies and use it for its own growth and development. This adaptation allows the Venus's flytrap to survive in its unique habitat where other plants may struggle to obtain enough nitrogen.

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breakdown of a compound by adding water. In this process, the compound is split into its constituent parts. In the case of hydrolysis, the by-products are carbon dioxide and water. This is because the water molecule is split, with one part contributing to the formation of carbon dioxide and the other part combining with another water molecule to form water. Therefore, carbon dioxide and water are the correct by-products of hydrolysis.

The upward movement of water in a plant involves cohesion, tension, and transpiration. Translocation, on the other hand, refers to the movement of sugars and other organic compounds within a plant. It is not directly involved in the upward movement of water.